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Herbs contribute to more than 60-70% in development of modern medicines in the world market either directly or indirectly. The herbal treatments for congestive heart failure, systolic hypertension, angina, atherosclerosis, cerebral insufficiency and venous insufficiency etc. has been known since ancient times. Unlike allopathic medicines, Ayurveda...
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Context 1
... this paper we have listed 128 plants, its habit and parts used for treatment of heart disease (Table 1). Comparative analysis of parts used of percentage of total plants showed that root and rhizome is the most frequently used plant parts followed by leaves, while gum being the least frequently used plant parts in context with ailment of heart disease (Fig. 1). ...Citations
... Found in fruits, vegetables, grains, and beans, these compounds have been widely studied for their antioxidant [3,4], anti-inflammatory [5], antimicrobial [6], and immune-boosting properties [7]. Their bioactivities make them valuable in pharmacology, nutrition, and cosmetics, as they contribute to chronic disease prevention [8], including cancer [9], and cardiovascular diseases [10], and neurodegenerative disorders [11]. Additionally, phytochemicals have shown cardioprotective advantages [12] and hormonal regulatory effects [3], serving as promising natural alternatives to synthetic medications [13], further expanding their use in therapeutic applications [14], dietary supplements [15], functional foods [16,17] and cosmetic formulations [18,19]. ...
Context
The interaction between phytochemicals and nanoparticles plays a crucial role in nanotechnology and biomedical applications. This study investigates the binding behavior and stability of six phytochemicals—Catechin, Limonene, Sabinene, Sinapic Acid, Vanillic Acid, and Luteolin 7-O-ß-glucuronide—with Er₂O₃ nanoparticles using Density Functional Theory (DFT) and Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations. The findings indicate that Luteolin, Catechin, and Sinapic Acid exhibit the strongest binding affinities and highest structural stability with Er 2 O 3 , attributed to their balanced hydrophilicity-lipophilicity and favorable electronic properties. These insights contribute to the design and functionalization of phytochemical-based nanomaterials, with potential applications in drug delivery, bioimaging, and photodynamic therapy.
Methods
DFT calculations were conducted using Gaussian 09 at the B3LYP/6–311 + + G(d,p) level to determine HOMO–LUMO energy gaps, dipole moments, and polarizability of the phytochemicals. MD simulations, performed using GROMACS 2019 with the CHARMM36 force field and TIP3P water model, analyzed the dynamics of phytochemical adsorption on a 5 nm Er 2 O 3 nanoparticle over 50 ns. Key parameters such as interaction energies, root mean square deviations (RMSD), radial distribution functions (RDF), and water solubility (logS) were evaluated using ALOPGPS 2.1 software.
... The findings from this study will contribute to the growing body of research on the development of herbal-based pharmaceutical products that offer both efficacy and convenience. Given the global burden of cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, the innovation of functional beverages like effervescent powder drinks may improve patient adherence and outcomes in cholesterol management (Salama et al., 2020;Ray and Saini, 2021;Yudhani et al., 2022;Meng et al., 2023). Thus, this research not only evaluates the cholesterol-lowering potential of turmeric but also explores the potential of effervescent formulations as an innovative and practical solution in the field of pharmaceutical and nutritional sciences. ...
This study aims to evaluate the cholesterol-lowering effects of turmeric (Curcuma domestica) in an effervescent powder drink formulation to prevent atherosclerosis. The effervescent preparation was produced using standard effervescent techniques, with organoleptic tests revealing an orange color, the characteristic aroma of turmeric, and a slightly sweet taste. The formulation’s pH was approximately 5.9, with a flowability test result of 14 seconds, a powder angle of repose of 30°, and a dissolution time of 4 minutes and 20 seconds. Curcumin shows potential as an anticholesterol as a preventive measure of atherosclerosis disease through molecular docking testing using autodock-vina. Qualitative test on turmeric effervescent with Sprektrofotometer UV-VIS, Scanning Electon Microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Cholesterol testing was conducted on mice induced with cholesterol using margarine over a one-week period, resulting in increased cholesterol levels of maximum 290 mg/dL. Following administration of the converted turmeric dosage, cholesterol levels significantly maximum decreased in the first week to 165 mg/dL. By the second week, further reductions were observed, with cholesterol levels maximum dropping to 143 mg/dL. These results suggest that turmeric effervescent formulation exhibits promising cholesterol-lowering properties and may contribute to the prevention of atherosclerosis
... As mentioned in the preceding sections, scientific studies have shown that herbal plants are rich in numerous bioactive compounds. Therefore, they are effective in regulating and suppressing key variables associated with cardiovascular disease, such as inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress ("Retracted: Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases with Plant Phytochemicals: A (Ray and Saini, 2021). Similarly, the leaves of H. auriculata exhibit antioxidant and cardioprotective potentials because of their bioactive constituents. ...
... The management of NCDs may be influenced by the interactions between antioxidants and metabolic enzymes (Table 1). [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35] As the mechanisms involved in antioxidant-enzyme interactions are better understood, more information about cellular defense systems and potential therapeutic interventions will emerge. ...
... These antioxidants are involved in adaptation processes that use signals generated by the formation and reaction of free radicals to prevent further oxidant production. 30 In this case, the signal generated by the presence of radicals stimulates the production and transportation of specific antioxidants to the site of damage. 28 All of these antioxidant defense systems work together to minimize the negative impact of oxidative damage. ...
... 48,49 Supplementation with antioxidants can increase the activity of SOD and decrease oxidative stress in patients with CVDs. Decreased catalase activity can lead to the development of atherosclerosis.30 Catalase catalyzes the disintegration of hydrogen peroxide.48 ...
Free radicals are produced in the body during normal cellular metabolic activities, and their excessive accumulation can overwhelm the natural antioxidant mechanisms. This leads to oxidative stress, which is associated with the development and progression of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as liver and kidney diseases, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and diabetes. Enzymes play a significant role in maintaining a balance between antioxidants and free radicals by either enhancing the production of antioxidants or slowing down the generation of free radicals in the body. There is no up-to-date review on how antioxidant-enzyme interactions modulate the development and progression of NCDs. This review, therefore, discusses the mechanisms of antioxidant-enzyme interactions in the control of oxidative stress, as well as the implications and prospects of these interactions in the management of NCDs. Therapeutic strategies targeting antioxidant-enzyme interactions in the natural defense mechanisms of the body against oxidative stress can provide targeted benefits in the management of various NCDs. The mechanisms of interaction of some antioxidants with catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferases, thioredoxin protein, and thioredoxin reductase suggest their strong involvement in mitigating the development and progression of NCDs. Moreover, understanding the specific interactions and signaling pathways involved in antioxidant-enzyme interactions could facilitate the emergence of novel and effective therapeutic strategies for the management of NCDs and should be considered a primary goal of future studies. This study provides the necessary template, encourages discussion, and creates more opportunities for the next stage in the development of antioxidant therapies.
... Moreover, this plant possesses anti-diarrheal properties, and is known to alleviate symptoms of anxiety, depression, yawning, and lethargy (Rathnam and Mudaliar 2002). Furthermore, the root bark of Gmelina asiatica is therapeutically valued for treating congenital heart disease in traditional medicine (Ray and Saini 2021). The details of ethnomedicinal uses of various parts of G. asiatica plant are listed in Table 1. ...
Gmelina asiatica is one of medicinal plants that is famous in traditional medicines. It is known as Asian bushbeech under the family Lamiaceae. Gmelina asiatica is widely used in Indian folklore to treat many illnesses and disorders, such as treatment of jaundice, hemorrhoids, dysuria, arthritis, edema, liver diseases, neurological disorders, fever, heart diseases, dandruff, skin infections, acne, diabetes mellitus, catarrh of the bladder, syphilis, as antiseptic, astringent, demulcent, contraceptive and blood purifier. As well as, there are various reports on the pharmacological activities of this plant that scientifically support some of its traditional uses. These activities have been shown to include anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antihyperglycemic, antipyretic, nematicidal, anxiolytic, neuroprotective, anti-microbial, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective and analgesic activity. Gmelina asiatica is rich in furofuran lignans and flavonoids and contains many other secondary and primary metabolites, but only a few studies have been conducted to identify and isolate its phytoconstituents. The current review aims to provide the published information on Gmelina asiatica, its features, traditional uses, ethnobotanical uses by different tribes, pharmacological activities, and reported phytoconstituents, from 1961 to September 2023, which was collected from books and online databases such as Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, SpringerLink, and Wiley Online Library.
Graphical Abstract
... CVD refers to a group of conditions that affect the heart and blood vessels, including coronary heart disease (heart attacks), cerebrovascular illness, peripheral artery disease, rheumatic heart disease, congenital heart disease, and myocardial infarction (heart failure) (Ray and Saini, 2021). Unfortunately, the number of patients with CVDs is increasing, yet there are only a limited number of pricey medications available to treat the illnesses. ...
... Serum activities of these biochemical markers were remarkably reduced following the administration of alkaloids. Type II diabetes and hypertension, two prominent risk factors for CVD, are linked to the amassing of fats in the liver and increased liver enzymes (Ray and Saini, 2021). AST originates from liver and muscle cells and rises with myocardial cell injury or hepatic dysfunction, whereas ALT is mostly produced by the liver as a result of increased hepatic inflammation or injury. ...
Alkaloids are bioactive natural products with a variety of pharmacological effects, including hypertensive and hypotensive, haemostyptic activities, cardiac stimulation, respiratory stimulation and relaxation, diuretics, and antioxidant capabilities. They are crucial in the pathophysiology of several cardiovascular and related diseases. This explains the recent interest in drug discovery and research that they have been receiving. This chapter is focused on the role of alkaloids as a panacea in the management and treatment of cardiovascular diseases, as well as liver diseases affecting the heart. It also looked at the effects of alkaloids on lipids and lipoproteins, as essential contributing factors to cardiovascular diseases. Lipids and lipoproteins control the level of plasma cholesterol, which improves macrophage uptake of cholesterol, causes the production of new cells, and finally causes inflammation and plaque formation. Several search engines, including Google Books, ResearchGate, Semantic Scholar, Medline, and PubMed, were used to conduct the literature search. Alkaloids, heart, liver, cardiac and cardiovascular diseases, lipid profile, lipids, lipoproteins, and hypertension were some of the other keywords that were employed. This chapter drew on a collection of pertinent material. Alkaloids have positive effects on serum lipids, protect the liver from hepatic damage, and repair free-radical-mediated damage. Its administration significantly increases lipid oxidation and affects several blood biochemical markers, including lipid and protein profiles, liver
... 80 % of heart strokes are accounted for CVD deaths. Low and middle income countries estimated to have death rate as more than 22.2 million people per year by 2030 (Ray & Saini, 2021). Since herbal formulations have considered to be safe when compared to synthetic medicines an approach of developing a multibotanical formulation has been encouraged in this study as usage of multiple herbs are preferred over single herbs according to Ayurveda systems of medicine. ...
Atherosclerosis is a complex condition that develops at varying rates in multiple configurations and blood vessels. The primary cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly in the industrialized nations, continues to be atherosclerosis. Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani systems of medicine, among other traditional medical systems, utilize polyherbal compositions. The treatment of atherosclerosis has been improved with a novel multibotanical combination. In this study, we sought to formulate, characterize, and standardize a polyherbal formulation based on design of experiments (DoE), densitometric studies and to predict for antioxidant activity using molecular docking analysis based on LC- MS identified phytomarkers. In addition we have assessed its cell viability by MTT assay along with Ao/EtBr staining technique and intracellular ROS assay using THP-1 cell lines. Reported findings showed that the HPTLC based quantified components of selected multiherbals has the ability to treat for atherosclerosis. This document could be used to quickly authenticate the formulation as the method optimized was based on CCD design which shows desirability of 0.962 and 0.839. Cell based assays scientifically proves that the formulation was not toxic based on MTT assay along with AO/EtBr staining technique and has excellent antioxidant activities based on intracellular ROS assay using THP-1 cell lines. The observed findings would be crucial for future clinical aspects since the bioactive molecules contained in the extracts may have anticipated effects with other compounds and show a superior therapeutic potential. As a result, this study offers standardized and potentially therapeutic information about effective polyherbal formulation for atherosclerosis.
... Therefore, a number of studies have been carried out in various parts of the world to document the ethnobotanical knowledge associated with wild edible plant species [2][3][4][5][6][7] . Interestingly, many such plant species have demonstrated significant pharmacological activities in animal and human studies, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antimicrobial, hypoglycemic, hepatoprotective, anticonvulsant, anti-platelet aggregation, adaptogenic, immunomodulatory, hypotensive, hypolipidemic, cytotoxic, anti-proliferative, diuretic, and nootropic [8][9][10] . Furthermore, these plants are rich in various phytochemicals such as flavonoids, phenols, tannins, alkaloids, saponins, steroids, etc. ...
... For example, capsaicinoids, flavonoids, carotenoids, steroids, saponins in Capsicum; monoterpene, sesquiterpene, geraniol, linolol, bornyl acetate, phytosterols, caryophylene oxide, pcoumaric acid, vanillic acid etc. in Cinnamomum tamala; flavonoids, gallic acid, ferulic acid, coumarins, salicylic acid, tartaric acid, maleic acid, arbutin etc. in Coriandrum sativum; murrayazolidine, murrayazoline, murrayacine, koenimbine, koenine, mahanimbine, girinimbine, mukoeic acid etc. in Murraya koenigii (Fig. 6); p-cymene, carvacrol, thymoquinone, thymohydroquinone, dithymoquinone, 4-terpineol, tanethol, sesquiterpene longifolene a-pinene etc. in Nigella sativa; eugenol, carvacrol, linalool, b-caryophyllene, rosmarinic acid, oleanolic acid, ursolic acid etc. in Ocimum tenuiflorum (Fig. 7); gingerol, shoagaol, paradol, quercetin, zingerone, gingerenone-A in Zingiber officinale (Fig. 8); Piperine as major constituent in Piper nigrum besides volatile oil, oleoresins, and alkaloids; sesamin, sesamol, sesamolin, pinoresinol etc. in Sesamum indicum (Fig. 9) and eugenol, eugenyl acetate, β-caryophyllene etc. in Syzygium aromaticum 70 . Besides, many pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, platelet aggregation inhibition, neuro-protective, nephroprotective, and cardio-protective have also been reported from these plants 8,[70][71][72] . This further emphasizes that use of these plants in the diet could be beneficial for many purposes. ...
Impaired thrombolysis is one of the causes of the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The synthetic thrombolytic agents such as streptokinase, urokinase and antistreplase have their own side effects. Plants are always considered as safe and cost-effective therapeutic agents. Dietary therapeutics is an emerging branch for the prevention and treatment of several ailments. The present article compiles 43 edible plants which have shown in vitro thrombolytic potential and are also employed in the diets of several ethnic communities in India. Among these, Bauhinia purpurea and Baccaurea ramiflora are two plants having more than 70% in vitro clot lysis potential; Coccinia grandis, Curcuma longa, Cyperus rotundus, and Typha domingensis have 50-70% thrombolytic activity; and the rest of the plants have 11-49% thrombolytic activity. These 43 plants also include spices and condiments such as Turmeric, Black pepper, Indian Bayleaf, Coriander and Ginger, which affirms the traditional saying of using food as medicine. Besides, these edible plants also possess various phyto-constituents and health-beneficial pharmacological activities. If these plants could be incorporated into a routine diet, it might be possible to prevent or delay the onset of CVD. However, detailed studies are required to evaluate the pattern of CVD in ethnic communities consuming such plants, as well as systematic clinical trials are warranted to investigate the thrombolytic efficacy of these plants.
... Traditional herbal remedies have been used for decades and are typically regarded as safer than synthetic pharmaceuticals [84][85][86]. Approaches influenced by traditional medicine are still crucial, particularly for the management of chronic illnesses and to speed up the development of natural product drugs [87,88]. When administered with contemporary synthetic treatments, combinations of herbal medications or phytochemical active ingredients have been demonstrated to be useful in treating several disorders [89]. ...
... Ginseng Oxidative stress, hypertension, cardiac disease, hyperlipidemia and ion regulation [93,106] Ginkgo biloba Cardiac activity, vasorelaxant and vasoconstriction activity, hypertension [93] Ganoderma lucidum Atherosclerosis, hyperlipidemia [107] Gnostemma pentaphyllum Hyperlipidemia [92] Rosemary oficinalis L. Cardiac dysfunction and fibrosis [95] Cocus sativus L. Systolic hypertension, oxidative stress, inflammation [86,92] Citrus medica L. Ischemia heart disease [100] Crataegus monogyna Congestive heart failure [101] Elettaria cardamom Hypercholesterolemia [104] Terminalia arjuna Cardiotoxicity [105] Punica granatum L. Blood pressure, inflammation [108,109] Apple (Malus pumila) Blood lipid levels [110,111] Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) Heart attacks, ischemic strokes, atherosclerosis [112][113][114] Berries Myocardial infarction, oxidative stress, inflammation, platelet aggregation [115][116][117] Grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) Cardiac fibrosis, hyperlipidemia [118,119] Garlic (Allium satinum L.) Hypertension, hypercholesterolemia [120] Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) Oxidative stress, inflammation, artherosclerosis [121] ...
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a serious health burden with increasing prevalence, and CVD continues to be the principal global source of illness and mortality. For several disorders, including CVD, the use of dietary and medicinal herbs instead of pharmaceutical drugs continues to be an alternate therapy strategy. Despite the prevalent use of synthetic pharmaceutical medications, there is currently an unprecedented push for the use of diet and herbal preparations in contemporary medical systems. This urge is fueled by a number of factors, the two most important being the common perception that they are safe and more cost-effective than modern pharmaceutical medicines. However, there is a lack of research focused on novel treatment targets that combine all these strategies—pharmaceuticals, diet, and herbs. In this review, we looked at the reported effects of pharmaceutical drugs and diet, as well as medicinal herbs, and propose a combination of these approaches to target independent pathways that could synergistically be efficacious in treating cardiovascular disease.
... ). According to the literature, there are approximately 410 experimentally proven medicinal plants with anti-diabetic properties, with only 109 plants having the complete mechanism studied (Jacob & Narendhirakannan 2019).Ray and Saini (2021) reported in their study that 128 different medicinal plants can cure various types of heart disease or ailment. Plant studies in various cultures for the treatment of malaria have yielded important findings that are critical to modern medicine. Two of the most effective malaria drugs come from traditional medicine: quinine, derived from ...
Background: Over the last two decades, medical healthcare has increased at an exponential rate. The discovery of new infectious diseases and the development of conventional new drugs have increased the health sector’s reliance on alternative remedies such as holistic healing, Chinese traditional medicines, African traditional medicines, and Ayurvedic medicines. These traditional remedies have been around since time immemorial.
Aim: This study reviewed literature and discussed the historical role of phytomedicine in the development of synthetic treatments, the current state of phytomedicine research, and the future implication of such research.
Setting: This review provides a world overview of the use of phytomedicine.
Method: This paper summarises previous research on the use of phytomedicine as a source of healthcare over decades using scientific internet databases.
Results: Medicinal plants are heavily exploited for the therapeutic properties. Over the years, plants displayed a phenomenal benefit to human health problems worldwide. Advancement in plant research to combat multiple human ailments has drastically increased from the past to the present. Currently, researchers are using a computational platform to evaluate the potential of plant bioactive compounds towards novel, effective, and affordable drug development candidates to gain a better understanding of drug interactions with the body’s biochemical pathways.
Conclusion: Medicinal plants are still important in global healthcare systems. Literature reveals that there is a resurgence of interest in plant-based medicines for the prevention and treatment of a variety of human ailments.
Contribution: This study contributes to the existing knowledge on the remarkable use of phytomedicine in modern times.
