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PEM Fuel Cells (PEMFCs), fueled by hydrogen, are electrochemical devices that convert hydrogen to useful power and two by-products: heat and water. They cover an important part of power applications namely in the transportation area, and in other practical applications that are either stationary or portable. In particular, the domestic refrigerator...
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... unit is simple and consistent manner to measure the capacity of any battery pack, whether it's a Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH), AA battery, the 12 V lead acid battery used commonly for cars, or the lithium ion battery pack commonly used for laptop. Two types of batteries are most commonly offered for our "energy fill and use way", lithium-ion and lead-acid batteries, some of their key features and differences are set out here in Table 5. ...Similar publications
Building energy consumption represents much of the total energy consumed in advanced countries. For this reason, the aim of this paper is to study the energy consumption profile by day for each domestic appliance: controllable appliances (heating, ventilation and air conditioning, electric water heater, dishwasher, washing machine) and non-controll...
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... FCs are electrochemical devices that use the chemical energy of hydrogen or other fuels to produce electrical energy at the output [5]. In a hydrogen fuel cell (HFC), it uses hydrogen as fuel in addition to air for generating the electrical energy with water and heat as by-products [6]. ...
Hydrogen fuel cells (HFCs), which have shown significant technological developments in recent years, are promising alternative energy sources with high electrical efficiency and zero-emission in the coming years. Currently, these alternative sources are employed as energy units in many areas. The existing studies show that HFCs are structurally and operationally more efficient, durable, and usable year after year. However, a detailed study is needed showing the forthcoming structures, future socio-economic impacts, and production/cost prospects for the future vision of HFCs. To this end, this work aims to contribute a considerable view on the future vision of utilization and prediction in the HFC field. In this context, the forthcoming HFC structures basis fuel types and the future of hydrogen production are first presented. Further, the future applications of HFCs are detailed for potential areas like stationary, portable, transportation, and space applications. Subsequently, the expected socio-economic impacts like new job opportunities, environmental improvement, and health issues are detailed and explained for the following years. Implementation trends in several sectors like transportation, heating, industry heat, industry feedstock, and power generation are clarified for the 2050 vision. Finally, the production/cost forecasting values are demonstrated for the future vision of HFC technologies.
... Among them, PEMFC is considered as the best one due to its multiple advantages: delivery of clean energy, a low operating temperature, a high overall efficiency in cogeneration (electricity and heat) up 60%, and fast start-up. The PEM fuel cell occupies a wide space in several applications such as mobile, residential, electric vehicle and space applications [7][8][9]. ...
Among several types of fuel cells available in the market, proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is characterized by low operating temperature, high efficiency and long lifetime. These advantages have prompted the PEM fuel cell to enter into several applications such as vehicle power sources, portable power and backup power applications. However, the PEM fuel cell faces several challenges due to the dependency of the output power on the operating condition like cell temperature and membrane water content. Under changing operating conditions, there is only one unique operating point for the fuel cell system with maximum output. Therefore, for better operation and optimal exploitation, the extraction of maximum power from PEM fuel cell is indispensable. This paper deals with the development golden section search (GSS)-based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller for PEMFC power system. To our knowledge, this paper is a first, if modest, attempt to develop a fuel cell MPPT controller based on golden section algorithm. The proposed GSS-based MPPT has been implemented and validated on fuel cell power system composed of 7 kW PEMFC supplying a resistive load via a DC/DC boost converter controlled using the proposed MPPT. Simulation results obtained using MATLAB/Simulink show that the proposed GSS MPPT outperforms the variable step size incremental conductance one in all test cases including cell temperature and membrane water content variations in terms of static as well as dynamic performances regarding all used metrics reducing by the way the response time by 34.33%, the overshoot and ripple by around 100% and with neglect oscillation around MPP improving as a consequence the fuel cell efficiency.
... Nowadays, many energy applications of our daily lives as well refrigeration can be powered using green and sustainable sources as well solar PV, wind, biomass or even hydrogen. However, the associated technology must be environment-friendly in a Well-to-Wheel context, [1]- [3]. ...
Thermoelectric refrigerating systems (TER) are environment-friendly technologies. They have several advantages such as low maintenance costs, are less cumbersome and long lifetime. However, these systems have low coefficient of performance and are limited in achieving low temperature levels. This study investigates a new configuration of TE refrigerator employing a novel arrangement of heat sinks with integrated flat and finned heat pipes. A mathematical model is firstly developed to predict transient temperatures and cooling limit time. An experimental characterization is then performed and it includes optimization of energy consumption, cooling time, temperature levels and TE refrigerator related COP. TE module coefficient of performance (COPTEC) is evaluated at 0.74 while the hot and cold sides temperature difference ΔT is equal to 32.7°C. The coefficient of performance of the TE refrigerator (COPTER) is evaluated at 0.297 with an inside/outside temperature difference ΔTi/o =13°C and an energy consumption rate of 42.7 Wh. Multiple experiment's results lead to a specific characterized chart adapted for this TE refrigerator. An empirical equation for transient temperature prediction is established and presents a novel contribution in this work.
... One of these is considered the best due to its multiple advantages such as: delivers clean energy, a low operating temperature, a high overall efficiency in cogeneration (electricity and heat) up 60%, fast start-up. The PEM fuel cell occupies a wide space in several applications like mobile, residential, electric vehicle and space applications [4][5][6]. ...
This paper addresses the development of three-phase grid connected fuel cell energy system using Matlab/Simulink Stateflow environment. The proposed grid connected fuel energy system designed by considering a 5.5kW proton exchange membrane fuel cell connected to the grid via a double stage including a DC-DC boost converter and three phase inverter. The whole energy system has been implemented using Matlab/Simulink Stateflow environment where all the parameters and operating conditions have been considered. The proposed energy system has been tested and validated using Matlab/Simulink under different test scenario representing different operating conditions. Simulation obtained results prove the efficiency of the developed stateflow models to characterize and analyzing the PEM fuel cell power system as well as the connection to the grid. The developed models can be used as a platform to analyze the performance of the system in connected or unconnected cases.
... Also, they produce heat (generally known as waste heat) that may be converted to useful work. Producing electricity with fuel cells is an environmentally friendly process since the main source of this devices is hydrogen which is renewable [1,2]. ...
In this paper, a hybrid system that consists of proton exchange membrane fuel cell and chemical heat pump is investigated. In terms of power outputs, the maximum points and higher power outputs are obtained at the current densities between 1-2 A/cm². In contrast, higher energy efficiencies are provided at low current densities. According to the results, the higher power output can be provided at higher current densities. However, at these current densities hybrid system has smaller energy efficiency. For better efficient and environmental utilization of the hybrid system, it should be used under condition of iη<i<iP (iη and iP are current densities at the maximum efficiency and maximum power, respectively). However, its current density should be closer to current density at maximum power.
The recent studies focused on the blend membranes to a great extent due to their capability
of gathering some important polymer characteristic features. In this survey, boron
phosphate (BP) doped sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone)/Poly (vinylidene fluoride)
(SPEEK/PVDF) blend membrane having high ionic conduction capability was synthesized.
The boron phosphate doping to the membrane matrix enhanced the membrane properties
in terms of proton exchange membrane conditions. The sol-gel and casting method was
used to synthesise the SPEEK/PVDF blend membrane. The characterization tests to observe
the structure of the membrane, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy
(SEM), FT-IR and mechanical/thermal stability tests were conducted. The membrane
ionic transportation and water retention were improved directly by the addition of
boron phosphate. The highest power density (242 mW cm�2) and current density
(400 mA cm�2) at 0.6 V were obtained by SPEEK/PVDF/10BP, respectively. Additionally, the
proton conductivity value of 39 mS cm�1 was obtained for SPEEK/PVDF/10BP sample at
80 �C. The authors concluded that both boron phosphate additive and SPEEK/PVDF blend
membrane have promising results for fuel cell future operations.
© 2022 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Phase diagrams are an integral part of the estimation of material properties in the case of high temperature and pressure. The pressure-temperature (P-T) phase diagram is used to determine the state of aggregation (solid, liquid, gaseous) of a substance under given conditions. This article presents a method to reveal new states in the phase diagram, including the possibility of the plasma state. Using the empirical data of benzene, a critical pressure beyond solid-liquid equilibrium was estimated. It is highly probable that beyond these pressures, benzene may ionize and exhibit plasma behavior. The method proposed in this work for benzene could also be applied to create a comprehensive phase diagram of Hydrogen at certain pressure and temperature. Because the complex behavior of hydrogen, as well as the constant discovery of new varieties and the creation of many different phases of hydrogen makes it very difficult to construct a realistic phase diagram.
