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The application of cellulose nanowhiskers in polymeric composites is growing due to its good properties, which expands the applicability in the industrial sector, although many studies are still in the laboratory stage. Silva, R. et al. cites many segments for application of natural cellulosic fibers, wide applicability detaching, from textile indu...
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... plant sources are used for the cellulose extraction in the studies of nanowhiskers as aforesaid, although its composition differ from one to another as can be seen in Table 1. In most cases, the plants sources used for cellulose nanowhiskers extraction are leavings that does not have an exact destination or are considered unsuitable for use by industry, such as corn straw waste, banana crop residues, wood chips, wheat straw, among others. ...Context 2
... the core fibers are found in hemp and jute, the reed fibers, wheat, corn and rice and lastly, there is a general name for all other types found in wood and roots. As can be seen in Table 1, there is a vast amount of suitable fibers to be worked, expanding the range of options cellulose nanowhiskers sources to be used by researchers and this classification comes to assist them in this choice. [16,17] ...Similar publications
![Chemical composition of natural fibers. Adapted from Reference [38]...](profile/Filipe-Ferreira-8/publication/333044401/figure/tbl2/AS:758012323061760@1557735629097/Chemical-composition-of-natural-fibers-Adapted-from-Reference-38-with-the-permission_Q320.jpg)
Environmental concerns and cost reduction have encouraged the use of natural fillers as reinforcement in polymer composites. Currently, a wide variety of reinforcement, such as natural fibers and nanocellulose, are used for this purpose. Composite materials with natural fillers have not only met the environmental appeal, but also contribute to deve...
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... Te chemical composition of outer skin-isolated cofee husk was determined using the gravimetric method and was determined to be 9.4% extractives, 12.5% hemicellulose, 24.3% lignin, and 52.9% of cellulose yield. Tis yield value is higher than the cellulose yield of wheat straw (32.5%) [47], cofee husk (24.5%) [48], and parchment (22%) [30] and lower than the yield values of cellulose extracted from cofee husk through chlorine-based extraction techniques (61.8%) [49] reported in the literature. Furthermore, the yield value is comparable to yield values of cellulose extracted from bagasse (55.2%) [50] and kenaf fber (53%) [51]. ...
Coffee husk (CH) is a sustainable and abundantly available cellulosic waste material. Its fiber consists of cellulose as the major structural part which leads to potential utilization for the manufacturing of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) products that can be utilized for different industrial applications. In the present study, chemical composition of outer skin-isolated coffee husk was determined and sequential treatments of various untreated (UT) sample, ethanol—toluene treated sample through dewaxed (DW) treatment, sodium hydroxide (NaOH)—treated sample through alkali (AT) treatment, and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)—treated sample through bleaching (BL) treatment have been carried out. The Micro Crystalline Cellulose (MCC) has been extracted through hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) after BL treatment. The BL treatment for MCC extraction process was conducted without chlorine and additional harsh acid treatment, respectively. The characterization of chemically treated samples was carried out to investigate their morphological, physico-chemistry, and thermal behavior through a scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared—ray (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential temperature analyzer (DTA). From the chemical composition analysis; the cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and extractive content were determined and its values were (52.9%), (12.5%), (24.3%), and (9.4%), respectively. In the morphological examination, the great untreated (UT) fiber sample was greatly reduced into a micro-sized BL sample, revealing that (from FTIR analysis) the lignin and hemicellulose contents were greatly removed during chemical treatments and the presence of a micro crystalline cellulose region with 54.7% yield. Also, the sample AT and BL showed the lowest amorphous region in X-RD due to the removal of hemicellulose and lignin. The highest crystallinity index has been determined for the BL sample, i.e., 89.9%. Additionally, the thermal analysis shows that the AT and BL sample has great thermal stability than other (UT and DW) samples at high temperature. Therefore, the outer skin separated coffee husk was prepared from agricultural waste was subjected to eco-friendly chemical treatments to yield MCC. Thus, the extracted MCC is expected to be reliable for replacing other plant materials for the production of crystalline nanomaterial and reinforcing constituent for the fabrication of bio composite.
... Archromobacter, Acetobacter, Alcaligenes, Sarcina, Pseudomonas, and Rhizobium are the microbial sources capable of producing nanocellulose [14][15][16][17][18][19]. Maize cob, cotton, wheat bran, banana leaves, sugar beet, wood, potato tuber, and mulberry husks are potential plant sources for nanocellulose extraction [20,21]. CNC is primarily obtained by the acid hydrolysis of natural cellulose [22][23][24]. ...
Cellulose is the most venerable and essential natural polymer on the planet and is drawing
greater attention in the form of nanocellulose, considered an innovative and influential material in
the biomedical field. Because of its exceptional physicochemical characteristics, biodegradability,
biocompatibility, and high mechanical strength, nanocellulose attracts considerable scientific attention.
Plants, algae, and microorganisms are some of the familiar sources of nanocellulose and are usually
grouped as cellulose nanocrystal (CNC), cellulose nanofibril (CNF), and bacterial nanocellulose
(BNC). The current review briefly highlights nanocellulose classification and its attractive properties.
Further functionalization or chemical modifications enhance the effectiveness and biodegradability
of nanocellulose. Nanocellulose-based composites, printing methods, and their potential applications
in the biomedical field have also been introduced herein. Finally, the study is summarized with
future prospects and challenges associated with the nanocellulose-based materials to promote studies
resolving the current issues related to nanocellulose for tissue engineering applications.
... Because of their availability and low cost, several plant sources with varying quantities of cellulose have recently been employed for cellulose extraction [2]. Corn straw, banana leftovers, forest trash, wood chips, wheat straw, and flax fiber are the most common plant sources for cellulose extraction [6,24,35],Q. [104]. ...
Ensete ventricosum (false banana) is a common food source for a considerable section of Ethiopia’s population in the central, southern, and southwestern areas. Ensete ventricosum pseudo-stem fiber is a type of agro-industrial waste that is widely available across the country. It has a limited number of known conventional applications and merits further investigations. One of the activities that prompted the completion of this study was the upgrading of Ensete ventricosum pseudo-stem fiber to value-added products such as cellulose nanocrystals. The goal of this study was to extract cellulose nanocrystals from Ensete ventricosum pseudo-stem fiber using sulfuric acid hydrolysis. An acid-catalyzed reaction technique using 1:20 mL cellulose to H2SO4 (51.1%) ratio and hydrolysis period of 52 min at 51 °C reaction conditions was used to separate cellulose nanocrystals from Ensete ventricosum pseudo-stem fiber cellulose. Thermal stability, crystallinity, surface charge, shape, size, and functional changes were all assessed in the cellulose nanocrystals that resulted. It had a better crystallinity index (78.0%), an average particle size of 66.7 nm, a yield of 39.78%, good thermal stability (> 300 °C), and a morphologically comparable rod-shaped structure. As a result, it is feasible to conclude that Ensete ventricosum pseudo-stem fiber offers a lot of potential for isolating cellulose nanocrystals for various applications.
... Typically, CNCs (or nanowhiskers) have diameters of 1-50 nm and length of several hundred nanometers (Kang et al., 2018), hence they are good options in nanocomposite development, because of their high crystallinity and large surface area, which are essential properties for high-performance composites (Xie, Zhang, Walcott, & Lin, 2018). Agricultural residues such as rice hulls (Ooi, Ahmad, Cairul, & Mohd, 2016), banana rachis (Hernandez & Rosa, 2016), vine shoots (Achaby et al., 2018), North African grass (Luzi et al., 2019), pineapple crown waste (Prado & Spinacé, 2019), grape pomace (Coelho et al., 2018), pistachio shells (Marett, Aning, & Foster, 2017), sugarcane bagasse fibers and pith (de Oliveira, Brasc, Pimentaa, da Silva Curvelo, & Belgacem, 2016), eucalyptus fibers (Domingues, Pereira, Rita, Rojas, & Petri, 2016), and cotton fibers (Sun et al., 2016) have been studied as renewable sources for production of cellulose nanocrystals. In addition, research has also been recently conducted on industrial wastes, such as by-products from the tobacco industry (Tuzzin, Godinho, Dettmer, & Zattera, 2016), the paper industry (De Souza, Rocha, Kano, & Rosa, 2019) and the coffee industry (Janissen & Huynh, 2018). ...
... Research focusing on cellulosic waste has expanded quickly within the last decade. Agricultural residues such as rice husks (Johar et al., 2012), eucalyptus fiber (Domingues et al., 2016), banana rachis (Hernandez and Rosa, 2016), cotton fibers (Sun et al., 2016) and algae marine biomass (Chen et al., 2016b) have been studied as sources for the production of nanocellulose fibers and crystals. Also, industrial residues have been studied, such as the coffee industry by-products and tobacco wastes (Janissen and Huynh, 2018;Tuzzin et al., 2016). ...
Industrial paper wastes are an underestimated source of lignocellulosic materials. In this work cellulose na-nostructures (CNS) were produced from this residue by acid hydrolysis and two chemical pretreatments consisting of an alkaline (CNS-I) or an acid (CNS-II) treatment. These pretreatments and the obtained CNSs were characterized using compositional analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Results reveal a reduction in the non-cellulosic compounds in pre-treated samples, with different levels of components removal and lower lignin values for alkali treatment. TGA reveals that CNSs present lower thermal stability than the residue. The SEM images revealed that pre-treatment led to fiber breakage. The XDR diffractions show the coexistence of cellulose I and cellulose II, with different crystallinity index for CNSs. The DLS and AFM revealed that the production of spherical nanoparticles was following the dimensions of˜195of˜195 for CNS-I and˜350and˜350 nm for CNS-II. All the analysis allowed a more comprehensive understanding of the CNS properties and their possible applications. Finally, it is possible to conclude that the conversion of paper wastes into CNS is an excellent opportunity to recovery this residue and aggregate value to them.
... In addition to cellulose and lignin, natural fibers have in its composition hemicellulose, pectin, and waxes. For the separation of the cellulose contained in the structure of the fibers, it is necessary to submit them to chemical treatments, thus allowing the removal of waxes, pectin, hemicellulose, and lignin through alkaline treatments (Hernandez & Rosa, 2016;John & Thomas, 2008). ...
To study correlation between interfacial adhesion and properties of corn starch/corn stalk cellulose (CSC) biodegradable straws, the interfacial adhesion and functional properties of the starch-based straws with different cellulose contents were analyzed and compared. The results showed that the starch/CSC straw with 1 % CSC (SC1) had the highest interfacial adhesion between starch and cellulose, resulting in higher mechanical properties and water resistance. Compared to starch/CSC straw with 0 % CSC, water absorption rate of SC1 decreased by 13.0 % (4 °C, 1 h) and 18.4 % (25 °C, 1 h), respectively. The fracture strength and fracture deformation increased by 47.8 % and 59.6 %, respectively. The strength increased by 3.93 (4 °C, 30 min) and 1.53 (25 °C, 30 min) times after soaking, respectively. The soil degradation rate of SC1 was 89.5 % on the 20th day and thermal degradation rate was 79.6 % at 600 °C. The SC1 with better properties (soil degradability, water resistant and mechanical properties) was as economical as paper straw.
Use of nanosized materials for preventing spoilage and active packaging of horticultural produce has increased rapidly over the past two decades. Nanoparticles, like metal oxides, nanoemulsions, and nanocomposites, have the ability to enhance mechanical and barrier properties while acting as antimicrobial agent. The presence of higher surface to volume ratio provides better contact with the microorganism and consequently long-lasting antimicrobial efficacy. Present chapter encompasses recent advances in the area of application of nanosized additives for antimicrobial activity, and nanocomposite active and smart packaging of fruits, vegetables, and flowers are presented. The material used, preparation techniques, characterization, efficacy, and degradation are discussed. Moreover, there is little knowledge regarding the pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and pharmacodynamics of nanomaterials in humans, but still there are many conceivable advantages of such technology. Developments on regulatory aspects and specific directives for the same have been included.
Nanocellulose, a biopolymer, has received wide attention from researchers owing to its superior physicochemical properties, such as high mechanical strength, low density, biodegradability, and biocompatibility. Nanocellulose can be extracted from wide range of sources, including plants, bacteria, and algae. Depending on the extraction process and dimensions (diameter and length), they are categorized into three main types: cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs), and bacterial nanocellulose (BNC). CNCs are a highly crystalline and needle-like structure, whereas CNFs have both amorphous and crystalline regions in their network. BNC is the purest form of nanocellulose. The nanocellulose properties can be tuned by chemical functionalization, which increases its applicability in biomedical applications. This review highlights the fabrication of different surface-modified nanocellulose to deliver active molecules, such as drugs, proteins, and plasmids. Nanocellulose-mediated delivery of active molecules is profoundly affected by its topographical structure and the interaction between the loaded molecules and nanocellulose. The applications of nanocellulose and its composites in tissue engineering have been discussed. Finally, the review is concluded with further opportunities and challenges in nanocellulose-mediated delivery of active molecules.
