Table 2 - uploaded by Payel Bhattacharjee
Content may be subject to copyright.
Source publication
Similar publications
Citations
... Extracts from the stem bark of Khaya senegalensis have been reported to exhibit antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory effects (16). It is well known for its capacity to scavenge reactive oxygen species and is abundant in polyphenols as secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, lignans, and phenolic acids (17,18). It has shown a chemo-preventive property against neurogenerative and cardiovascular disorders (19)(20)(21)(22). ...
The striatal synaptic pathways play a crucial role in the functioning of the basal ganglia and are an essential part of the cortical-basal ganglia loops that regulate motor function, emotion, and cognition. The purpose of this study was to examine the potential therapeutic benefits of extracts from the leaves of Tinospora cordifolia (TC) and Khaya senegalensis (KS) on striatal ischemia injury resulting from amitriptyline (AMT). Eleven groups (n = 5) comprising fifty-five adult male Wistar rats weighing between 184 and 254 g were created: Distilled water (2 milliliters per kilogram) was used as a control. The groups that included AMT (750 mg/kg), KS (200 mg/kg) + AMT, KS (300 mg/kg) + AMT, KS (400 mg/kg) + AMT; TC (200 mg/kg) + AMT; TC (300 mg/kg) + AMT; TC (400 mg/kg) + AMT; COM (200 mg/kg) + AMT; COM (300 mg/kg) + AMT and COM (400 mg/kg) + AMT. Treatment was given orally for a period of 14 days. Rats were neck dislocated to stop the experiment and brain tissues were removed and preserved in 10% buffered formal saline. TNF- α result showed a significant increase (p<0.05) by 708.9±28.05δ in AMT-treated rats compared to the control (324.8±7.58). And decreased significantly (328.5±5.24α, 380.4±3.43δ and 375.3±5.50δ) in the treated groups compared to AMT-treated rats. Normal cytoarchitecture of the striatal cells was intact in the control group. AMT rates (Ischemic stroke rats) revealed neurodegenerative changes, characterized by cellular hypertrophy and perivascular edema, and proliferation of reactive astrocytes and microglia. However, the treatment of KS, TC, and COM KS+TC remarkably ameliorates striatal cell degeneration by preserving striatal cell cytoarchitecture, especially with COM KS+TC 400 mg/kg treatment. Findings suggest that COM KS+TC possesses anti-inflammatory properties, which could be of potential benefit in the treatment and management of ischemic stroke.
... The collected 173 fractions were grouped into 9 groups, each consists of 20 fractions, except for the last group (13 fractions), in order to minimize the number of mice sacrificed. Nine Eppendorf tubes were labeled alphabetically (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K) i.e., group "A", fractions range (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20), "B" (21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39)(40), "C" (41-60) and so on. Each of the previous groups were preincubated with the MHD of B. jararaca venom at 37ºC for an hour. ...
Snakebite envenomation is a serious problem in tropical and subtropical countries. Antivenom is the only treatment used to treat snake envenomation, however it is unable to neutralise local haemorrhage. Therefore, this study aim is to evaluate the efficacy of P. dulce leaf extract to neutralise local haemorrhage induced by three clinically important snake species, B. jararaca, C. atrox and E. carinatus. Moreover, to determine the active components which are responsible for this activity. The plant leaves were extracted using different solvents, however only E/e extract showed the best neutralizing capacity. The increasing doses, DF- 1in2 and 1in4, of E/e extract allowed better neutralizing ability s.c. In contrast the oral/ i.p. acute toxicity test revealed that the optimal doses for administration of E/e were 1 and 8 mg/kg. In addition to that, E/e was tested for its anti-lathality of LD50 using B. jararaca venom (1.1mg/kg) i.p., where the higher doses of 16 and 24 mg/kg killed 75% of BALB/C mice. Consequently, the different components of E/e extract were isolated with HPLC. The different components were grouped and tested to uncover the active once. The results revealed that only three fractions were active, Frc11, Frc13 and Frc14. The active fractions showed disparity in neutralizing the individual venoms, however the best neutralising capacity was scored for Frc11. When the same fractions were pooled together, they showed a complete neutralizing ability against individual venoms as well as the pooled venoms. That was confirmed with anti-gelatinase activity test, where pooled fraction inhibited the SVMP enzyme which is responsible for gelatinase activity. The phytochemical characterisation showed that, the active fractions consist mainly of secondary metabolites such as: tannins and polyphenols. MALDI-TOF MS confirmed the presence of secondary metabolites in the active fractions. The same fractions were tested for their anti-lethal activity using the pooled venoms (LD100), the results were statistically not significant, as all mice died including the positive controls. Nevertheless, the active fractions showed a noticeable increasing in survival time period especially Frc13 with an average survival time of 37 minutes. The positive control, IAV, scored the longest survival period with a gap of 11 minutes from Frc13.
... In Africa and other developing countries, an enormous population (up to 80%) depend on herbal medicines to treat several diseases. This dependence on herbal medicines is likely due to the absence of conventional healthcare services due to poverty or remoteness of the settlements, coupled with negligence by governments (WHO, 2002;Calixto, 2005;Bhattacharjee and Bhattacharyya, 2013). Alam et al. (2014) estimated that 70% of the global population depended on plant-based formulations as herbal drugs. ...
... In Africa and globally, herbal medicines are considered more affordable and cost-effective than conventional pharmaceutical products (Parasuraman, 2018). Due to their availability and affordability, the use of herbal antidotes against snake venoms is increasing both in developed and developing countries; thus, WHO estimated that more than 80% of the world's population relies on traditional herbal medicines for the treatment of numerous diseases (Bhattacharjee and Bhattacharyya, 2013). Herbal medicinal plants that neutralise snake venom are found worldwide, particularly in tropical or subtropical regions of Asia, the Americas, and Africa (Juliana et al., 2017). . ...
Snakes are primarily venomous animals that bite when frightened, which can be lethal. This is because snake venom is one of the most active biological fluids containing a wide range of peptides and proteins that can induce several effects, including hemo-, neuro-, cyto-and myotoxic effects, consequently becoming deleterious to life if untreated. Although snakes are found on almost all continents, the rural communities in sub-Saharan Africa are the most affected by snakebites, mainly due to increased human-snake interactions forced by their socioeconomic status and agricultural or rural practices. Consequently, this recently prompted the World Health Organisation to enlist snakebites envenoming among the category-A neglected tropical diseases with an estimated annual death of 7,300 in sub-Saharan Africa. Aside from mortality, snakebite envenomation also causes permanent disabilities in humans and a heavy burden on livestock, creating economic hardship for the already impoverished communities. Several animal-derived antivenoms have been developed for treating snakebites and wounds; they effectively attenuate venom-related toxicity, tissue necrosis, and deaths. However, despite the efficacy of these antivenoms, several issues, such as problems in production and distribution, exorbitant prices, and adverse effects of the antivenoms, have challenged their practical use in sub-Saharan Africa. This review highlights the challenges that make conventional antivenoms unavailable to prone populations. We also discuss the plants used in the treatment of snake bites laying emphasis on Mucuna pruriens (Velvet bean) and Allium sativum (Garlic) as the two most studied medicinal plants. The progress and bottlenecks of using herbal antivenoms as alternatives in treating snakebite envenomation in sub-Saharan Africa are also discussed.
... The seed extract of Strychnosnux-vomica contains small straight chain compound containing methyl and amie radicals (SNVNF) effective in inhibition of snake venom metalloprotease of Daboia russellii 27 .The bioactive compounds such as Queercetin-3-O-α-Lrhamnopyranosidequinic acid, quercetin, chlorogenic acid, luteolin, gallic acid, ellagic acid and kaempferol rich in Euphorbia hirtaneutralizes PLA2 of Najanaja venom 66,59 . Wedelolactone, compound of Eclipta albapossess anti-myotoxic-induced PLA2 activity in Brothropsjararacussu and Crotalus durissustercificus snake venoms 67,59 . The phytochemical compounds tannins, flavonoids and saponins isolated from methanolic leaf extracts of Asystasiagangetica provides 80% efficiency in inhibiting PLA2 of Naja melanoleuca. ...
Snake bite is a life-threatening neglected tropical infection reporting high mortality across the world including India. Out of the available yearly statistics of this occupational hazard caused 4.5-5.4 million people and nearly 1,38,000 fatalities were reported globally. Several factors such as the low availability of antivenom, inadequate health centres in rural areas, poor transportation facilities affected the higher number of morbidity and mortality cases of snake bite. The prognostic and diagnostic approach towards the snake bite infection is difficult due to its complexity in venom. The conventional therapy is polyvalent antivenom derived from horses or sheep, with its limitations. The traditional physicians use plants and other herbs as its sustainable remedy for snake bite treatment. Nearly, 523 plant species from 122 families reported their neutralizing property against toxic venom. The secondary metabolites extracted from plants, are capable of reducing the toxic effects of the venom. Many research works has been reported the inhibitory potential of the plant compounds against the snake venom enzymes. Therefore, there is a necessity for increasing therapeutic studies on plant metabolites and the development of an antidote for the better treatment of snakebite. This review article discusses various herbal plant used for snake bite in India.
... U. sagittifolia is a shallow-water emergent plant found in swamps, ponds, and stream banks, and it is the genus' most extensively dispersed species, with populations distributed in the Amazon basin [38]. In countries such as French Guiana, Colombia, and Ecuador, ethnopharmacological studies have suggested the possible antivenom effect caused by plant tubers [23,39]. Macerated, boiled, or crushed tuber is often administered directly to the snakebite site [24]. ...
Bothrops atrox snakebites are a relevant problem in the Amazon basin. In this biodiverse region, the ethnomedicinal approach plays an important role as an alternative to antivenom therapy. Urospatha sagittifolia (Araceae) is a plant used for this purpose; however, its neutralizing properties have not been scientifically accessed. To fill this gap, we investigated the ability of U. sagittifolia to modulate the catalytic activity of Bothrops atrox venom, and their toxic consequences, such as local damage and lethality. The venom profile of B. atrox was assessed by chromatography and electrophoresis. Inhibition of the three main enzymatic and medically important toxins from the venom was evaluated using synthetic substrates and quantified by chromogenic activity assays. Additionally, the neutralization of lethality, hemorrhage and edema were investigated by in vivo assays. The possible interactions between venom proteins and plant molecules were visualized by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Finally, the phytochemical constituents present in the ethanolic extract were determined by qualitative and quantitative analyses. The ethanolic extract reduced the activity of the three main enzymes of venom target, achieving ranges from 19% to 81% of inhibition. Our in vivo venom neuralizations assays showed a significant inhibition of edema (38.72%) and hemorrhage (42.90%). Additionally, lethality was remarkably counteracted. The highest extract ratio evaluated had a 75% survival rate. Our data support the biomedical value of U. sagittifolia as a source of natural enzyme inhibitors able to neutralize catalytically active B. atrox venom toxins and their toxic effects.
... Roots, Leaves [218] Leaves [219,220] Seeds [18] Plant * [120,[221][222][223] None Zingiberaceae Curcuma longa L. ...
Snakebite being a quick progressing serious situation needs immediate and aggressive therapy. Snake venom antiserum is the only approved and effective treatment available, but for selected snake species only. The requirement of trained staff for administration and serum reactions make the therapy complicated. In tropical countries where snakebite incidence is high and healthcare facilities are limited, mortality and morbidities associated with snake envenomation are proportionately high. Traditional compilations of medical practitioners’ personal journals have wealth of plant-based snake venom antidotes. Relatively, very few plants or their extractives have been scientifically investigated for neutralization of snake venom or its components. None of these investigations presents enough evidence to initiate clinical testing of the agents. This review focuses on curating Indian traditional snake envenomation therapies, identifying plants involved and finding relevant evidence across modern literature to neutralize snake venom components. Traditional formulations, their method of preparation and dosing have been discussed along with the investigational approach in modern research and their possible outcomes. A safe and easily administrable small molecule of plant origin that would protect or limit the spread of venom and provide valuable time for the victim to reach the healthcare centre would be a great lifesaver.
... Hannoa undulata (FC=20 %). Annona senegalensis and Securidaca longepedunculata have been cited as plants with anti-venomous properties in previous work in other regions [26,27,28,29,30,31] . The antivenomous properties of these two plants have already been studied on venoms of different snake species [14,32,33,34,35] . ...
The snake bites victims’ proportion is not well known among the population and statistical values are not available to consider snake bites as a significant cause of death especially in rural Africa. In Togo, the rural population uses various plants for the treatment of snake bites. The objective of this work is to conduct two types of surveys, namely the prospective survey and the retrospective survey in Bassar district (Togo) to obtain scientific data on cases of snake bites in rural areas and plants species use in snake bites treatment. The results obtained show that the population at risk is made up of men (70.2%) aged between 20 and 40 years, mostly farmers (58.3%). There are more snake bites in the rainy season (80.8 %). Echis ocellatus is responsible for 78.3 % of bite cases followed by Bitis arietens (8.7%). Twenty-two plant species have been recorded and Annona senegalensis, Securidaca longepedunculata and Hannoa undulata are the most cited. These results prove that snake bites remain a significant public health problem, especially in rural areas.
... Steganotania araliacae has also been used in management of various other ailments in in African folk medicine. Among the reported traditional uses of Steganotaenia araliacae extract include as snake venom antidote [2,3,4], treatment of fever and stomachache/dysentery [5] and treatment of Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection [6]. A recent study by Ojerinde et al., revealed some antioxidant and antibacterial activity of SAE [7]. ...
Background: Various parts of a small tree, Steganotaenia araliacaeare used as medicine in local traditional settings in Zambia to initiate and augment parturition although very little is documented about its physiological and pharmacological effects. Steganotaenia araliacaecold extract has been observed to cause contractions of uterus in rats but its effect on non-uterine muscle is unclear. The aim of this study was to establish the contractile effect of Steganotaenia araliacaecold extract on isolated rat ileum smooth muscle.Method: Animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Abdominal incisions were made to expose and dissect three ileum segments from each rat. The ileum segments were immediately transferred and mounted in the organ bath containing Tyrode solution. The contractile effects of acetylcholine (a reference agonist) and Steganotaenia araliacaecold extract on ileum segments were investigated starting with the least effective doses, thereafter doubling the doses until maximal tissue response was observed. Antagonists that include atropine, indomethacin, mepyramine, ondansetron and nifedipine in the presence and absence of Steganotaenia araliacaecold extract were also investigated to establish the mechanism of actionResults: Steganotaenia araliacaecold extract increased the contractile force of isolated rat ileum in a dose-response manner but had no significant effects on the frequency of the spontaneous contractions. Pre-treating the tissue with atropine, indomethacin, mepyramine or ondansetron did not inhibit the contractile force of Steganotaenia araliacaecold extract, while pre-treating the tissue with nifedipine inhibited its contractile force by 100% (p<0.05)Conclusion: The cold root extract of Steganotaenia araliacae induced contractions on isolated rat ileum smooth muscle in a dose response manner by probable activation of calcium channels. It is possible that SAEᶜif used in high doses may cause severe abdominal cramps an effect that needs to be noted as it is being used in parturition.
... The stem bark extract has been shown previously to be toxic to Plasmodium falciparum et al. [8]. Moreover, it is well known that the stem bark of KS possesses anti-sickling et al. [9], anti-hyperglycemic et al. [10], antimicrobial et al. [11], antifungal et al. [12], antiprotozoal et al. [13], anthelmintic effects; et al. [14] and anti-cancer effects et al. [15], as well as free radical scavenger activities et al. [16]; [17]. ...
Introduction: Khaya senegalensis is a genus of seven species of trees in the mahogany family Meliaceae, native to tropical Africa and Madagascar. Mahogany in English, Aganwo in Yoruba, Madachi in Hausa and Ono in Igbo. All species become big trees 30–35m tall, rarely 45m, with a trunk over 1 m trunk diameter, often buttressed at the base. The leaves are pinnate, with 4-6 pairs of leaflets, the terminal leaflet absent; each leaflet is 10–15 cm long abruptly rounded toward the apex but often with an acuminate tip.
Aim: The aim of the study was to determine the Toxic effect of prolonged oral administration of the aqueous stem bark of Khaya senegalensis extract on the histology of Kidneys and its biochemical parameters in wistar rats.
Methods: This work is an experimental research. A total of 20 wistar rats were randomly divided in to 5 groups each of which consist of 4 rats. Group 1 received distilled water to serve as control while group 2, 3, 4, and 5 received 500 mg/kg bw, 1000 mg/kg bw 2000 mg/kg bw and 4000 mg/kg bw of the aqueous extract respectively for 60 days after which they were sacrificed, processed in Automatic Tissue Processor machine, Sectioned and stained with H &E.
Results: There was statistical significant increase in urea and potassium in all the test groups but is not dose dependent. The creatinine was significantly increased in groups 2, 4 and 5. While other parameters such as sodium, chloride and bicarbonate no significant difference when compared to the control group. The kidney sections showed normal structure in group 1 when compared with the test groups. However, there was significant infiltration of inflammatory cell across all the groups which were suggestive of kidney damage or injury. Similarly phenomenon was noticed in group 5 with additional congestion in the glomerulus and more polymorphs seen.
Conclusion: The LD50 was found to be greater than 5000 mg/kg bw, therefore, 400 mg/kgbw was used as higher dose in the experimental wistar rats. There were statistical significant increases in some parameters groups while some groups not significant. The kidney section showed significant infiltration of polymorphs across all the groups more marked in group 5 with distension and damaging of the glomerulus indicating renal injury.
... Taraba state has been reported to have one of the high annual incidence (40.4% bites) in 6 the country . Prevalence of snakebites around the 15 world has been reviewed . ...
