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Sabah in East Malaysia has taken the lead by not just pushing for the current compulsory Malaysian Sustainable Palm Oil (MSPO) certification standard but also moving towards making the Roundtable for Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) certification mandatory by 2025.
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... In addition, the waste generated by palm oil mills, if not properly managed, can also contribute to emissions through the production of methane. Malaysia has taken steps to address these concerns, this includes the Malaysian Sustainable Palm Oil (MSPO) certification scheme, which sets standards for sustainable palm oil production, and the Malaysian Palm Oil Certification Council (MPOCC), which oversees the certification of palm oil mills and growers [10] Additionally, the Malaysia Palm Oil Board (MPOB) and the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) are committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions from the palm oil sector by 30% by 2020 and many mitigation plans have been planned to achieve the goals [11]. Four primary treatment approaches can effectively address emissions in the palm oil industry. ...
Achieving net zero emissions to ensure a sustainable future has become increasingly urgent in light of climate change. The palm oil industry in Malaysia plays a significant role in the country's economy but has faced criticism for its environmental impact, particularly in terms of sustainability and greenhouse gas emissions. While the government has implemented policies and initiatives to promote sustainable palm oil production and reduce emissions, there remains a need for a comprehensive and integrated mitigation strategy to help make an informed decision to improve the performance. To address the limitations of the current framework, this study proposes an Integrated Mitigation Strategy Model which incorporates established frameworks of Palm Oil Mill Carbon Accounting (POMCFA) and Sustainability Index (POMSI). This model has been developed based on the superstructure approach, considering a set of mitigation options to improve weak indicators identified through assessments. The selection of these options is informed by a theoretical review of existing literature on factor changes and their impact on emissions reduction. The model is further validated through case studies, ensuring its robustness and reliability. Based on the case study, it reveals that palm oil mill effluent, diesel consumption, and water consumption contribute the most to carbon dioxide equivalent emissions. In terms of sustainability scoring, the environmental aspect obtains the lowest scores compared to social and economic aspects. Weaknesses identified include dust concentration, palm oil mill effluent, and boiler emissions. Using the heuristics of factor changes equation, the mitigation model suggests implementing high-technology boilers as the optimal solution for these weaknesses. With the theoretical and empirical support behind the choice of variables, our model provides a valuable tool for decision-making in achieving net-zero emissions and sustainable palm oil production.
... The authors reviewed the literature (WoS) from 2021 to 2022. One commendable research was conducted by [119] on the Malaysian Sustainable Palm Oil (MSPO) certification primarily as a response to critics against the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO). ...
... The study concludes that the establishment and implementation of local palm oil certification standards as an alternative to the RSPO is not as simple, and increased awareness among small holders about the necessity of becoming MSPO certified is critical. They also argue that MSPO should build a more effective and clear line of communication between the federal government and local oil palm farmers, particularly small holders, as well as raise knowledge about MSPO among them [119]. Another review paper on the small holder sustainability was portrayed by [120]. ...
Background: The expansion of oil palm agriculture across the nations, especially in countries such as Malaysia and Indonesia, is growing at exacerbated levels. However, there is still a lack of awareness of the environmental, social, and economic challenges among the sector, ranging from the combination of ecological, economic, and ecosystem sustainability to the livelihoods of plantation workers and small holder communities. Small holders struggle to attain the primary standards on market governance, debt-free livelihood enhancements, certification norms, proper land rights and usage, outsourcing quality seeds, harvesting technologies, labor usage, etc. Method: There is a need to systematize the existing literature toward one that addresses the most fundamental and urgent questions that govern the palm oil small holder sustainability in the palm oil supply chain. The objective of this article is two-fold. One approach was to undertake an integrated systematic review and thematic scientific mapping of the last 10 years of research effort (2009–2020) on the specified research agenda, using data from the Web of Science (WoS) core collection database. Another objective was to gain insights and research direction. Results: The defined gaps and insights from the study helped to form the basis for developing a conceptual framework for achieving the sustainability and livelihood of small holders in the palm oil sector. Conclusions: There is a stringent need to focus on the sustainability factors of small holders in the palm oil upstream logistics to address and improve the overall efficiency of the supply chain.
... On the other, it creates opportunities for producers of alternative vegetable oils within and outside Europe. One effort towards making palm oil production more sustainable and allay concerns worldwide is Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) [2,10,11]. RSPO developed criteria for Certified Sustainable Palm oil [11]. However, due to limited technical capabilities, including associated investment costs [10], fulfilling the requirements for certification is a significant challenge for smallholder processors and farmers. ...
... RSPO developed criteria for Certified Sustainable Palm oil [11]. However, due to limited technical capabilities, including associated investment costs [10], fulfilling the requirements for certification is a significant challenge for smallholder processors and farmers. Certification of smallholders will ensure compliance to sustainability responsibilities of this critical sector with the attendant ecological, social, and financial benefits [11]. ...
Oil palm is the largest source of livelihoods and vegetable oil consumption to most rural households of developing economies in Asia, Africa, and South America. The heavy reliance on fossil-fuel-based energy in palm oil production raises national concerns about reducing carbon emissions and achieving Nationally Determined Contributions in Nigeria. This study investigates the feasibility of typical smallholder palm oil mills using techno-economic analyses. The energy options are diesel and biogas, representing conventional and renewable energy; the latter is a product of anaerobic digestion of palm oil mill effluent and bio-residues that are used to generate electricity. The results show that with a 100% loan, the net present values (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), return on investment, and payback period are US150,404, 26%, 20%, and 3.6 years for the biogas systems, respectively. The conventional diesel option performs better economically. However, if the biogas system enjoys a 100% initial investment grant and tax exemption in the first four operating years, the IRR will be equal to the diesel system and the NPV higher at US$343,328, making the biogas system more competitive. We conclude that the renewable-energy-based (biogas) system is economically feasible to replace fossil-fuel-based (diesel) systems. There is a need to conduct a cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment to fully understand the environmental impacts of the two contrasting systems, which will help support decision-making and interventions to mitigate climate and promote a greener palm oil economy in Africa.
