Location, forest, loss of forests and natural protected areas (NPAs) selected in the Peruvian Amazon Rainforest (PAF).

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... study area is confined to the PAF boundary (78 308 801 ha) (Fig. 1a-b), a polygon developed by MINAM to annually monitor the area of Forest and Non-Forest from a 2000 baseline ( Vargas et al., 2016a) (Fig. 1c). The PAF area ranges from 40 to 4400 m.a.s.l and overlaps 15 of 21 ecoregions that SERNANP (2024a) uses to evaluate the representativeness of the conservation of the NPAs (CDC-UNALM, 2006). ...

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... study area is confined to the PAF boundary (78 308 801 ha) (Fig. 1a-b), a polygon developed by MINAM to annually monitor the area of Forest and Non-Forest from a 2000 baseline ( Vargas et al., 2016a) (Fig. 1c). The PAF area ranges from 40 to 4400 m.a.s.l and overlaps 15 of 21 ecoregions that SERNANP (2024a) uses to evaluate the representativeness of the conservation of the NPAs (CDC-UNALM, 2006). Forty-one publicly administered NPAs were selected, which had more than 70 % of their area within PAF and were decreed before 2017. The latter is ...

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... 70 % of their area within PAF and were decreed before 2017. The latter is because the most recent LULC map is from 2022 (MINAM, 2024b), and it is assumed that five years are sufficient to detect the effect of NPAs on LULC changes (Aguilar et al., 2020;Figueroa and Sánchez-Cordero, 2008). In practice, there were no NPAs enacted in 2016 and 2017 (Fig. ...

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... 11 NPAs belong to Category IIEcosystem protection and recreation (corresponding to the 11 PN), 4 NPAs to Category III -Conservation of unique natural features (corresponding to the 4 SN), 17 NPAs to Category VI -Sustainable use of natural resources (includes BP, RC, and RN), and 9 NPAs do not have an assigned category (includes ACR and ZR) (Fig. 1d). Fig. 2 shows the four-step methodological process for estimating the Effectiveness Index (EI) of NPAs. The NPAs boundaries were downloaded from the GEOANP Viewer (SERNANP, 2024a), and for each NPA a surrounding area (i.e., buffer) of equivalent size was generated ( Delgado et al., 2021;Figueroa et al., 2009;Figueroa and ...

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... percentage of deforested area (DA%) was calculated separately for each NPA, surrounding area, ecoregion, and the entire PAF. The (Figs. 1c and 2a), corresponding to areas with anthropogenic intervention such as agriculture, livestock farming, human settlements, and roads (detailed definition of the legend at Vargas et al., 2016a). In addition, the rate of change of deforested area (DAr) was calculated as the percentage of NPA that has been transformed annually, on average, ...

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... trend shows that NPAs were moderately effective in containing deforestation. However, there are different scenarios in the LULC change processes of NPAs, which would imply different risks and different mitigation strategies (Figueroa et al., 2011). This is particularly important in NPAs that, although they have low DA%, present high DAr. ...