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Local ceramic traditions identified in the Thai-Malay Peninsula (Thai-Local-1 and Thai-Local-2) and variations within the traditions (Thai-SHK-Local-1 and Thai-SHK-Local-2).
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From 500 BC to AD 200, cultural exchanges in the South China Sea were emphasized by the expansion and intensification of long-distance interaction networks. Various archaeological objects, exchanged or imitated, provide evidence of multiple contacts. Interactions in relation to ceramics are attested through the so-called Sa Huynh-Kalanay-related ce...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... reconstruction of pottery chaînes op eratoires in the Thai- Malay Peninsula allowed us to distinguish six ceramic traditions. Each tradition is characterized by specific paste, fashioning, fin- ishing and firing techniques. Two of them (Fig. 3) have been interpreted as local, despite the absence of actual production sites, due to their being quantitatively numerous, ubiquitous on the sites where they are identified, and the paste used for their production is coherent with the local geological context. The most common local tradition (named Thai-Local-1) repre- sents 60.7% of ...
Context 2
... local traditions display various forms of pottery suitable for various domestic uses. Finally, each includes a small amount of pottery decorated with Sa Huynh-Kalanay type of decorations (we refer to these sub-groups hereafter as Thai-SHK-Local-1 and Thai- SHK-Local-2) (Fig. 3). At Khao Sam Kaeo, data obtained by Bouvet (2012) show that the Thai-Local-1 tradition appears predomi- nantly in earlier contexts than Thai-Local-2. Moreover, according to spatial analysis conducted by Malakie Laclair (2008) on the same site, Thai-Local-2 type pottery is mainly concentrated in an area that was occupied by foreign ...
Citations
... Materials uncovered at Isthmian river-mouth sites (Bellina, Favereau and Dussubieux 2019) suggest the early presence of sea nomads; these would most likely have included the ancestral Moken/Moklenspeakers, as well speakers of other Moklenic languages since disappeared. More broadly, associated prehistoric connections between Mainland sites and the Islands, especially the Philippines, are known to have occurred (Favereau and Bellina 2016). The best authenticated of these is the Sa-Huỳnh-Kalanay linkage between central coastal Vietnam and Masbate Island in the central Philippines, as indicated by their shared artefactual culture of pottery, ornaments and iron objects, which have now also been found in the Isthmian sites just discussed. ...
... 52 The routes of these goods and knowledge from the west to east across MSEA not only allowed for the transportation of these goods to China but also the intertwining with the ancient Austronesian Routes in eastern coastal MSEA. 53 This would lead to the introduction of glass. agate beads, and iron metallurgy to Taiwan via the South China Sea 54 in 400 BCE (see Figure 2). ...
This article analyses recent archaeological work on the flow of materials and their influences on the communities in the South China Sea maritime regions, primarily from a local, Taiwanese perspective. The intertwined Austronesian Routes and maritime Silk Road acted as the primary conduit for the movement of both people and materials. Archaeological findings demonstrate intermittent interaction and cultural exchange between Taiwan and the regions around the South China Sea during the period 1,500-500 BCE. However, starting from 500 BCE, the gradual increase of glass beads, agate beads, and metal products which were made in mainland Southeast Asia and adjacent regions indicate an intensified interaction between Taiwan and Southeast Asia via the Maritime Silk Road and the Austronesian Routes. The author hypothesizes that trade diasporic craftspeople were the carriers of these exotic materials and knowledge, and that external cultural elements had a profound impact on the development of contemporary prehistoric Formosan society. This can be seen most notably in the shifting of decoration systems, the changing methods of subsistence, and technological leaps. Some of the impacts have faded into the archaeological records, but others are still traceable in the modern Indigenous society of Taiwan.
... Southeast Asians living in Mainland and Island Southeast Asia (ISEA) forged different international networks based on the water bodies that surrounded them but were linked by the South China Sea (Gupta 2005;Ray 2014;Manguin 2019a, 114-15). These maritime networks had deep historical roots linking South China Sea communities to China's southern coast and peninsular Thailand (Favereau and Bellina 2016;Bellina 2017), as did communication systems that extended along much of the Mekong River inland to southern Laos (e.g., Carter 2015;Carter et al. 2021). ...
... Some South Asians may even have lived in Southeast Asia's settlements by the late centuries BCE, particularly along the shores of the Thai-Malay Peninsula (e.g., Wheatley 1961, 179-82). Coastal settlements fringing the South China Sea coasts created a sphere of favoured cultural exchange, functioning within interlocking networks (Favereau and Bellina 2016), and Southeast Asian mariners plied waters as far north as southern China. The straits between the Thai-Malay Peninsula and Sumatra, as well as the Java Sea, were also part of this system (e.g., Leong Sau Heng 1990;Christie 1995, 251, 276;Calò et al. 2015) that linked Southeast Asia to South Asia and its Indian Ocean system. ...
... This inland-oriented Lower Mekong technological tradition would have emerged side by side with the South China Sea (Sa Huynh/Kalanay) ceramic tradition, also known for its nephrite ear ornaments and other artefacts. Both of these networks are reflected in glass bead composition from sites across the Mekong Delta/Funan region (Carter et al. 2021); some regions of the traditions overlapped, with some human mobility that moved goods by the late centuries BCE like stone and glass beads or Dong Son drums (Calò et al. 2015;Carter 2015;Favereau and Bellina 2016;Hung et al. 2013). ...
... They contributed to the dissemination of models within local and regional networks that they opened, connected, and fed. This aspect is particularly well illustrated by certain craft productions, such as ceramics (Bulbeck and Clune 2003;Favereau and Bellina 2016), some of which were probably made to order in the workshops of the trading cities (Favereau and Bellina 2022). Gaynor (2020) reminds us how essential maritime dynamics were in the emergence of shared social and political systems and the role that Southeast Asian maritime groups played in them. ...
... They contributed to the dissemination of models within local and regional networks that they opened, connected, and fed. This aspect is particularly well illustrated by certain craft productions, such as ceramics (Bulbeck and Clune 2003;Favereau and Bellina 2016), some of which were probably made to order in the workshops of the trading cities (Favereau and Bellina 2022). Gaynor (2020) reminds us how essential maritime dynamics were in the emergence of shared social and political systems and the role that Southeast Asian maritime groups played in them. ...
... Ornament on ancient Balinese pottery has known decorative techniques, namely tera (impressed), gores (incised), and colour techniques. The technique of decorating with stamps or tera has been known since the Sa Huynh-Kalanay tradition, and the Bau-Malay tradition developed [15], [16]. Likewise with geometric decorative patterns, such as decorative patterns of parallel lines, cross lines and wavy lines that have been known in prehistoric times. ...
Pejaten pottery is one of the aesthetically unique potteries. The pottery has various ornaments such as god ornaments, god weapons, barong, and animals and plants. These ornaments are often found in Hindu worship ceremonies. This shows that, aesthetically, Pejaten pottery cannot be separated from Hindu aesthetics, so it is interesting to study. The problem is how the implementation of Hindu aesthetics in Pejaten pottery works and how Hindu aesthetics is used as a strategy for preserving Hindu aesthetics in Pejaten pottery. This study aims to determine the basis for applying Hindu aesthetics as a strategy for preserving Pejaten pottery. This qualitative research took the location of Pejaten Village, Kediri District, Tabanan Regency, Bali. Data were collected by direct observation, interviews, and also collecting literature data related to Hindu aesthetics. The aesthetic analysis process of Pejaten pottery is carried out using the concepts of Rwa bhineda (balance), satyam (truth), sivam (holiness), sundaram (beauty), and Pangider Bhuana (Pangider-ider). This study indicates that the ornaments and various forms of Pejaten pottery have a strong Hindu philosophical foundation, and this shows the religious nature of the Pejaten pottery craftsman. The conclusion is that the religiosity of the Pejaten pottery craftsmen is very influential in their creative process, and this is significantly able to maintain the preservation of the Hindu aesthetics of Pejaten pottery, Bali
... Moreover, the presence of artifacts or raw materials external to the environment is also evidence of exchange through trade (Clark 2001). Trade items may be traced to their origin through their design, chemical composition, or distinct chaînes opératoires (Favereau and Bellina 2016). The archaeological evidence of emulation and exchange is useful in identifying complex and sustained networks within and between populations (Hung et al. 2013) and can represent multiple episodes of potential disease transmission. ...
The processes of human mobility have been well demonstrated to influence the spread of infectious disease globally in the present and the past. However, to date, paleoepidemiological research has focused more on factors of residential mobility and population density as drivers for epidemiological shifts in prehistoric infectious disease patterns. A strong body of epidemiological literature exists for the dynamics of infectious disease spread through networks of mobility and interaction. We review the epidemiological theory of infectious disease spread and propose frameworks for application of this theory to bioarchaeology. We outline problems with current definitions of prehistoric mobility and propose a framework shift with focus on population interactions as nodes for disease transmission. To conceptualize this new framework, we produced a theoretical model that considers the interplay between climate suitability, population density, residential mobility, and human interaction levels to influence infectious disease patterns in prehistoric assemblages. We then tested observable effects of this model in paleoepidemiological data from Asia (n = 343). Relative risk ratio analysis and correlations were used to test the impact of population interaction, residential mobility, population density, climate, and subsistence on the prevalence and diversity of infectious diseases. Our statistical results showed higher levels of population interaction led to significantly higher prevalence of infectious disease in sedentary populations and a significant increase in pathogen diversity in mobile populations. We recommend that population interaction be included as an important component of infectious disease analysis of prehistoric population health alongside other biosocial factors, such as sedentism and population density. Daar is goed gedemonstreer dat die prosesse van menslike mobiliteit die verspreiding van aansteeklike siektes wêreldwyd in die hede en in die verlede beïnvloed. Maar tot op hede het paleo-epidemiologiese navorsing egter meer gefokus op faktore van residensiële mobiliteit en bevolkingsdigtheid as dryfvere vir epidemiologiese verskuiwings in die prehistoriese infeksiesiektepatrone. Sterk epidemiologiese literatuur bestaan vir die dinamika van aansteeklike siektes wat versprei word deur netwerke van mobiliteit en interaksie. Ons ondersoek die epidemiologiese teorie van die verspreiding van aansteeklike siektes en stel raamwerke voor vir die toepassing van hierdie teorie op die bioargeologie. Ons skets probleme met huidige definisies van prehistoriese mobiliteit en stel ‘n raamwerk verskuiwing voor met die fokus op bevolkings-interaksies as nodusse vir oordrag van siektes. Om hierdie nuwe raamwerk te konseptualiseer, het ons ‘n teoretiese model vervaardig wat die wisselwerking tussen klimaatsgeskiktheid, bevolkingsdigtheid, residensiële mobiliteit en menslike interaksievlakke oorweeg om die infeksiesiektepatrone in prehistoriese samestellings te beïnvloed. Daarna het ons die waarneembare effekte van hierdie model getoets in paleo-epidemiologiese data uit Asië (n = 343). Relatiewe risiko-verhoudingsanalise en korrelasies is gebruik om die impak van bevolkings-interaksie, residensiële mobiliteit, bevolkingsdigtheid, klimaat en bestaan op die voorkoms en diversiteit van aansteeklike siektes te toets. Ons statistiese resultate het gedemonstreer dat hoër vlakke van bevolkings-interaksie gelei het tot aansienlik hoër voorkoms van aansteeklike siektes in sittende bevolkings en ‘n beduidende toename in patogeen diversiteit in mobiele bevolkings. Ons beveel aan dat bevolkings-interaksie ingesluit word as ‘n belangrike komponent van die aantstekingsiekte-ontleding van die prehistoriese bevolkingsgesondheid, tesame met ander biososiale faktore soos sedentisme en bevolkingsdigtheid.
... Moreover, the presence of artifacts or raw materials external to the environment is also evidence of exchange through trade (Clark 2001). Trade items may be traced to their origin through their design, chemical composition, or distinct chaînes opératoires (Favereau and Bellina 2016). The archaeological evidence of emulation and exchange is useful in identifying complex and sustained networks within and between populations (Hung et al. 2013) and can represent multiple episodes of potential disease transmission. ...
The processes of human mobility have been well demonstrated to influence the spread of infectious disease globally in the present and the past. However, to date, paleoepidemiological research has focused more on factors of residential mobility and population density as drivers for epidemiological shifts in prehistoric infectious disease patterns. A strong body of epidemiological literature exists for the dynamics of infectious disease spread through networks of mobility and interaction. We review the epidemiological theory of infectious disease spread and propose frameworks for application of this theory to bioarchaeology. We outline problems with current definitions of prehistoric mobility and propose a framework shift with focus on population interactions as nodes for disease transmission. To conceptualize this new framework, we produced a theoretical model that considers the interplay between climate suitability, population density, residential mobility, and human interaction levels to influence infectious disease patterns in prehistoric assemblages. We then tested observable effects of this model in paleoepidemiological data from Asia (n = 343). Relative risk ratio analysis and correlations were used to test the impact of population interaction, residential mobility, population density, climate, and subsistence on the prevalence and diversity of infectious diseases. Our statistical results showed higher levels of population interaction led to significantly higher prevalence of infectious disease in sedentary populations and a significant increase in pathogen diversity in mobile populations. We recommend that population interaction be included as an important component of infectious disease analysis of prehistoric population health alongside other biosocial factors, such as sedentism and population density. Daar is goed gedemonstreer dat die prosesse van menslike mobiliteit die verspreiding van aansteeklike siektes wêreldwyd in die hede en in die verlede beïnvloed. Maar tot op hede het paleo-epidemiologiese navorsing egter meer gefokus op faktore van residensiële mobiliteit en bevolkingsdigtheid as dryfvere vir epidemiologiese verskuiwings in die prehistoriese infeksiesiektepatrone. Sterk epidemiologiese literatuur bestaan vir die dinamika van aansteeklike siektes wat versprei word deur netwerke van mobiliteit en interaksie. Ons ondersoek die epidemiologiese teorie van die verspreiding van aansteeklike siektes en stel raamwerke voor vir die toepassing van hierdie teorie op die bio-argeologie. Ons skets probleme met huidige definisies van prehistoriese mobiliteit en stel ‘n raamwerk verskuiwing voor met die fokus op bevolkings-interaksies as nodusse vir oordrag van siektes. Om hierdie nuwe raamwerk te konseptualiseer, het ons ‘n teoretiese model vervaardig wat die wisselwerking tussen klimaatsgeskiktheid, bevolkingsdigtheid, residensiële mobiliteit en menslike interaksievlakke oorweeg om die infeksiesiektepatrone in prehistoriese samestellings te beïnvloed. Daarna het ons die waarneembare effekte van hierdie model getoets in paleo-epidemiologiese data uit Asië (n = 343). Relatiewe risiko-verhoudingsanalise en korrelasies is gebruik om die impak van bevolkings-interaksie, residensiële mobiliteit, bevolkingsdigtheid, klimaat en bestaan op die voorkoms en diversiteit van aansteeklike siektes te toets. Ons statistiese resultate het gedemonstreer dat hoër vlakke van bevolkings-interaksie gelei het tot aansienlik hoër voorkoms van aansteeklike siektes in sittende bevolkings en ‘n beduidende toename in patogeen diversiteit in mobiele bevolkings. Ons beveel aan dat bevolkings-interaksie ingesluit word as ‘n belangrike komponent van die aantstekingsiekte-ontleding van die prehistoriese bevolkingsgesondheid, tesame met ander biososiale faktore soos sedentisme en bevolkingsdigtheid.
... consumers with consumers and/or brokers and/or producers), knowing moreover that the objects themselves may have played a role in the emergence of these exchange networks which can be a result of varied sorts of interactions rather than the expression of 1. It would be difficult to quote all the relevant works on these topics; let us simply cite a recent example of archaeological data from South-East Asia showing how the chaîne opératoire approach can be applied to different raw materials (ceramics, stone, glass) in macro-regions to highlight multiscalar networks (Bellina, 2017;Dussubieux and Bellina, 2018;Favereau and Bellina, 2016). recurrent directed social interactions (as in the case with boundary objects; on this topic see Mills (2018). ...
... consumers with consumers and/or brokers and/or producers), knowing moreover that the objects themselves may have played a role in the emergence of these exchange networks which can be a result of varied sorts of interactions rather than the expression of 1. It would be difficult to quote all the relevant works on these topics; let us simply cite a recent example of archaeological data from South-East Asia showing how the chaîne opératoire approach can be applied to different raw materials (ceramics, stone, glass) in macro-regions to highlight multiscalar networks (Bellina, 2017;Dussubieux and Bellina, 2018;Favereau and Bellina, 2016). recurrent directed social interactions (as in the case with boundary objects; on this topic see Mills (2018). ...
In this paper, I first argue that technological analysis of archaeological assemblages in terms of chaînes opératoires is a privileged qualitative approach to reconstruct technological networks, namely networks of socially linked object-makers. This is a first step before explaining dynamic phenomena such as diffusion of techniques or emergence of shared norms at the population level. The second step is to call upon sociological regularities since archaeology alone cannot provide a fine-grained temporal resolution to evaluate how micro-level interactions might have scaled up in changes. In the second part of the paper, I give archaeological examples and illustrate how to use sociological regularities for explaining past dynamics.
RESUMEN En este documento, sostengo en primer lugar que el análisis tecnológico de las ce-rámicas arqueológicas en términos de Cadenas Operativas es un enfoque cualitativo privilegiado para reconstruir las redes tecnológicas, es decir, las redes de productores de objetos socialmente vinculados. Se trata de un primer paso antes de explicar fenómenos dinámicos como la difusión de técnicas o la aparición de normas compartidas a nivel de la población. El segundo paso consiste en recurrir a regularidades sociológicas, ya que la Arqueología por sí sola no puede proporcionar una resolución temporal ajustada para evaluar cómo las interacciones a nivel microeconómico podrían haber incremen-tado en los cambios. En la segunda parte del documento, doy ejemplos arqueológicos e ilustro cómo utilizar las regularidades sociológicas para explicar la dinámica del pasado.
