List of important phenolic classes of plant-based antimicrobial agents reported and their sources, pathogenic targets, and mechanisms of action.

List of important phenolic classes of plant-based antimicrobial agents reported and their sources, pathogenic targets, and mechanisms of action.

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Among all available antimicrobials, antibiotics hold a prime position in the treatment of infectious diseases. However, the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has posed a serious threat to the effectiveness of antibiotics, resulting in increased morbidity, mortality, and escalation in healthcare costs causing a global health crisis. The ov...

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... observed traits of phenolics as antibacterials make them desirable candidates for further in vitro studies. The most significant phenolics with antibacterial activities have been summarized in Table 4. thesis to inhibition of key enzyme biosynthesis. ...
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... observed traits of phenolics as antibacterials make them desirable candidates for further in vitro studies. The most significant phenolics with antibacterial activities have been summarized in Table 4. Table 4. phenolics with antibacterial activities have been summarized in Table 4. ...
Context 3
... observed traits of phenolics as antibacterials make them desirable candidates for further in vitro studies. The most significant phenolics with antibacterial activities have been summarized in Table 4. Table 4. phenolics with antibacterial activities have been summarized in Table 4. ...
Context 4
... observed traits of phenolics as antibacterials make them desirable candidates for further in vitro studies. The most significant phenolics with antibacterial activities have been summarized in Table 4. Table 4. phenolics with antibacterial activities have been summarized in Table 4. ...

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... Natural products are secondary metabolites that organisms develop in response to an external stimulus. Physiologically active pharmacophores have been identified from natural compounds generated by plants, fungi, bacteria, insects, and mammals [24]. The majority of herb-based commodities form secondary metabolites that may be identified by their chemical structure, which also indicates their antibacterial action. ...
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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an escalating global health concern that results in approximately 700,000 deaths annually owing to drug-resistant infections. It compromises the effectiveness of conventional antibiotics, as well as fundamental medical procedures, such as surgery and cancer treatment. Phytochemicals, natural plant constituents, and biogenic nanoparticles synthesized through biological processes are pharmacological alternatives for supplementing or replacing traditional antibiotics. These natural compounds exhibit a diverse range of bioactive properties, including antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities, and have the potential to overcome bacterial resistance mechanisms. However, their limited solubility, bioavailability, and stability have limited their therapeutic potential. Nanotechnology, particularly the utilization of biogenic nanoparticles, offers the potential to overcome these limitations by enhancing the biosafety, stability, and controlled release of phytochemical compounds, thereby enabling a more effective combination of resistant pathogens. This review examines current research on the combinatorial application of phytochemicals and biogenic nanoparticles, with emphasis on their capacity to address AMR. This study presents a novel perspective on the concurrent utilization of phytochemicals and biogenic nanoparticles, which may enhance antibacterial efficacy while mitigating toxicity. This review provides specific and innovative insights into the novelty, sustainability, and eco-friendly aspects of these approaches to address multidrug-resistant infections, highlighting their role in emerging as a transformative strategy for AMR management through the integration of natural and biogenic resources.
... Plant phenolics have a broad spectrum of pharmacological activity and potent pharmacological impacts making them significant bioactive substances [99]. Phenols generated from plants have an aromatic ring configuration with a number of hydroxyl groups and can exist in simple or polymerized variants [100]. ...
... Some potent Alkaloids that used against ESKAPE pathogens. a range of microbes by increasing their susceptibility to antibiotics and acting as potent inhibitors of the efflux pump to decrease efflux pump activity [99]. Some significant Phenolic compounds and their structure shown in Fig. (5). ...
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Background The worldwide increase of antimicrobial resistance in ESKAPE pathogens, which includes Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter sp., constitutes a substantial public health hazard, constraining treatment alternatives and elevating morbidity and mortality rates. As traditional antibiotics diminish in efficacy, phytochemicals are capturing interest due to their varied antibacterial characteristics and decreased susceptibility to developing antibiotic resistance. Phytochemicals, such as alkaloids, terpenes, phenolics, flavonoids, and organosulfur compounds, have multi-target processes that might provide innovative strategies for addressing infections caused by ESKAPE pathogens. Objective The investigation sought to evaluate the effectiveness and mechanisms via which different phytochemicals could hinder and destroy the resistance pathways of ESKAPE bacteria, emphasizing their potential to serve as therapeutic agents in combating antimicrobial resistance. Results Investigation demonstrates that some phytochemicals may disrupt many bacterial functions, such as cell wall production, membrane integrity, quorum sensing, and biofilm development in ESKAPE pathogens. For example, carvacrol from essential oils has shown efficacy against S. aureus by reducing staphyloxanthin synthesis and altering regulatory proteins, including SarA. Furthermore, conessine has altered resistance in A. baumannii by inhibiting the AdeIJK efflux pump. Flavonoids like resveratrol and curcumin have shown synergistic benefits with conventional antibiotics by improving their effectiveness while minimizing toxicity. These chemicals address several resistance pathways, impairing the ability of infections to build resistance. Conclusion Phytochemicals provide an opportunity to facilitate the development of novel therapies targeting antimicrobial resistance in ESKAPE bacteria. Extensive efficacy and distinctive multi-target mechanisms of phytochemicals provide them promising candidates for combination therapy, possibly reinstating antibiotic effectiveness and decelerating the development of resistance. Additional investigation into the increase of bioavailability and clinical usage is essential to fully exploring the medicinal potential of phytochemicals.
... This variability can be attributed to factors such as the geographical origin of the phytochemicals, the part of the plant from which they are derived, the processing methods employed, the concentration used, the genetic characteristics of the poultry, and the combination of phytochemicals used Pliego et al., 2022). While the mechanism of action of phytochemicals is not yet fully understood, some studies suggest that they may operate similarly to antibiotics in eliminating bacteria (Alsheikh et al., 2020;Suganya et al., 2022;Ashraf et al., 2023). Additionally, some phytochemicals have been reported to exhibit cytotoxicity towards normal host cells, necessitating caution in their use. ...
... Over the past decade, numerous studies have consistently demonstrated that phytochemicals can effectively serve as feed additives to replace antibiotics El-Shall et al., 2022;Al-Mnaser et al., 2022). Most of these beneficial results are accompanied by claims that phytochemicals are less likely to induce antibiotic resistance; however, robust scientific evidence is still required (Khameneh et al., 2019;Alsheikh et al., 2020;Suganya et al., 2022;Ashraf et al., 2023). Therefore, when considering phytochemicals as feed additives for poultry, extensive research efforts are needed to focus on the optimal doses to maintain or improve the host's health. ...
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... Phytochemicals play a crucial role in plant defense mechanisms, protecting them from microbial infections. When harnessed for medicinal purposes, these compounds offer a potential source of new antibacterial agents that can combat drug-resistant bacteria (Ashraf et al. 2023). Understanding how antibacterial phytochemicals work is essential for their effective utilization in the development of novel antimicrobial therapies. ...
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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) hinders the effective treatment of a range of bacterial infections, posing a serious threat to public health globally, as it challenges the currently available antimicrobial drugs. Among the various modes of antimicrobial action, antimicrobial agents that act on membranes have the most promising efficacy. However, there are no consolidated reports on the shortcomings of these drugs, existing challenges, or the potential applications of phytochemicals that act on membranes. Therefore, in this review, we have addressed the challenges and focused on various phytochemicals as antimicrobial agents acting on the membranes of clinically important bacterial pathogens. Antibacterial phytochemicals comprise diverse group of agents found in a wide range of plants. These compounds have been found to disrupt cell membranes, inhibit enzymes, interfere with protein synthesis, generate reactive oxygen species, modulate quorum sensing, and inhibit bacterial adhesion, making them promising candidates for the development of novel antibacterial therapies. Recently, polyphenolic compounds have been reported to have proven efficacy against nosocomial multidrug‐resistant pathogens. However, more high‐quality studies, improved standards, and the adoption of rules and regulations are required to firmly confirm the clinical efficacy of phytochemicals derived from plants. Identifying potential challenges, thrust areas of research, and considering viable approaches is essential for the successful clinical translation of these compounds.
... In this context, it is the duty of scientists to search for antimicrobial drugs, especially from natural sources like plants. Conessine, reserpine, piperine, and berberine are used as plant-based antimicrobial agents [5]. ...
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Piper chaba (locally known as “Choi Jhal”) is used traditionally as spices and folk medicine in different parts of Bangladesh. One of the most important bioactive compounds in this plant is piperine. In this study, the amount of piperine in P. chaba root and stem was investigated and the optimal solvent for piperine extraction at room temperature was also studied. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was operated using a reverse phase column where methanol and water (70:30) were used as mobile phase. The detection was performed using photo diode array (PID) detector at a wavelength of 345 nm. The standard piperine showed linearity between 0.005 % and 0.04 % and the correlation co-efficient found for the linearity was 0.9933. The percentage of relative standard deviation (RSD) for both retention time and peak area were less than 2.0 %. The theoretical plate number (N) > 3000 and a tailing factor (T) < 1.5 were found in the acceptable range. The recovery percentage (%) of standard piperine was 99.16 %. Low value of co-efficient of variation and standard deviation are recognized for high precision of the method. The highest amount of piperine was found in root extracted with methanol (MR) amounting to 1.75 % in the root powder. The maximum amount of piperine in the stem was 1.59 % when extracted with methanol (MS). The piperine quantification in other extract like n-hexane root (HR), ethyl acetate root (ER), n-hexane stem (HS), ethyl acetate stem (ES) were 0.76 %, 1.69 %, 0.33 % and 1.46 % respectively. Methanol has given the highest yield of piperine compared to ethyl acetate and n-hexane for both root and stem. The developed method was simple, rapid, economic and validated in terms precision, accuracy and recovery. This selective method is found to be repeatable, accurate and successfully utilized for the Piper extract in marketed and pharmaceutical samples with well chromatographic conditions. The ethyl acetate extract of root and stem showed promising DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging activity with an IC50 value of 39.62 ± 0.95 μg/mL and 43.85 ± 1.50 μg/mL respectively. The study reports potential antibacterial activity and antifungal activity of P. chaba root and stem extracts. These outcomes revealed that different extracts of P. chaba may be used as natural preservatives.
... Flowers, trunk skin, fruits, roots, seeds, and even the plant itself have therapeutic use. 7,9 Flowers of the Punica granatum are red or reddish in colour, with a diameter of 3.5 to 7 cm, and may be campanulate or cylindrical in shape. You may find both fertilised and unfertilized flowers. ...
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Background: This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial effects of Punica granatum extract on such pathogenic bacteria as Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Materials and methods: The samples from 130 patients with skin infections in Baghdad, Iraq, aged between 15 and 60 over years were collected for this study. The study collected. Each isolate was positively identified using morphological, cultural, and biochemical assays as detailed in the reference. The P. granatum peels were air-dried and powdered. Then 25g were extracted using 500 mL of water and ethanol on Soxhlet equipment for 72 hours. The extracts were then cooled, filtered, and concentrated at 40oC to get the crude extract; it was kept at four degrees centigrade in dark vials until use. The extracts were tested for the presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, glycosides, as well as steroidal terpenes. The efficacy of antimicrobial effects was calculated using well-diffusion techniques on Muller Hinton Agar (MHA). The plates were injected with a standardized suspension of the test isolates against McFarland tube 0.5. Five wells, each measuring five millimeters in diameter, were evenly spaced out using a sterile standard core borer. The well bottoms were sealed with sterile molten nutritional agar to prevent the extract from leaking out from beneath the agar. The aqueous and ethanolic crude extracts dissolved in DMSO served as positive controls, while sterile water and 10% DMSO served as negative controls. Each extract was diluted to a final concentration of 50, 100, or 200mg/ml, and 25 ml was added to the appropriate well on the infected plate. The plates were then incubated for 24 hours at 37 degrees Celsius. A millimeter-calibrated ruler was used to measure the size of the resultant inhibitory zones. The zone of inhibition of the test microorganisms at that dose was calculated as the mean of three measurements. Results: Clinical isolates of E. coli and S. aureus were inhibited by pomegranate extracts at a concentration of 200mg/ml compared to other concentrations, and this extract concentration showed a non-significant difference with chloramphenicol (P<0.01). The study revealed that pomegranate peel extract significantly reduced E. coli levels in feces and increased survival rates in rats. On the first day, E. coli concentrations were much higher in the control group (G2) compared to the treatment group (G3). By day 6, all rats in the control group had died, while all rats in the treatment group survived. Pomegranate peel extract shows notable antibacterial properties, impacting bacterial membrane permeability and cell survival. The variation in extract composition affects its efficacy. Conclusion, Pomegranate peel extract significantly reduced E. coli levels and improved survival rates in rats. On day 6, all rats in the control group died, while all in the treatment group survived. The extract's antibacterial effects and impact on bacterial membranes highlight its potential as a therapeutic agent.
... The test sample of leaf extracts for the antibacterial activity was prepared by dissolving different concentrations (25,50, and 100 mg/ml) of extracted powder in DMSO (Dimethyl sulfoxide). The solution of extract and DMSO must be transparent for the authenticated results. ...
... Phytochemicals found in medicinal plants, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, quinones, coumarins, and others, have demonstrated potent antimicrobial activity against many pathogenic bacteria, including multidrug-resistant strains. The antimicrobial properties of medicinal plants are attributed to the various phytochemicals they contain, which have the potential as alternative treatments against drug-resistant microbial infections [23][24][25] . Various medicinal plants contain different phytochemicals, including alkaloids, glycosides, phenols, tannins, quinine, steroids, cardiac glycosides, volatile oils, etc these phytoconstituents are found in plant parts. ...
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The most important genus in the Rhamnaceae family is Ber (Ziziphus mauritiana Lamk). Phytochemicals present in Ziziphus have antioxidant as well as antimicrobial properties. The present study aimed to detect various phytochemicals and evaluate the antibacterial activity in the Z. mauritiana leaf extracts. Leaves from 14 cultivars/germplasm/varieties of Z. mauritiana were used to explore the presence of various phytoconstituents such as alkaloids, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, phenols, saponins, protein, steroids, tannins, lignins, and reducing sugar. These phytoconstituents have antioxidant, antibacterial, and hepatoprotective activities. The preliminary antimicrobial activity screening of Ziziphus leaf extract against bacterial strains-Bacillus subtilis (Gram-positive), Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive), Salmonella abony (Gram-negative), E. coli DH5 α (Gram-negative) were performed by using well diffusion method. The results of various phytochemicals like alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and amino acids were reported in all selected commercial varieties/cultivars/ germplasm. On the other hand, saponins were found completely absent in methanolic solvents of all varieties/cultivars. The aqueous and methanolic solvent leaf extract were tested for antibacterial activity at different concentrations (25mg/ml, 50mg/ml, and 100mg/ml) against the bacterial strains of B. subtilis, S. aureus, S. abony, and E. coli DH5 α, respectively. This study showed that the phytochemicals extracted from Z. mauritiana leaves have potential antimicrobial activities.
... A significant body of literature discusses the antibacterial and antifungal properties of plant-derived sulfur-containing compounds [82,112,113]. Various compounds, including allicin, ajoene, dialkenyl and dialkyl sulfides, S-allyl cysteine, S-allyl-mercapto cysteine, and isothiocyanates, have demonstrated significant antibacterial properties against a wide range of bacteria, both Gram-positive and Gram-negative [114,115]. Research indicates that plants with high polysulfide content exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties [116,117]. ...
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... This terpenoid has exhibited a range of beneficial properties, including antimicrobial activity against numerous human pathogens, encompassing a broad spectrum of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, fungi, and various parasites [13,14,[16][17][18][19][20][21]. Its potential as a new antibiotic against resistant bacteria is attributed to its natural origin and multifaceted mechanisms of action [22]. Harnessing secondary plant metabolites, like EUG, as antimicrobial and/or adjuvant presents a cost-effective and innovative approach to developing novel strategies against antimicrobial resistance (AMR). ...
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Combining commercial antibiotics with adjuvants to lower their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is vital in combating antimicrobial resistance. Evaluating the ecotoxicity of such compounds is crucial due to environmental and health risks. Here, eugenol was assessed as an adjuvant for 7 commercial antibiotics against 14 pathogenic bacteria in vitro, also examining its acute ecotoxicity on various soil and water organisms (microbiota, Vibrio fischeri, Daphnia magna, Eisenia foetida, and Allium cepa). Using microdilution methods, checkerboard assays, and kinetic studies, the MICs for eugenol were determined together with the nature of its combinations with antibiotics against bacteria, some unexposed to eugenol previously. The lethal dose for the non-target organisms was also determined, as well as the Average Well Color Development and the Community-Level Physiological Profiling for soil and water microbiota. Our findings indicate that eugenol significantly reduces MICs by 75 to 98%, which means that it could be a potent adjuvant. Ecotoxicological assessments showed eugenol to be less harmful to water and soil microbiota compared to studied antibiotics. While Vibrio fischeri and Daphnia magna were susceptible, Allium cepa and Eisenia foetida were minimally affected. Given that only 0.1% of eugenol is excreted by humans without metabolism, its environmental risk when used with antibiotics appears minimal.
... Exploration of phytochemicals produced from various plant sources, which have shown potential as alternative agents to treat bacterial infections, is one intriguing area. [1] These naturally occurring chemicals contain a diverse spectrum of biological functions, including antibacterial characteristics, and have attracted the interest of researchers looking for new therapeutic possibilities. [2,3] Bougainvillaea spectabilis, a plant revered for its medicinal properties in ancient systems of medicine, has emerged as a prominent contender in the search for effective antibacterial drugs. ...
Article
Background: The escalating issue of antibiotic resistance has spurred research into alternative antimicrobial agents, including phytochemicals from various plant sources. Bougainvillaea spectabilis, a plant renowned for its medicinal properties, is attracting attention for its potential antibacterial attributes. Materials and Methods: This study employs a computational approach to investigate the antibacterial potential of B. spectabilis phytochemical compounds derived from OSADHI and IMPPAT databases. Using advanced computational tools, we systematically screened and analyzed the phytochemical constituents of B. spectabilis for their ability to inhibit bacterial growth. An effective drug like phytochemicals screened by SwissADME and its target was identified. The molecular structure of quercetin was subjected to virtual docking experiments with bacterial target protein, single strand DNA binding protein. The binding affinity and interaction were assessed to predict the likelihood of antibacterial activity. To predict the possibility of antibacterial activity, the binding affinity and interaction were evaluated. Results: Several phytochemicals with antibacterial properties were discovered in our study. The binding affinity of quercetin was-6.81 kcal/mol, and it performs critical roles in bacterial growth and survival. This computational analysis sheds light on the possible antibacterial effects of phytochemicals derived from B. spectabilis. The results demonstrated additional experimental validation as well as the synthesis of novel antibacterial agents obtained from natural sources. Conclusion: This research contributes to ongoing efforts to prevent antibiotic resistance and lays the path for the identification of novel therapeutic alternatives to address bacterial infections by leveraging the power of computational tools.