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The application of cellulose nanowhiskers in polymeric composites is growing due to its good properties, which expands the applicability in the industrial sector, although many studies are still in the laboratory stage. Silva, R. et al. cites many segments for application of natural cellulosic fibers, wide applicability detaching, from textile indu...
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... plant sources are used for the cellulose extraction in the studies of nanowhiskers as aforesaid, although its composition differ from one to another as can be seen in Table 1. In most cases, the plants sources used for cellulose nanowhiskers extraction are leavings that does not have an exact destination or are considered unsuitable for use by industry, such as corn straw waste, banana crop residues, wood chips, wheat straw, among others. ...Context 2
... the core fibers are found in hemp and jute, the reed fibers, wheat, corn and rice and lastly, there is a general name for all other types found in wood and roots. As can be seen in Table 1, there is a vast amount of suitable fibers to be worked, expanding the range of options cellulose nanowhiskers sources to be used by researchers and this classification comes to assist them in this choice. [16,17] ...Similar publications
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Environmental concerns and cost reduction have encouraged the use of natural fillers as reinforcement in polymer composites. Currently, a wide variety of reinforcement, such as natural fibers and nanocellulose, are used for this purpose. Composite materials with natural fillers have not only met the environmental appeal, but also contribute to deve...
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... Nanocellulose can be derived from various sources like plants, microorganisms, and aquatic animals such as tunicates, all of which are rich in cellulose. Banana leaves, corn cobs, cotton, ramie, rice husks, wood, sugarcane bagasse, sisal leaves, wheat straw, aloe vera leaves, and coconut husks are all promising candidates for the extraction of nanocellulose from plant sources [2,3]. ...
Biomass valorization and bio-based material development are of major research interest following the spirit of the circular economy. Aloe vera cultivation is a widespread agricultural activity oriented toward supplement production because of its well-known antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Aloe vera juice production also produces a large amount of biomass byproducts that are usually landfilled. On the other hand, cellulose nanocrystals are widely used in several applications, such as biomaterials, bio-compatible polymers, nanocomposites, food packaging, medicines, cosmetics, and sensors, due to their unique physical, mechanical, optical, electrical, and healing properties as well as their compatibility with biological tissues. This study introduces a novel approach combining the microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) of cellulose from this residue with the subsequent isolation of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). The MAE process, which exhibits a rapid heating and penetrating ability, was optimized to maximize the cellulose yield under various conditions (microwave power, solvent ratio, and time). Analysis using FTIR, XRD, SEM, and DMA indicated that isolated pure cellulose nanocrystals and a stable PVA–CNC porous hydrogel network were produced. The PVA–CNC hydrogel was synthesized to enable the formation of a semi-crystalline network that imparts the material with enhanced mechanical properties. Both final products of this study could potentially be used for various applications.
... Nanocellulose can be derived from various sources like plants, microorganisms, and aquatic animals such as tunicates, all of which are rich in cellulose. Banana leaves, corn cobs, cotton, ramie, rice husks, wood, sugarcane bagasse, sisal leaves, wheat straw, aloe vera leaves and coconut husks are all promising candidates for extracting nanocellulose from plant sources [3]. ...
Cellulose nanocrystals are of major research interest because of their use in biodegradable bioplastcs and food packaging, biomaterials, medical and pharmaceutical applications, cosmetics, electronics, and construction materials. This study introduces an approach combining microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) of cellulose from Aloe Vera plant residue and subsequent isolation of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) utilizing sulfuric acid hydrolysis. The MAE process, characterized by its rapid heating and penetrating ability, was optimized to maximize cellulose yield from raw biomass sources under various conditions (microwave power, solvent ratio, and time). Following extraction, the purified cellulose was subjected to sulfuric acid hydrolysis under controlled conditions to yield CNCs, with the aim of preserving the intrinsic crystalline structure while enhancing the material's physicochemical properties. The search for biocompatible and biodegradable materials suitable for biomedical applications has led to significant interest in hydrogels composed of natural polymers. Among these, hydrogels synthesized from cellulose and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) have emerged as promising candidates due to their unique physical properties and compatibility with biological tissues. This study presents the formulation, characterization, and potential biomedical applications of a cellulose/PVA hydrogel. The hydrogel was synthesized to enable the formation of a semi-crystalline network that imparts the material with enhanced mechanical properties.
... Nanocellulose, derived from diverse biosources including microbes, plants, and marine organisms like tunicates, have enriched cellulose content [8]. Promising plant sources for nanocellulose extraction include coconut husks, sugarcane bagasse, corn cob, rice husk, cotton, ramie, wheat straw, wood, and banana leaf [9], along with unconventional sources like coffee chaff, and ground [10], ginger [11], durian rind [12], lemon seeds [13], okara [14], tea stalks, Phragmites australis, and pea hulls [15]. Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) or bacterial cellulose (BC) is obtained from bacteria, with Acetobacter xylinum (Gluconacetobacter xylinus) being notably efficient in nanocellulose production. ...
... Lignin has a negative influence on strength of the fiber, and consequently of the composite. Other components of plant fibers include fatty acids, triglycerides, sterols, waxes and steryl esters (Hernandez and Rosa, 2016), usually grouped under the name of extractives, strongly connected to the plant they came from, and there are also some inorganic components. Fig. 10.1 shows an illustrative image of a vegetable fiber with its main components. ...
... 1 Fibers from different origins and the content, in wt%, of the main components(Faruk et al., 2012;Hernandez and Rosa, 2016). ...
... Mechanical properties of some vegetable fibers from different origins(Hernandez and Rosa, 2016). ...
... Te chemical composition of outer skin-isolated cofee husk was determined using the gravimetric method and was determined to be 9.4% extractives, 12.5% hemicellulose, 24.3% lignin, and 52.9% of cellulose yield. Tis yield value is higher than the cellulose yield of wheat straw (32.5%) [47], cofee husk (24.5%) [48], and parchment (22%) [30] and lower than the yield values of cellulose extracted from cofee husk through chlorine-based extraction techniques (61.8%) [49] reported in the literature. Furthermore, the yield value is comparable to yield values of cellulose extracted from bagasse (55.2%) [50] and kenaf fber (53%) [51]. ...
Coffee husk (CH) is a sustainable and abundantly available cellulosic waste material. Its fiber consists of cellulose as the major structural part which leads to potential utilization for the manufacturing of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) products that can be utilized for different industrial applications. In the present study, chemical composition of outer skin-isolated coffee husk was determined and sequential treatments of various untreated (UT) sample, ethanol—toluene treated sample through dewaxed (DW) treatment, sodium hydroxide (NaOH)—treated sample through alkali (AT) treatment, and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)—treated sample through bleaching (BL) treatment have been carried out. The Micro Crystalline Cellulose (MCC) has been extracted through hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) after BL treatment. The BL treatment for MCC extraction process was conducted without chlorine and additional harsh acid treatment, respectively. The characterization of chemically treated samples was carried out to investigate their morphological, physico-chemistry, and thermal behavior through a scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared—ray (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential temperature analyzer (DTA). From the chemical composition analysis; the cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and extractive content were determined and its values were (52.9%), (12.5%), (24.3%), and (9.4%), respectively. In the morphological examination, the great untreated (UT) fiber sample was greatly reduced into a micro-sized BL sample, revealing that (from FTIR analysis) the lignin and hemicellulose contents were greatly removed during chemical treatments and the presence of a micro crystalline cellulose region with 54.7% yield. Also, the sample AT and BL showed the lowest amorphous region in X-RD due to the removal of hemicellulose and lignin. The highest crystallinity index has been determined for the BL sample, i.e., 89.9%. Additionally, the thermal analysis shows that the AT and BL sample has great thermal stability than other (UT and DW) samples at high temperature. Therefore, the outer skin separated coffee husk was prepared from agricultural waste was subjected to eco-friendly chemical treatments to yield MCC. Thus, the extracted MCC is expected to be reliable for replacing other plant materials for the production of crystalline nanomaterial and reinforcing constituent for the fabrication of bio composite.
... Archromobacter, Acetobacter, Alcaligenes, Sarcina, Pseudomonas, and Rhizobium are the microbial sources capable of producing nanocellulose [14][15][16][17][18][19]. Maize cob, cotton, wheat bran, banana leaves, sugar beet, wood, potato tuber, and mulberry husks are potential plant sources for nanocellulose extraction [20,21]. CNC is primarily obtained by the acid hydrolysis of natural cellulose [22][23][24]. ...
Cellulose is the most venerable and essential natural polymer on the planet and is drawing
greater attention in the form of nanocellulose, considered an innovative and influential material in
the biomedical field. Because of its exceptional physicochemical characteristics, biodegradability,
biocompatibility, and high mechanical strength, nanocellulose attracts considerable scientific attention.
Plants, algae, and microorganisms are some of the familiar sources of nanocellulose and are usually
grouped as cellulose nanocrystal (CNC), cellulose nanofibril (CNF), and bacterial nanocellulose
(BNC). The current review briefly highlights nanocellulose classification and its attractive properties.
Further functionalization or chemical modifications enhance the effectiveness and biodegradability
of nanocellulose. Nanocellulose-based composites, printing methods, and their potential applications
in the biomedical field have also been introduced herein. Finally, the study is summarized with
future prospects and challenges associated with the nanocellulose-based materials to promote studies
resolving the current issues related to nanocellulose for tissue engineering applications.
... Because of their availability and low cost, several plant sources with varying quantities of cellulose have recently been employed for cellulose extraction [2]. Corn straw, banana leftovers, forest trash, wood chips, wheat straw, and flax fiber are the most common plant sources for cellulose extraction [6,24,35],Q. [104]. ...
Ensete ventricosum (false banana) is a common food source for a considerable section of Ethiopia’s population in the central, southern, and southwestern areas. Ensete ventricosum pseudo-stem fiber is a type of agro-industrial waste that is widely available across the country. It has a limited number of known conventional applications and merits further investigations. One of the activities that prompted the completion of this study was the upgrading of Ensete ventricosum pseudo-stem fiber to value-added products such as cellulose nanocrystals. The goal of this study was to extract cellulose nanocrystals from Ensete ventricosum pseudo-stem fiber using sulfuric acid hydrolysis. An acid-catalyzed reaction technique using 1:20 mL cellulose to H2SO4 (51.1%) ratio and hydrolysis period of 52 min at 51 °C reaction conditions was used to separate cellulose nanocrystals from Ensete ventricosum pseudo-stem fiber cellulose. Thermal stability, crystallinity, surface charge, shape, size, and functional changes were all assessed in the cellulose nanocrystals that resulted. It had a better crystallinity index (78.0%), an average particle size of 66.7 nm, a yield of 39.78%, good thermal stability (> 300 °C), and a morphologically comparable rod-shaped structure. As a result, it is feasible to conclude that Ensete ventricosum pseudo-stem fiber offers a lot of potential for isolating cellulose nanocrystals for various applications.
... Typically, CNCs (or nanowhiskers) have diameters of 1-50 nm and length of several hundred nanometers (Kang et al., 2018), hence they are good options in nanocomposite development, because of their high crystallinity and large surface area, which are essential properties for high-performance composites (Xie, Zhang, Walcott, & Lin, 2018). Agricultural residues such as rice hulls (Ooi, Ahmad, Cairul, & Mohd, 2016), banana rachis (Hernandez & Rosa, 2016), vine shoots (Achaby et al., 2018), North African grass (Luzi et al., 2019), pineapple crown waste (Prado & Spinacé, 2019), grape pomace (Coelho et al., 2018), pistachio shells (Marett, Aning, & Foster, 2017), sugarcane bagasse fibers and pith (de Oliveira, Brasc, Pimentaa, da Silva Curvelo, & Belgacem, 2016), eucalyptus fibers (Domingues, Pereira, Rita, Rojas, & Petri, 2016), and cotton fibers (Sun et al., 2016) have been studied as renewable sources for production of cellulose nanocrystals. In addition, research has also been recently conducted on industrial wastes, such as by-products from the tobacco industry (Tuzzin, Godinho, Dettmer, & Zattera, 2016), the paper industry (De Souza, Rocha, Kano, & Rosa, 2019) and the coffee industry (Janissen & Huynh, 2018). ...
... Research focusing on cellulosic waste has expanded quickly within the last decade. Agricultural residues such as rice husks (Johar et al., 2012), eucalyptus fiber (Domingues et al., 2016), banana rachis (Hernandez and Rosa, 2016), cotton fibers (Sun et al., 2016) and algae marine biomass (Chen et al., 2016b) have been studied as sources for the production of nanocellulose fibers and crystals. Also, industrial residues have been studied, such as the coffee industry by-products and tobacco wastes (Janissen and Huynh, 2018;Tuzzin et al., 2016). ...
Industrial paper wastes are an underestimated source of lignocellulosic materials. In this work cellulose na-nostructures (CNS) were produced from this residue by acid hydrolysis and two chemical pretreatments consisting of an alkaline (CNS-I) or an acid (CNS-II) treatment. These pretreatments and the obtained CNSs were characterized using compositional analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Results reveal a reduction in the non-cellulosic compounds in pre-treated samples, with different levels of components removal and lower lignin values for alkali treatment. TGA reveals that CNSs present lower thermal stability than the residue. The SEM images revealed that pre-treatment led to fiber breakage. The XDR diffractions show the coexistence of cellulose I and cellulose II, with different crystallinity index for CNSs. The DLS and AFM revealed that the production of spherical nanoparticles was following the dimensions of˜195of˜195 for CNS-I and˜350and˜350 nm for CNS-II. All the analysis allowed a more comprehensive understanding of the CNS properties and their possible applications. Finally, it is possible to conclude that the conversion of paper wastes into CNS is an excellent opportunity to recovery this residue and aggregate value to them.
... In addition to cellulose and lignin, natural fibers have in its composition hemicellulose, pectin, and waxes. For the separation of the cellulose contained in the structure of the fibers, it is necessary to submit them to chemical treatments, thus allowing the removal of waxes, pectin, hemicellulose, and lignin through alkaline treatments (Hernandez & Rosa, 2016;John & Thomas, 2008). ...
