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Lively and vibrant open space on the waterfront. (Source: authors ’ photograph, 2013.) 

Lively and vibrant open space on the waterfront. (Source: authors ’ photograph, 2013.) 

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Article
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Urban design for post-earthquake reconstruction emphasizes strategies, safety, memorials and institutional arrangements. It is closely related to earthquake recovery plans. This article reviews general studies on urban design for post-earthquake reconstruction, before focussing on the case of Weizhou Town in Wenchuan County, which in 2008 was sever...

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... the densely built-up waterfront into mixed land use that comprised open space, public facilities and commercial buildings. The field- work in 2013 revealed that the integrated project for the regener- ation of the eastern side of Minjiang River had successfully created lively and vibrant open spaces on the waterfront by introducing mixed land use (Fig. 6). The inhabitants of the nearby residential areas and other areas of town were attracted by the commercial activities and leisure facilities on the ...

Citations

... General-interest case studies Trifunac and Todorovska [23] Hung and Chen [24] Liu et al. [25] Balachandran [26] Mamula-Seadon [27] Di Ludovico et al. [28] Kondo and Lizarralde [29] Kodag et al. [30] Mavroulis et al. [31] Los Angeles, California Taipei City, Taiwan Wenchuan County, Sichuan Bhuj, Gujarat Canterbury, New Zealand L'Aquila, Italy Eastern Japan Pune, Maharashtra Southeastern Turkey ...
... Liu et al. [25] examine Wenzhou Town in Wenchuan County, which was severely damaged by the 2008 Sichuan earthquake in central China. The reconstruction effort was channeled through unique institutional arrangements, which accelerated the reconstruction of the settlement, including dwellings and public spaces. ...
Chapter
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This article provides a brief review of recent studies on the impact of earthquakes. We begin by discussing the literature based on topics, year of publication, and analyzed regions. The studies are then categorized into six key areas: 1) planning for earthquakes: theory and applications; 2) aggregate economic impacts; 3) aggregate social impacts; 4) earthquake effects on house prices; 5) case studies of specific earthquakes and their socio-economic impacts; and 6) simulations of potential future impacts. In conclusion, we summarize major findings and suggest future research directions, particularly focusing on the application of artificial intelligence and simulation software for predicting potential damages from future earthquakes.
... The third category of research explores earthquakes in urban settings, investigating factors such as the influence of culture on earthquake risk perception and response, the development of earthquake resilience assessment indicator systems, early response strategies to earthquake disasters, urban community resilience in the face of earthquakes and floods, urban infrastructure damage during earthquakes, and the comparative assessment of community resilience in urban and rural areas following seismic events (Palm 1998;Zhai et al. 2023;Mota-Santiago et al. 2023;Shayannejad et al 2022;Kodag et al. 2022;Kumar et al. 2022;Altindal et al. 2021;Song et al., 2022). Additionally, a separate set of studies is concerned with post-earthquake conditions (Di Ludovico et al. 2020;Baquedano Juliá et al. 2021;Liu et al. 2014;Xi 2022). ...
Article
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In impoverished rural areas, natural disasters, notably earthquakes, have a substantial impact, necessitating the identification of vulnerable regions and the development of comprehensive disaster mitigation strategies. This study conducted a spatial analysis of earthquake-prone rural areas in Abhar, Iran, to assess their seismic status and the preparedness of residents. The study comprised two segments, the first utilized the VIKOR (VlseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje) Multiple Criteria Decision-Making Model within ArcGIS, incorporating 10 factors. The second phase entailed a survey in which 379 questionnaires were gathered from residents and subsequently subjected to analysis using SPSS software. The spatial analysis categorized rural areas into three groups, distinguishing between high, low, and moderate seismic risks, with 39 locations falling into the moderate and high-risk categories. Among the factors analyzed, certain elements, such as access to health centers in rural and nearby urban areas, as well as the availability of emergency centers like fire stations, emerged as neglected areas, necessitating immediate reinforcement or establishment. Moreover, the outcomes regarding local preparedness revealed deficiencies across all domains, encompassing individual, physical, economic, and accessibility aspects. Furthermore, the research findings underscored a pronounced economic fragility, with accessibility factors exerting direct or indirect influence on the overall susceptibility of the situation. This research provides a holistic understanding by integrating natural and man-made factors with the current preparedness status of residents to reveal a pressing need for optimizing the spatial allocation of essential services, such as health and emergency facilities. Additionally, enhancing economic conditions and implementing training initiatives are imperative for bolstering community preparedness. These findings have significant implications for managers, decision-makers, and government authorities committed to enhancing public safety and mitigating earthquake hazards.
... PS 44: Lixiong [81] proposed framework for post-earthquake reconstruction which claims proper institutional arrangements can make reconstruction and recovery process fast. They justified their claim with Weizhou Town reconstruction which is consisted of both long-term and short-term reconstruction of a public building with public facilities. ...
Thesis
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Natural disasters always have several effects on human lives such as in the form of causalities and destruction of the built environment. These kinds of situations always become challenging for the governments to tackle these incidents and to rebuild the economic, social, and physical infrastructures and facilities with the available resources, more specifically, in the defined budget and time. The governments always define plans and policies in accordance with the law and political strategies to reconstruct damaged infrastructure (buildings, roads, and bridges) that should maximize the social benefits of the affected community. Due to the severity of the damage, for-instance to assess all the needs of the involved citizens, private companies, and public institutions, the plans and policies definition is a critical and difficult task. That’s why a huge amount of resources is always required to bring life back to normality, which makes reconstruction very challenging for all responsible stakeholders. To this end, in this thesis, we develop an approach (REPAIR) to decision-support system by using deep reinforcement learning technique (Double Deep Q-Network) for the planning of post-disaster city reconstruction by considering available resources, meeting the needs of the broad community stakeholders (like citizens’ social benefits and politicians’ priorities) and keeping in consideration city’s structural constraints (like dependencies among roads and buildings). In particular, from enriched GIS data, REPAIR elaborates a graph-based representation of the considered area and runs Double Deep Q-Network (DDQN) algorithm to generate a set of alternative reconstruction plans by satisfying the posed requirements. The generated plans are then provided to decision-making for the selection of which one to actuate. To check the applicability of the whole approach, we applied it on two real use-cases, i.e. the historical center of Sulmona city (Italy) and L’Aquila city (Italy), using detailed GIS data and information on the urban land structure and buildings vulnerability. The proposed approach for post disaster reconstruction planning (REPAIR) is generic, determines a set of alternative plans for local administrators who select the ideal one to implement, and it can be applied to areas of any extension as long as the decision-makers share the same goals. The described approach is comprised of a more general data science framework which is developed to produce an effective response to natural disasters in post-disaster reconstruction planning.
... Just after a disaster, an insufficient number of operational infrastructures mostly resulted from improper maintenance, which may cause troubles that delay is one of them (Dhamangaonkar 2019). Several prerequisites need to be achieved for a successful infrastructure designing: effective institutional management, well-defined coordination, well-established regulations, competent managers, effective consultation and communication with stakeholders, easy-to-use information management system, clearly identified goals, and adequate resource management have been identified as the most prominent ones (Ismaila et al. 2014;Liu et al. 2014). ...
... On the other hand, the recovery phase starts immediately after a disaster and shows considerable overlaps with the emergency phase (Liu et al. 2014;Platt 2018) and should be linked to development efforts (Anuradha 2008). In this study, the emergency phase consists of all the activities starting just after a disaster, such as rescue, sheltering, restoring critical structures, and considering secondary hazards. ...
... Sheltering and temporary housing should be categorised in the emergency phase, while permanent housing should be planned in the recovery stage ( Fig. 9). Construction of memorial buildings (Ge et al. 2010;Liu et al. 2014) and protections against natural hazards (Du et al. 2016;Jordan 2012;Wu 2003) are also part of structural recovery; however, as Jordan (2012) Han (2014) proposed "Sustainable Livelihood Analyzing" to boost a community's capabilities to cope with disasters. Davidson et al. (2007) and Okamoto and Ishikawa (2013) regard restoration of the economy as a necessary step to have a thriving temporary town and also one of the reconstruction's objectives (Sadiqi et al. 2017). ...
Article
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Following the increasing rate of disasters’ impacts on societies, more attention is being paid to recovery projects after these disasters. However, from the perspective of project management, recovery projects show a significant degree of differences from regular construction projects. Although some progress has been made on this topic, further research is needed to smooth pathways for the management of disaster recovery projects. This paper provides a management framework for disaster recovery projects through a qualitative analysis of the research’s selected resources. The resources selected from academic online platforms have been coded by NVivo 2020, and corresponding groups have been made for the disaster recovery lifespan and project stages separately. An integrated management framework has been put forward throughout the simultaneous application of the research’s suggested lifespan and project stages. The most significant observation of this study is the necessity of applying a continuous lifespan to address projects’ long-term goals and provide an experience-based database to manage the next disasters. The significant role of planning in the entire lifespan of recovery projects, recognition of the tasks that need to be handled continuously during their entire lifespan, the necessity of simultaneous consideration of tangible and intangible recovery outcomes are the other findings of this study. The reconstruction stage is identified as part of the more extensive system, which stresses the necessity of considering the recovery project as a whole system.
... (2014) [4] bu işlevleri nedeniyle ulaşım ağlarını kritik hayat yolları olarak tanımlamaktadır. Özellikle ilk toplanma alanlarına erişim ve gerekli hizmetlerin sağlandığı acil durum döneminde, can ve mal kayıplarının en aza indirilmesinde kullanılan yol ağı büyük önem taşımaktadır [5,4,6]. Zira toplanma alanları, özellikle ilk 72 saatte afetle mücadele edebilmek ve etkilerini azaltabilmek açısından ihtiyaç duyulan birçok hizmetin gerçekleştirilebildiği kentsel mekanlardır ve afetin ilk aşamasında bu alanlara erişilebilirlik hayati öneme sahiptir. ...
... Just after a natural disaster, an insu cient number of active infrastructures which is mostly the result of improper maintenance may cause troubles and delay is one of them (Dhamangaonkar 2019). There are a number of prerequisites that need to be achieved for a successful infrastructure designing: effective institutional management, well-de ned coordination, well-established regulations, competent managers, effective consultation and communication with stakeholders, easy-to-use information management system, clearly identi ed goals, and adequate resource management have been identi ed as the most prominent ones (Ismail et al. 2014;Liu, Lin, and Wang 2014). ...
... While the former deals with bounce back to the pre-existing situation before the disaster, the latter focuses on the development strategy to improve resilience, equity, and sustainability in societies (Anuradha Mukherji 2008;Jordan 2012;Ping Xu, Xiaoli Lu 2014). On the other hand, the recovery phase starts immediately after a disaster and shows considerable overlaps with the emergency phase (Liu, Lin, and Wang 2014;Platt 2018) and should be linked to development efforts (Anuradha Mukherji 2008). In this study, the emergency phase consists of all the activities starting just after a disaster such as rescue, sheltering, restoration of critical structures, and consideration of secondary hazards. ...
... Sheltering and temporary housing should be categorised in the emergency phase, while, permanent housing should be planned in the recovery stage (Fig. 7). Construction of memorial buildings (Ge, Gu, and Deng 2010) (Liu, Lin, and Wang 2014) and protections against natural disaster (Du et al. 2016) (Wu 2003) (Jordan 2012) are also part of structural recovery; however, as Jordan (2012) emphasised, residents' overcon dence owning to the protective structures should be appropriately managed. ...
Preprint
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Following the increasing rate of natural disasters, more attention is being paid to post-natural disaster reconstruction projects. However, from the perspective of project management, these projects show a significant degree of differences from the regular construction projects. Although some progress has been made on this topic, further research is needed to smooth pathways for the management of Post-Natural Disaster Recovery (PNDR) projects. This paper provides a management framework for PNDR projects throughout the qualitative analysis of the research's selected resources. The resources identified by applying inclusion and exclusion criteria in academic online platforms have been coded by NVivo 2020, and corresponding groups have been made for PNDR life-cycle and project stages. An integrated management framework has been put forward throughout the simultaneous application of the research's suggested life-cycle and project stages for PNDR projects. The most significant observation of this study is the necessity of applying a continuous life-cycle to address projects' long-term goals and provide an experience-based database for the management of next natural disasters. The significant role of planning in the entire life-cycle of PNDR projects, recognition of the tasks that need to be handled continuously during entire PNDR projects, the necessity of simultaneous consideration of tangible and intangible recovery outcomes are the other findings of this study. Recognition of reconstruction as part of the bigger system, named recovery, also stressed the necessity of considering the recovery project as a whole.
... The relocation process was completed in less than 3 years with strong intervention from the government, who provided both the huge financial assistance and the overall reconstruction planning through a counterpart support plan. Compared with the long period of other post-disaster resettlements (see Table 1), the rapid government-oriented top-down resettlement process of Beichuan (Liu et al. 2014) did well for efficiency, ensuring the basic living requirements of the victims. An obvious integration motivation of the resettlement plan could be found to assist the post-disaster migrants and the indigenous peasants to be integrated into the new place and new communities. ...
Article
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This article explores the spatial differentiation and integration between the post-disaster victims and the indigenous peasants 8 years after a rapid off-site resettlement oriented by governments in New Beichuan. Data were broadly collected from placement documents, questionnaires, interviews and site measurement by empirical research and on-site investigation in 2014. The resettlement plan was introduced and analyzed for housing resettlement, open space systems, public facilities allocation and resettlement policies. Based on statistical analysis of the questionnaire data and observation on the usage of the built environment, problems with the spatial usage and mismatches between the specific spatial requirements and subjective planning intention of integration are analyzed and preliminary findings are shown. The results showed that the excessive pursuit of speed and deficiency in economically self-sustaining efforts might contribute to insufficient attention given to spatial, social and economic aspects and leads to inevitable and long-standing problems, such as housing quality problems, neighborhoods management and security concerns, contradictions between the housing layout and local living habits, different spatial usage preferences between the indigenous peasants and post-disaster migrants, and disequilibrium of public facility allocation.
... Immediately after the earthquake, reconstruction was proposed and planned, enabled through a sophisticated top-down policy framework (Shao and Xu 2017). Reconstruction planning and its pertinent issues have also drawn the attention of interested scholars (Ge et al. 2010;Dunford and Li 2011;Yin et al. 2012;Guo 2012;Liu et al. 2014). While their prolific research outputs are very informative and quite insightful, there remains room for further exploration in two main aspects. ...
Article
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This paper offers a critical investigation on the implementation of reconstruction plans in China following Wenchuan Earthquake through the lens of disaster resilience. The analysis is built upon a resilience in planning framework which consists of nine attributes. Empirical cases of two typical towns in Wenchuan County, Weizhou and Yingxiu, are discussed and compared. This paper upholds an evolutionary perspective of resilience and argues that reconstruction planning is a contested and politically laden field for different stakeholders, such that social aspect resilience is key to understanding plan implementation.
... • Urban design and post-disaster urban planning in the short-medium term (Fema, 2016), which is addressed by scientific research mainly with regard to the Reconstruction Plan (Andalib & Majd, 2017), to the issues of public spaces safety (Branciaroli, 2013;Ehrenfeucht & Nelson, 2011;Liu, Lin, & Wang, 2014) and changes in urban peacetime planning (Murakami & Murakami Wood, 2014). However, there is a lack of research on post-disaster urban regeneration (new shapes, new fabrics) in the short to medium term and tools to implement it (role of strategic planning). ...
Article
The reconstruction of a damaged historic/modern urban system following a natural catastrophic event, even if sophisticated, complex and expensive can become an opportunity to apply innovative methods of urban regeneration oriented towards environmental sustainability. A research by the University of L'Aquila exploring the consequences of the 2009 earthquake in central Italy, both in analytical and design terms, is focused on this theme, applying innovative principles to the reconstruction project of the city of L'Aquila, capital of the Abruzzo Region (Italy). The study carries out an analysis of the earthquake effects on urban systems and mobility and proposes an operating strategy based on a multidisciplinary approach that integrates urban design and sustainable mobility strategies. In particular, it outlines the components of Strategic Projects that has been developed for the reconnection of the urban fragments created by the dispersion of the city after the earthquake, which has applied the principles of multi-modal sustainable mobility. The results of the study show that the post-quake reconstruction, if properly interpreted, can be a unique opportunity to conceive and construct the conditions to implement a new and more efficient urban sustainable transport model through advanced technologies based on outlining an innovative urban redesign approach.
... Flexibility, as an important property of resilient cities, is better achievable in a porous urban fabric. In fact, availability of open spaces provides the urban system with a certain degree of freedom to accommodate new needs if they emerge (Allan et al., 2013;Leon & March, 2014;Liu, Lin, & Wang, 2014;Sadowy, 2016). Flexible and multifunctional green/open spaces can also be used to serve multiple purposes (e.g., as playgrounds, community gathering areas, shelter areas, green parking lots, water retention areas, urban farms, etc.) (Abdulkareem & Elkadi, 2018;Cook, 2007). ...
... Indeed, integrating green infrastructure elements into the design of such connecting links helps create ecological networks and corridors that provide multiple ecosystem services (Colding, 2007). Among other benefits, such networks support building 'transitionary buffer zones' between urban and natural spheres, facilitate movement of species, improve biodiversity and ecological vitality, regulate exchange of energy and materials between city and its hinterland, mitigate air pollution, mitigate flood risk, help reduce indoor energy consumption, and facilitate connectivity and socioeconomic interactions across different scales (De Montis et al., 2016;Hunter & Brown, 2012;Liu et al., 2014;Radywyl & Biggs, 2013;Schlee, Tamminga, & Tangari, 2012). ...
Article
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Impacted by the compounding effects of climate change and urbanization, cities are facing a panoply of risks that threaten their sustainability. Recognizing the potentially catastrophic ramifications of inaction, local governments are increasingly involved in resilience-building activities that are informed by a vast body of research related to different socioeconomic , environmental, and institutional aspects of urban planning and design. However, despite its significant impacts on growth and evolution of cities, limited research exists on how urban form can enhance resilience by increasing the abilities to plan for, absorb, recover from, and adapt to adverse events. As a step towards filling this gap, this paper explores how meso-scale urban form elements can affect urban resilience. This is done through synthesizing theoretical and empirical evidence reported in the literature. The focus is on morphological parameters related to the following urban form elements: neighborhoods, blocks, lots, and open spaces. Results show that existing evidence is mainly related to the associations between 'neighborhood density, size and configuration of open spaces, and land use mix' and resilience to 'climate change impacts', 'earthquakes', 'social issues', and 'resource scarcity'. There is also considerable evidence on the association between design of blocks/lots and resilience in terms of climate change adaptation/mitigation and adaptability to changing circumstances. The analysis also shows that each element influences and is influenced by other elements in the urban system and different elements should not be studied in isolation and the interplay between them should be considered. Existing evidence on conflicts is mainly related to density, but measures related to other elements may also involve conflicts. The paper concludes with a set of recommendations for future research towards improving resilience of urban form at the meso-scale.