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Light-regulation of seed germination. (a) Diagram showing light conditions. White bar indicates light-imbibition and black bar depicts incubation in the dark. The start of imbibition is shown by a reverse triangle. (b) As outlined in (a), imbibed non-dormant seeds were irradiated with fluorescent white light for a given period (10-150 min), and then incubated in the dark until germination was scored at 7 days. (c) Diagram showing light treatments for phytochrome-regulation. Nondormant seeds were imbibed in the dark, and then irradiated with a pulse of FR-light, R-light or a combination of pulses of FR-and R-light. Black bar indicates dark-imbibition and the start of imbibition is shown by a reverse triangle. (d) Germination rates under different light conditions. FR/R; an R-pulse was given following an FR-pulse.
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Flixweed is one of the most abundant weeds in North America and China, and causes a reduction in crop yields. Dormancy of flixweed seeds is deep at maturity and is maintained in soil for several months. To identify regulators of seed dormancy and germination of flixweed, the effect of environmental and hormonal signals were examined using dormant a...
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Context 1
... examine if light is required for germination of flixweed seeds, after-ripened seeds were exposed to fluorescent white light upon imbibition for given periods, and then incubated in the dark (Fig- ure 3a). As shown in Figure 3b, dark-imbibed seeds germinated only poorly, while light irradia- tion during the first 70 min after imbibition was sufficient to induce germination nearly completely. ...
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... examine if light is required for germination of flixweed seeds, after-ripened seeds were exposed to fluorescent white light upon imbibition for given periods, and then incubated in the dark (Fig- ure 3a). As shown in Figure 3b, dark-imbibed seeds germinated only poorly, while light irradia- tion during the first 70 min after imbibition was sufficient to induce germination nearly completely. Light irradiation as short as 20 min from the start of imbibition increased germination rate in this experiment. ...
Context 3
... has been well documented that R-and FR- light control seed germination in some plant spe- cies via phytochrome (Phy) (Shinomura 1997;Yamaguchi and Kamiya 2002). The involvement of Phy in the control of flixweed seed germination was studied using non-dormant seeds that were imbibed in the dark and then exposed to differ- ent combinations of R-and/or FR-light pulses (Figure 3c). Figure 3d illustrates that a pulse of R-light stimulated germination of dark-imbibed seeds, while a following FR pulse inhibited germi- nation in a photo-reversible manner. ...
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... involvement of Phy in the control of flixweed seed germination was studied using non-dormant seeds that were imbibed in the dark and then exposed to differ- ent combinations of R-and/or FR-light pulses (Figure 3c). Figure 3d illustrates that a pulse of R-light stimulated germination of dark-imbibed seeds, while a following FR pulse inhibited germi- nation in a photo-reversible manner. Results of repeated pulse treatments (R/FR/R and FR/R/FR) As outlined in (a), imbibed non-dormant seeds were irradiated with fluorescent white light for a given period (10-150 min), and then incubated in the dark until germination was scored at 7 days. ...
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... an R-pulse was given following an FR-pulse. c also were consistent with the involvement of Phy in the control of germination in this species (Figure 3d). ...
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... results using half-dormant seeds illustrate that prechilling treatment (4 °C in the dark for 2-4 days) was effective to break seed dormancy (Figure 2). After-ripened non-dormant seeds germinated only poorly in the dark, and phytochrome is likely to be involved in light-reg- ulation of germination of flixweed seeds (Fig- ure 3). The strict light requirement for germination would lead after-ripened flixweed seeds to the secondary dormancy when they are buried too deep in soil. ...
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Citations
... The positive impact of SNP on germination was reported for chickweed (Stellaria media (L.) Vill) seeds [75]. SNP (10 to 400 µM) also increased the germination of flixweed (Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl) seeds [76]. The use of an SNP solution (0.1-800 µM) resulted in a stimulating effect on the germination of yellow lupine (Lupinus luteus L.) seeds and decreased their sensitivity to heavy metals (lead and cadmium), as well as salinity [77]. ...
Nitric oxide (NO) has been recognized as a gasotransmitter in the mainstream of plant research since the beginning of the 21st century. It is produced in plant tissue and the environment. It influences plant physiology during every ontogenetic stage from seed germination to plant senescence. In this review, we demonstrate the increased interest in NO as a regulatory molecule in combination with other signalling molecules and phytohormones in the information network of plant cells. This work is a summary of the current knowledge on NO action in seeds, starting from seed pretreatment techniques applied to increase seed quality. We describe mode of action of NO in the regulation of seed dormancy, germination, and aging. During each stage of seed physiology, NO appears to act as a key agent with a predominantly beneficial effect.
... Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl (flixweed), a member of the Brassicaceae family, is one of the most abundant annual weeds throughout the world (Li et al. 2005;Mokhtassi-Bidgoli et al. 2013;Ahmadi and Shahmir 2016). This plant is a winter annual that emerges in fall, overwinters as a rosette, resumes growth in early spring, and flowers by late spring (Landau et al. 2017). ...
... This plant is a winter annual that emerges in fall, overwinters as a rosette, resumes growth in early spring, and flowers by late spring (Landau et al. 2017). In recent years, the seed of D. sophia has become increasingly important for nutritional, industrial, or pharmaceutical applications (Peng et al. 1997;Bekker et al. 2005;Li et al. 2005;Mokhtassi-Bidgoli et al. 2013). This plant has potential use as an oil crop because of its high productivity (up to 3000 kg ha −1 ) and high seed oil content (up to 44%) (Li et al. 2005;Mokhtassi-Bidgoli et al. 2013). ...
... In recent years, the seed of D. sophia has become increasingly important for nutritional, industrial, or pharmaceutical applications (Peng et al. 1997;Bekker et al. 2005;Li et al. 2005;Mokhtassi-Bidgoli et al. 2013). This plant has potential use as an oil crop because of its high productivity (up to 3000 kg ha −1 ) and high seed oil content (up to 44%) (Li et al. 2005;Mokhtassi-Bidgoli et al. 2013). Oil quality of oilseed crops is determined primarily by fatty acid composition. ...
Descurainia sophia has potential use as an oil crop because of its high productivity, high seed oil content, and unique fatty acid composition. With regard to oil fatty acid composition, obtainable oil from this plant can be of interest to the food and non-food industries such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, bio-fuels, paints, and lubricants. The aim of this research was to determine the effects of various nitrogen (N) rates and different irrigation regimes on oil productivity and composition as well as on potassium (K) and phosphorus (P) parameters in D. sophia. The field experiment was arranged as split-plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main plots were three irrigation regimes: 0.1 maximum allowable depletion or deficiency (MAD) of available soil water (ASW) (I1), 0.2 MAD of ASW (I2), and 0.4 MAD of ASW (I4) in 2010 and 0.2 MAD of ASW (I2), 0.4 MAD of ASW (I4), and 0.8 MAD of ASW (I8) in 2011. Sub-plots were three N rates: 0 (N0), 200 (N200), and 300 (N300) kg N ha−1. In the first year, there was no significant difference between irrigation regimes in terms of oil yield, while oil yield decreased when plants were exposed to drought stress in comparison with the well-water condition in the second year. The application of N increased oil yield; although there were no significant differences between N200 and N300 under any irrigation regime, the highest oil yield being observed at N application rate of 200 kg ha−1 for the I1 (561.4 kg ha−1) and I2 (256.1 kg ha−1) regimes in 2010 and 2011, respectively. Accumulation (per ha) of 21.9–29.7 kg P (50–68 kg P2O5) and 102.1–126.3 kg K (123–152 kg K2O) was required to produce 256.1–561.4 kg ha−1 of oil yield. Overall, for most of the traits studied over the 2 years, the response of D. sophia was mainly due to N rate rather than irrigation treatment. Linolenic, linoleic, and oleic acids comprised about 70% of the fatty acid composition. The results obtained here suggest that D. sophia oil yield, P and K uptakes, and levels of saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids are positively influenced by increasing available N under different irrigation regimes.
... These results suggest that both GA and H 2 O 2 are essential for seed germination and to guarantee germination speed and percentage. Similar results were found in flixweed (Descurainia sophia L.) and rice seeds; 10 µM uniconazole completely inhibited flixweed seed germination, and rice seed germination was inhibited by 10 µM DPI (Li et al., 2005;Ye and Zhang, 2012). Further evidence was presented in DPI + Uni treatment in which seeds barely germinated during the whole germination progress (Supplementary Figure S1). ...
Seed germination is a complex process controlled by various mechanisms. To examine the potential contribution of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and gibberellin acid (GA) in regulating seed germination, diphenylene iodonium chloride (DPI) and uniconazole (Uni), as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and GA synthesis inhibitor, respectively, were exogenously applied on tobacco seeds using the seed priming method. Seed priming with DPI or Uni decreased germination percentage as compared with priming with H2O, especially the DPI + Uni combination. H2O2 and GA completely reversed the inhibition caused by DPI or Uni. The germination percentages with H2O2 + Uni and GA + DPI combinations kept the same level as with H2O. Meanwhile, GA or H2O2 increased GA content and deceased ABA content through corresponding gene expressions involving homeostasis and signal transduction. In addition, the activation of storage reserve mobilization and the enhancement of soluble sugar content and isocitrate lyase (ICL) activity were also induced by GA or H2O2. These results strongly suggested that H2O2 and GA were essential for tobacco seed germination and by downregulating the ABA/GA ratio and inducing reserve composition mobilization mutually promoted seed germination. Meanwhile, ICL activity was jointly enhanced by a lower ABA/GA ratio and a higher ROS concentration.
... One of the developmental processes or phase changes in which plant hormones interact is seed germination [40]. Hormones like abscisic acid (ABA) is an inhibitor to germination [41] and it can reversibly arrest embryo development at the start of radicle growth initiation by inhibiting uptake of water [42]; but the effect can be removed by using GA and auxin [43]. ...
... The plant is shows distribution in the different regions of the world. Descurainia sophia high germination, particularly in late autumn and premature spring(Peng et al., 1997; Li et al., 2005). It is known as herb Sophia and tansy mustard. ...
... Flixweed (Descurainia sophia L.) seeds, a known medical herb commonly used in traditional medicine [21], is one of the most abundant weeds in North America and China [22]. Felixweed seed is very small, dark yellow or brown, possess an uneven surface in a stretched oval form, one end of which is cut and maintains a transparent yellowish ring [23]. ...
Flixweed (Descurainia Sophia L.) seeds, known as an herbal medicine, for the first time are used as a promising pore-forming agent (pore-former) in ceramic technology. Flixweed seeds were selected because of their unique constant shape (oblong, 1.2 mm long with the aspect ratio of about 2) and narrow size distribution as well as their low-cost. Porous zirconia ceramics have been fabricated using flixweed seeds by tape casting technique. The dried tape-cast cut into disk-shaped pieces and were fired at 1400°C for 2h, resulting in porous zirconia disks with a bulk density of 3.96 g/cm3, total porosity of 34.6 ± 0.9% (open porosity 25.5 ± 0.7%, closed porosity 9.1 ± 0.3%) and a linear shrinkage of 21.5 ± 0.3%. The pore shape and size were similar in shape and size to the original pore-former.
... For example, Gul and Weber (1998) found that the addition of nitrate (20 mmol/L) alleviated the inhibitory effects of salt (200, 400, 600, and 800 mmol/L NaCl) on germination in Allenrolfea occidentalis (S.Watson) Kuntze; similarly, an equal concentration of nitrate promoted seed germination in Atriplex prostrata Boucher ex DC. that was exposed to 100, 200, or 300 mmol/L NaCl , and 10 mmol/L KNO 3 enhanced germination in seeds of Crithmum maritimum L. exposed to 100 or 200 mmol/L NaCl (Atia et al. 2009). However, nitrate did not alleviate seed dormancy and germination in Suaeda salsa (L.) Pallas, Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl (Li et al. 2005), Halogeton glomeratus (M.Bieb.) C.A.Mey., Lepidium latifolium L., or Peganum harmala L. (Ahmed et al. 2013) that had been exposed to a range of salinities from 0 until 400 mmol/L NaCl. ...
he Silene mollissima (L.) Pers. aggregate is part of section Siphonomorpha Otth. and currently comprises 11 narrow endemic species of the Western Mediterranean Basin. Three of these taxa (S. velutina Pourr. ex Loisel, S. ichnusae Brullo, De Marco & De Marco f., and S. badaroi Breistr.) have a distribution range centred in the northern Tyrrhenian area and occurring in coastal habitats. Inter- and intra-specific variability in the responses to light, constant (5–25 °C) and alternating temperatures (25/10 °C), salt (NaCl, 0–600 mmol/L), and levels of nitrate (KNO3, 20 mmol/L) under salt stress, as well as recovery of seed germination were evaluated for these species to more effectively support their in-situ and ex-situ conservation. Our results highlighted that the seeds of these three taxa were nondormant, and that light significantly improved their rate of germination, which was higher (>80%) at low temperatures (5–15 °C) and under the alternating temperature regime (25/10 °C), but decreased significantly at the highest temperature tested (25 °C). Seeds from Silene velutina and S. ichnusae germinated in up to 300 mmol/L NaCl, and S. badaroi germinated in up to 100 mmol/L. For all of the species except S. badaroi, salt did not affect seed viability, and recovery germination did not decrease with increasing salinity and temperature. Interpopulation variability, both in salt tolerance and recovery germination, was detected for S. velutina. The addition of KNO3 did not affect germination or recovery germination under salt conditions. The lack of effect from KNO3 suggests that nutrient availability is not a requirement for seed germination in these species. Our results show that all species experience an optimum period of germination during autumn–winter, which is when water availability is highest and soil salinity levels are minimal because of the Mediterranean rainfalls, but seeds from S. velutina and S. ichnusae will germinate up until spring.
DOI: 10.1139/cjb-2015-0148
http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/cjb-2015-0148?src=recsys#.WAiYbfmLRD8
... The plant is widely distributed in the different parts of the world (Peng et al., 1997). It is a weed with high germination, especially in late autumn and early spring (Li et al., 2005). DS is also distributed in most parts of Iran. ...
Seed of Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl has been traditionally prescribed as treatment for palpitation, varicose vein, varicocele, constipation, hemorrhoid, skin eruptions, and impotence. To outline a view for further approaches, current work compiled a survey on all relevant clinical properties of this medicament in addition to the traditional reports. To do this, databases as PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, IranMedex and Science information databases (SID) were searched by keywords, i.e., " Descurainia sophia " , " Khaksheer " , and " Flixweed " as well as " pharmacology " and " phytochemistry ". According to the findings, scant experimental evaluation and clinical assessment have been performed on this medicament. Of those, only anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic effects as well as antioxidant and anthelmintic activities were assessed and confirmed in experimental studies. Despite broad administration of this herb in folk and traditional medicine, only two human clinical trials in bowel discomfort and pregnant subjects were conducted. Taken as a whole, more comprehensive clinical evaluations should be conducted on respective applications to support those traditional and folk uses. Please cite this paper as: Nimrouzi M, Zarshenas MM. Phytochemical and pharmacological aspects of Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl; modern and traditional applications. Avicenna J Phytomed, 2015. Epub ahead of print.
... In P. harmala, GA3 improved seed germination in all salinity treatments except 400 mM NaCl (Fig. 2). DISCUSSION Transition between seed dormancy and germination of halophytes is highly regulated by endogenous chemicals which maximizes the chances of seedling establishment in variable and stressful environmental conditions (Li et al. 2005, Atia et al. 2009). Seeds of all the test species were No: 91, 2014 non-dormant, while the presence of salinity and/or the absence of light caused enforced dormancy (Ahmed and Khan 2010). ...
... The thiol (-SH) group in thiourea is implicated in activating enzymes during seed germination (Srivastava et al. 2009(Srivastava et al. , 2010. However, nitrate did not alleviate seed dormancy in Suaeda salsa and Descurainia sophia (Li et al. 2005). Similar responses were found in our test species. ...
The effects of dormancy regulating chemicals [nitrate, thiourea, proline, kinetin and gibberellin (GA3)] were tested on the seed germination of three salt playa halophytes, Halogeton glomeratus, Lepidium latifolium, and Peganum harmala under various salinity treatments (0 to 400 mM NaCl) and photoperiod regimes (12/12 h light/dark and 24 h dark). More than 80% of all seed species germinate under non-saline conditions in a 12/12 h light/dark photoperiod. However, there was a progressive increase in the enforced dormancy with an increase in salinity treatments. Thiourea substantially improved seed germination and the rate of germination of all test species under saline conditions. Kinetin partially alleviated the salinity effect on the seed germination of H. glomeratus and P. harmala but not for L. latifolium. GA3 substantially improved the seed germination in L. latifolium. Nitrate and proline had no effect under saline conditions. Seed germination was completely inhibited in L. latifolium, partially in P. harmala, but had no effect on H. glomeratus seeds when germinated in the dark. GA3 alleviated dark inhibition in the order: L. latifolium > P. harmala > H. glomeratus. Species specific responses to GA3 and kinetin and environmentally mediated responses of thiourea appear to influence the seed germination of the salt playa species.
... il over winter (Andersson et al. 1997). Seeds of D. sophia maintain deep dormancy in soil for several months which enables the species to build a large seed bank in the soil (Conn 1990; Conn and Deck 1995). Best (1977) reported that seeds of D. sophia germinated most readily in late autumn and early spring, while germination was rare during summer. Li et al. (2005) found that the level of dormancy in D. sophia decreased during afterripening and stratification, but 5 days of darkness at 4°C induced a secondary dormancy. To our knowledge, there is no comprehensive study on seed dormancy and germination of M. africana. Greater knowledge about the environmental factors, which influence seed germinatio ...
... riment 1 are consistence with results obtained from Experiment 2. An increase in germinability was observed after 90 days in D. sophia and after 120 days in M. africana and T. arvense seeds, dry stored at 20°C (Fig. 2). This shows that after-ripening of seeds during storage at ambient temperatures is critical for the germination of these spe- cies. Li et al. (2005) also observed dormancy release in D. sophia seeds after dry storage at room temperature. Best (1977) reported the release of dormancy in seeds of D. sophia in late autumn and early spring. Release of dormancy and increased germination in seeds of T. arvense, dry stored at 15°C and buried over winter, has also been reported (Andersson et ...
... Similar results were obtained by Taab and Andersson (2009) who studied dormancy in seeds of Solanum nigrum and recorded a negligible release of dormancy at 5°C. In contrast to our results, Milberg (1997) and Li et al. (2005) reported dormancy release in seeds of D. sophia and T. arvense stratified at 3°C. This contradiction could be due to the fluctuating effect or to the higher (25°C) temperature used for the germination test as compared with the constant temperature of 22°C used in our study. ...
