Table 4 - uploaded by Dale Hample
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This study examines thoughts and feelings about conflict. A person may use imagined interactions (IIs) to work through a conflict situation. One factor that may affect the nature of IIs about conflict is the tendency among some individuals to take conflict personally. Taking conflict personally (TCP) is the feeling that conflict is a negative life...
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... the number of variables analyzed and their convenient grouping into two sets, we also conducted a canonical correlation in addressing this research question. The results appear in Table 4. The first significant root was dominated by the II char- acteristics of variety, II activity, and specificity, which collectively predicted positive relational effects. ...
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Background: Empirical evidence suggests that low self-esteem and high perfectionism are significant personality correlates of work addiction, but the mechanisms underlying these relationships are still unclear. Consequently, exploring cognitive mechanisms will help to better understand work addiction. For instance, rumination is one of the under-re...
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... We use imagined interactions to plan for, measure, and generalize interpersonal social action(s) through intrapersonal self-dialogue. Characteristics of our imagined interactions include dialoguing with ourselves in first or third person (Porter, 2010), incorporating perspectives beyond ourselves (Crisp & Turner, 2009), increasing our empathy (Mapp, 2013), working through struggles (Wallenfelsz & Hample, 2010), developing skills in coping and mitigating anxiety (Honeycutt, Choi, & Deberry, 2009), and managing relational uncertainty (Van Kelegom & Wright, 2013). Think of anticipated conversations before an upcoming job interview; think of critical reflections after teaching a class about serious subject matter; think of preparing before and processing after going on a date! ...
... We use imagined interactions to plan for, measure, and generalize interpersonal social action(s) through intrapersonal self-dialogue. Characteristics of our imagined interactions include dialoguing with ourselves in first or third person (Porter, 2010), incorporating perspectives beyond ourselves (Crisp & Turner, 2009), increasing our empathy (Mapp, 2013), working through struggles (Wallenfelsz & Hample, 2010), developing skills in coping and mitigating anxiety (Honeycutt, Choi, & Deberry, 2009), and managing relational uncertainty (Van Kelegom & Wright, 2013). Think of anticipated conversations before an upcoming job interview; think of critical reflections after teaching a class about serious subject matter; think of preparing before and processing after going on a date! ...
... Participants' engagement in relational rumination as a way to work through their feelings, learning more about their POI, and making decisions about pursuing a relationship. Typically, rumination happens pre-or post-event, where they can become fixated on imagining an interaction (Honeycutt, 2008(Honeycutt, -2009Wallenfelsz & Hample, 2010) or replay their thoughts and actions from a previous event (Afifi & Caughlin, 2006;Hensen, 2009;Miller & Roloff, 2014). In this case, participants ruminate during the catching feeling process, and use it to help make decisions while the relationship is developing. ...
This study explores the relational process of catching feelings and examines how emerging adults view the catching feelings process. In a two-step collection process through focus groups (n = 17) and individual interviews (n = 15), collegiate (or early) emerging adults discussed the relational process of catching feelings. This relational process begins when initially the person who catches feelings engages in a relational investigation of their potential new partner, relying on disclosure to cultivate their budding feelings. This relational investigation, using rumination and information seeking to reduce uncertainty, helps to bring individuals closer to their Person of Interest, hopefully culminating in mutual disclosure and connection. These findings offer insight into the conceptualization of emerging adult contemporary romantic relationships.
... We use the term rumination for a mental state in which there is a compulsive, lengthy and monomaniac dealing with a problem that implies psychological tension and related negative emotions (Wallenfelsz & Hample, 2010). ...
... Imagined interactions were perceived ambivalently by social workers, either as a 'tool of psycho-hygiene' leading to finding a solution, or, conversely, to closing a story, or as obsessive thinking about work connected with clinging thoughts, i.e. rumination (cf. Wallenfelsz & Hample, 2010). 'That particular action, the story, how I can project it, solve it, one way or another, and I can detach myself from it and perhaps continue in the afternoon, like with private things, like in another setting . . . ...
The aim of this article is to understand the nature of imagined interactions among social workers in the child protection and to determine the implications for their social work. In the current social work social workers do not have enough space for reflection and this takes place mainly in their minds, often through ideas about (past or future) interactions between the worker and the client, through imagined interactions. However, these imagined interactions have not received sufficient research attention in social work in the past. Within the framework of the qualitative research two basic missions of imagined interactions were discovered in terms of the constructivist grounded theory. They were the intersubjective-creative and the subjective-emancipatory missions, within which there were other specific functions. The discovered nature of the imagined interactions is discussed.
... Similarly, Hample and Dallinger [23] discovered that individuals' direct personalization and stress reactions to conflict predicted forceful arguing moves, suggesting that individuals' discomfort with argument and conflict may result in aggressive behaviors. Other researchers have discovered that the core TCP dimensions associate with rumination about conflict [24], which may lead to motivations to avoid or avenge hurt caused during conflict [25]. Given that researchers have found that TCP affects workplace relationships [26] and that TCP may be considered a situational trait fluctuating depending on various circumstances [22], it is reasonable to expect that engineering students' scores on TCP will be lower after participating in a conflict negotiation training session. ...
... My imagined interactions are usually quite unpleasant; Honeycutt 2010). However, Wallenfelsz and Hample (2010) found that II valence correlated positively with taking conflict personally. People who enjoy conflict tend to enjoy imagining conflict. ...
This research analyzed the association between relational quality, the use of evolutionary meta-emotions (sadness, surprise, anger, and jealousy), imagined interaction (II) discrepancy, and measures of cardiovascular arousal as measured through heart rate and blood pressure. A meta-emotion interview was conducted with husbands and wives about their philosophies of communicating emotions. A series of hypotheses were tested. Wives would reveal that they communicated a wider variety of evolutionary emotions than husbands and relational quality would be associated with fewer II discrepancies. Finally, the expression of evolutionary emotions (surprise, sadness, jealousy, and anger) would be associated with higher cardiovascular arousal. We used latent growth curve modeling to test the effect of discussing the basic emotions on mean arterial pressure and heart rate. Results revealed partial support for various hypotheses. The findings are discussed in terms of prototypical emotion functions and the association with cardiovascular arousal.
... The personalization of conflict is linked to a host of negative mental health outcomes, including depression and anxiety (Curran & Arroyo, 2018;Wallenfelsz & Hample, 2010), decreased self-esteem (Curran & Allen, 2017), and greater rumination and residual hurt following malicious messages (Waite Miller & Roloff, 2014). 1 This pattern may be explained by stress appraisal biases (see Hample, Warner, & Norton, 2006). Stress appraisal involves evaluating the potential harm of a stressor and considering the available coping options (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984). ...
Building from an allostatic load perspective, this study tested mental and physical health outcomes associated with taking conflict personally. Four hundred and thirty-seven students completed measures assessing direct personalization, persecution feelings, stress reactions, positive relational effects, negative relational effects, and like/dislike valence; mental health; and physical health. Persecution feelings and like/dislike valence were negatively associated with mental health; negative relational effects were positively associated with mental health; direct personalization and persecution feelings were negatively associated with physical health; and like/dislike valence was positively associated with physical health. Results indicated partial support for a model in which mental health mediated associations between taking conflict personally and physical health.
... Honeycutt's Conflict Linkage Theory (2010) posits that ongoing conflict increases physiological arousal and anxiety, which prompts ''fight'' or ''flight'' reactions. One way to manage this stress is to recall positive conflict processes (Wallenfelsz & Hample, 2010). If one does so, the manner in which individuals recall a stressful episode may influence their willingness to enter into similar ones in the future. ...
This study focuses on how postepisodic conflict avoidance is related to the emotional and behavioral reactions to a partner's destructive conflict behavior. The first hypothesis predicted that a partner's destructive behavior is positively related to postepisodic conflict avoidance when an individual becomes emotionally flooded and withdraws during an argument. Conversely, a partner's destructive behavior was expected to be negatively related to postepisodic conflict avoidance when an individual becomes emotionally flooded and reciprocates the destructive behavior during an argument. A path analysis of the accounts of 182 undergraduate participants about a recent conflict episode supported the second hypothesis but not the first. However, results indicate other positive paths between a partner's destructive behavior and postepisodic conflict avoidance. Limitations and future research directions are discussed. This study extends the anger avoidance model and also advances understanding of destructive communication processes.
... Moreover, the functions of IIs are self-understanding (i.e., to better understand oneself), rehearsal (i.e., to mentally plan out what to say), catharsis (i.e., to relieve tension or uncertainty), compensation (i.e., to serve in place of a real conversation), relational maintenance (i.e., to keep a relationship alive), and conflict management (i.e., to address conflict). The functions and uses of IIs are predicted by individual differences such as the five factor model of personality (Honeycutt, Pence, & Gearhart, 2012, covert narcissism (Honeycutt, Pence, & Gearhart, 2013), attachment (Honeycutt, 1998(Honeycutt, -1999, argumentativeness and verbal aggressiveness (Bolkan & Goodboy, 2011), Machiavellianism (Allen, 1990), locus of control (Honeycutt, Edwards, & Zagacki, 1989-1990, communication apprehension (Bolkan & Goodboy, 2011;Honeycutt, Choi, & DeBerry, 2009), taking conflict personally (Wallenfelsz & Hample, 2010), and Myers-Briggs personality preferences (Honeycutt & Keaton, 2012. In addition, the use of IIs are associated with relational features such as uncertainty (Van Kelegom & Wright, 2013), anxiety (Allen & Honeycutt, 1997), emotional responses (Honeycutt et al., 1989(Honeycutt et al., -1990Honeycutt, Nasser, Banner, Mapp, & DuPont, 2008), loneliness (Honeycutt et al., 1990), marital ideology (Honeycutt, 1998(Honeycutt, -1999, relational quality (Honeycutt, -2009, talk in marriage (Honeycutt & Wiemann, 1999), and intrapersonal communication satisfaction (Honeycutt & McCann, 2008). ...
The purpose of this study was to examine how college students' intrapersonal communication experiences (i.e., imagined interactions) with disliked instructors contribute to their proclivity to communicate instructional dissent (i.e., expressive, rhetorical, vengeful). Student participants (N = 181) completed a self-report questionnaire measuring their use of imagined interactions with their worst instructor in the past academic year, along with reports of their course-related dissent. Results of a canonical correlation revealed that the frequency, valence, and rehearsal of students' imagined interactions with a low affect instructor are related to forms of instructional dissent.
... According to Wallenfelsz and Hample (2010), taking conflict personally is both a stable personality trait and a temporary state. The tendency to take conflict personally can lead the nature of conflict interaction to become destructive. ...
The concept of taking conflict personally is largely underexplored by dominant conflict literature. The purpose of this study was to test the cross-cultural predictions of the associations between self-construal, the tendency to personalize conflict, and subsequent outcome variables such as negative feelings of being criticized and motivation to improve. The participants were 457 undergraduates, of which 185 were studying in Japan, and 272 were studying in the United States. The results indicated the significant negative relation between independent self-construal and taking conflict personally. On the contrary, interdependent self and taking conflict personally showed positive relation. In turn, taking conflict personally indicated positive relation with participants’ conflict management style, such as motivation to improve one’s own behaviors. Discussion of these results and their implications is provided.
