Figure - available from: International Scholarly Research Notices
This content is subject to copyright. Terms and conditions apply.
Source publication
Electrical resistivity measurement of freshly prepared uncured and cured soil-cement materials is done and the correlations between the factors controlling the performance of soil-cement and electrical resistivity are discussed in this paper. Conventional quality control of soil-cement quite often involves wastage of a lot of material, if it does n...
Similar publications
In concrete when tensile stress surpasses the strength of the traction contributes to cracking, which is called shrinkage cracking. Shrinking allows for curling and folding of concrete. The principal goal of this research work is to develop optimal Eco-friendly concrete mixtures by using Response Surface Methodology (RSM), including different quant...
An experimental study was undertaken to investigate the effects of two types of fibers, Acrylic and Polyamide, on the of soil. In the present investigation, soil samples were prepared with four fiber contents and two cement contents. Next, Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS), indirect tensile, flexure, direct shear, durability, and one-dimensiona...
Cemented soil impermeable projects directly or indirectly contact an underground corrosive environment in most cases, which could cause reduced impermeability and malfunction of the cemented soil. Laboratory simulation permeability tests of cemented soil were conducted under different cement ratios in acidic and alkali environments. The variation i...
Reinforced concrete beams are the significant structural elements in the structure. They improve resistivity against flexural loads. The concrete portion in the reinforced concrete beam is good in compression but at the time of bending reinforcement will take about the structural element. When the flexural stresses exceed the flexural capacity of t...
Fibre-Reinforced Concrete (FRC) has significant benefits due to its ability to improve the tensile and flexural strengths of hardened concrete. This study aimed to investigate the use of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to predict and optimize coconut husk fibers and recycled tyre steel fibers reinforced concrete in terms of compressive and flexural...
Citations
... The former measurement can be employed both in the field and laboratory to measure the electrical resistance of the treated DS, and the latter method measures the heat generated by the binder reactions. Some studies have shown that ER and IC could be correlated with compressive strength for cement mortar [7], [8]. ...
Periodic dredging of harbors and other waterways is carried out to ensure sufficient depth for navigation. The Stabilization/Solidification method (S/S) is the global approach for improving the geotechnical characteristics and stabilizing pollutions in the low-compressive-strength dredged sediment (DS) for land reclamation. For this, different binders, such as cement, fly ash, and slag, are mixed with DS. The quality of mixing influences treated DS directly; therefore, this study investigated the effect of mixing time on the physical properties of treated DS, such as the unconfined compressive strength (UCS). Moreover, the potential for using electrical resistivity (ER) measurements and isothermal calorimetry (IC) tests to evaluate the mixing quality at the early stage were examined. Dredged sediments from the harbor of Stavanger, and Oslo in Norway, were mixed with binders using different water-binder ratios (w/b), and free-free-resonant (FFR) and UCS tests were performed to evaluate mixing time effects on the treated sediments. The results indicate that the higher the water content is, the higher the mixing time to reach the maximum compressive strength needs to be. The potential of ER and IC for quality control of treated DS at early stages was tested on one DS. It was found that these techniques have the potential to evaluate early-stage DS quality. The correlation between ER, CL, and UCS tests will be investigated in the future.
... This method is particularly favored for its nondestructive nature, offering advantages over traditional field and laboratory tests. ER test outcomes are contingent upon several factors, including porosity, ion concentration in fluid, density, saturation degree, and particle morphology [31]. Similarly, in the context of stabilized soil, Liu et al. [32] have demonstrated that ER is influenced by factors such as cement content, whereby an increase in cement content leads to decreased porosity and water content, consequently elevating resistivity. ...
Quality control of stabilized dredged sediment (DS) presents significant challenges due to its high-water content.
Nowadays, many in-situ and laboratory tests have been used to evaluate the quality of treated DS, and the
dominant method is 28-day unconfined compressive strength that can be done on undisturbed samples from the
field and the laboratory. Due to the waiting period to get results from the tests and the destructive nature of tests,
it is desirable to use a non-destructive method to control the quality of stabilized DS at an early stage. This study
suggests electrical resistivity measurement as a non-destructive and fast method for evaluating the quality of
stabilized DS. Dredged sediment samples from G¨ota ¨alv, Gothenburg, with different water contents, were sta-bilized with different water-binder ratios at the laboratory. The quality of treated sediments was evaluated byuniaxial compressive strength (UCS) after 28-day of stabilizing, while strength development during the curingperiod was checked with a free-free resonance test at 7, 14, and 28 days of curing, and the electrical resistivity(ER) measurement monitored on some samples during the curing period. The results indicate that a combinationof UCS tests and ER measurements can be utilized early stage evaluation of the quality of stabilized DS alreadyafter 24, 48 or 72 h. According to the results, after 24 h of hydration, the electrical resistivity was less than 1 Ωm.After 72 h of hydration, the resistivity was between 1 to 2.5 Ωm, which shows the development of strength. The28-day strength varied from 0.25 MPa to 2 MPa while the resistivity varied between 3 Ωm to 22 Ωm. Theobserved variations in resistivity and compressive strength can be attributed to differences in the water-to-binderratio across the samples.This approach offers a practical, non-destructive method for detecting early quality issues of stabilized DS,enabling quicker decision-making and potentially reducing project timelines and costs while maintaining theintegrity and safety of construction projects involving stabilized dredged sediments.
... Metode resistivitas merupakan salah satu metode geolistrik yang dikembangkan untuk menentukan formasi lapisan batuan dengan mendasarkan pada perbedaan resistivitas antar lapisan bantuan (Telford et al., 1990). Pada perkembangannya, metode resistivitas ini telah dikembangkan untuk keperluan lainnya yaitu penyelidikan beton (Noushini & Castel, 2015) dan stabilisasi tanah (Arsyadi et al., 2017;Bhangale & Bhosale, 2010;Mostafa et al., 2018;Vincent et al., 2017). Pada metode resistivitas, pengukuran dilakukan pada permukaan tanah dengan memasang elektroda dengan formasi tertentu, sehingga bersifat tidak merusak. ...
Pada injeksi grouting, ukuran kolom grouting merupakan indikator penting untuk mengevaluasi keberhasilan penyebaran dan sementasi grouting. Pada penelitian di laboratorium, pengukuran kolom grouting dapat dilakukan dengan memisahkan antara kolom grouting dan tanah. Namun demikian, metode ini bersifat merusak dan hanya cocok untuk penelitian, sehingga tidak dapat diterapkan di lapangan. Metode resistivitas bersifat tidak merusak dan berhasil digunakan untuk interpretasi formasi batuan dyke. Formasi dyke ini mempunyai kemiripan dengan kolom grouting, sehingga metode resistivitas berpotensi dikembangkan untuk interpretasi ukuran kolom grouting. Berdasarkan pertimbangan tersebut, penelitian dilakukan untuk mengembangkan metode resistivitas sebagai metode interpretasi ukuran kolom grouting. Penelitian dilakukan di laboratorium menggunakan tanah clay shale yang diinjeksi grouting geopolymer. Berdasarkan hasil data pengukuran resistivitas dilakukan inversi untuk menggambarkan profil resistivitas benda uji, menggunakan software Res2dinv. Profil resistivitas pada umur 28 hari menghasilkan interpretasi ukuran kolom grouting yang akurat karena terdapat perbedaan resistivitas yang besar antara tanah dan kolom grouting. Hasil penelitian ini memberikan peluang metode resistivitas untuk kembangkan lebih lanjut sebagai metode interpretasi ukuran kolom grouting dan berpotensi untuk diterapkan di lapangan.
... In this context, there are studies involving the relationship between the physical properties of soil-cement and electrical conductivity or resistivity (e.g., Khalil & Santos, 2011;Kibria & Hossain, 2012;Zhang et al., 2012;Hammad, 2013;Fallah-Safari et al., 2013;Bai et al., 2013;Vincent et al., 2017). The methods used to obtain electrical measurements are easy and quick to apply, in addition to being non-destructive and non-invasive, which justifies their increasingly frequent use in research. ...
... This fact may be due to a difficulty in obtaining the measurement of the electrical conductivity of the pore solution or a scarcity of studies correlating the conductivity of the solid material with its compression strength. Only a few studies can be cited, especially Song et al. (2008), Zhang et al. (2012), Fallah-Safari et al. (2013 and Vincent et al. (2017). Song et al. (2008) established relationships between the resistivity of a stabilized soil and its cement content, degree of saturation, moisture content, curing time and unconfined compression strength, as well as relationships with the soil SPT. ...
... The results, on average, were not consistent, since the highest correlation coefficient (R 2 ) obtained was 0.829 for a bentonite sample, and for four other samples the obtained coefficient was lower than 0.7. Vincent et al. (2017) studied four different samples of a soil stabilized with cement. They performed a multiple regression analysis between the unconfined compression strength and the electrical resistivity of the material before curing (fresh state), in the periods of 1 and 7 days of curing. ...
This study investigated the use of the Formation Factor of the material as an alternative way to estimate soil-cement strength involving no destructive tests. This factor is obtained from Archie’s Law and consists of the ratio of pore water electrical conductivity to saturated porous material electrical conductivity, being related to porosity by constant terms. In this study, the electrical conductivity of the pore solution was obtained from a soil-cement leaching test after curing, and the conductivity of the monolithic soil-cement, by applying continuous voltage between 12-35 V onto electrodes of 1 mm thick copper plates. The influence of cement content and dry density on the electrical properties and water absorption was studied and discussed for curing times of 7 and 28 days. The samples molded with higher dry densities and cement contents presented higher Formation Factor for Soil Cement and higher unconfined compression strength. The Formation Factor and the unconfined compression strength are linearly related. Due to the methodology adopted, the Formation Factor was predominantly influenced by the conductivity of the pore solution and was related to the open porosity by means of a power function. Therefore, the Archie’s Law can be applied to soil-cement. In this case, the cementation coefficient varies until 28 days of curing, tending to stabilize around 8 from that age onwards. The volumetric coefficient can be adopted as a constant with a value of 1012.
... Among them, an electrical resistivity measurement is very appealing for assessing or monitoring the quality of cement-based (or cement-grouted) materials. Several previous studies have tried to established a direct relationship between electrical resistivity (ρmix) and UCS (Ferreira and Jalali 2010, Lim et al. 2017, Liu et al. 2008, Vincent et al. 2017, Zhang et al. 2012 because similar factors, such as sand particle size, relative density, and water-to-cement ratio (wc) can influence both ρmix and UCS. However, most of these previous studies did not consider a curing time effect on the relationship between ρmix and UCS despite the fundamental distinction in the mechanism between the development of ρmix and UCS with the time (Wei et al. 2012, Zhang et al. 2012. ...
As the curing process proceeds, both the strength and electrical resistivity (ρmix) of cement-based (or cement�grouted) materials increase, leading to the nondestructive ρmix measurement technique is very appealing in the assessment/monitoring of the quality of cement-grouted materials. However, the strength gain of cement-grouted sands with time differs from the increase in ρmix with time. Thus, the relationship between unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and ρmix can be affected by the curing time. This study evaluated the effect of curing time on the relationship between ρmix and UCS of
sands grouted with microcement. The ultimate goal of this study is to estimate UCS over time of cement-grouted sands based on ρmix. Three silica sands with different median particle sizes were grouted with microcement at different water-to-cement ratios
(wc) of 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0. Both unconfined compression test and electrical resistivity measurement test were conducted. Results demonstrate that curing time, particle size, and wc influenced both ρmix and UCS of tested grouted sands in a similar manner;
therefore, a direct relationship between ρmix and UCS can be established. However, the complex impact of curing time on the relation between UCS and ρmix and the nonlinear increase in UCS with time hinder the capture of adequate interplay between
UCS, ρmix, and curing time. Because a nonlinear increase in UCS with time can be represented by hyperbolic model, an estimation method for hyperbolic model parameters is newly suggested in this study based on ρmix at early curing days.
... Furthermore, it was found that EC decreases with the curing period. This may be because of two reasons: firstly, ions with time get eaten up to form complex products and thus reduce ion concentration in peat pore structure, and secondly, the pore spaces get filled up by these products; thus, the movement of ions or electrons gets restricted (Vincent et al. 2017;Paul and Hussain 2020). ...
Peat is an exceptionally problematic soil for construction purposes and is often stabilized by traditional stabilizers (like cement), which emits 0.95-ton carbon dioxide (CO2) per ton of cement during their production. Alkali-activated ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) with its low carbon dioxide (approximately 0.07-ton CO2) emissions and higher strength gain provides a promising substitute to traditional stabilizers. Therefore, this study presents the viability of alkali-activated GGBS-stabilized Indian peat. The three types of peats (sapric, fibric, and hemic) were collected to cover a wide range of variations of fibre (6–73%) and organic content (21–79%). The sodium hydroxide (NaOH) molarities (M) of 6, 9, 12, and 15 were used to activate specimens, with GGBS percentages of 10, 20, and 30% by weight of dry peat and alkali/binder ratios of 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9. The test results show that the UCS of peat-GGBS depends on the molarity of NaOH, A/B, electrical conductivity (EC), pH, curing period, and organic content of the peat-GGBS matrix. The optimum combination for the peat-GGBS blend is 20% GGBS, NaOH molarity of 9, and A/B ratio of 0.7. Furthermore, it was found that UCS increases with the curing period and decreases with organic content (OC). The formation of aluminium silicate, sodium aluminosilicate, and potassium aluminosilicate responsible for strength gain is confirmed by XRD. The FESEM micrographs reveal that these products result in the filling of pore spaces to form a smooth and dense soil-binder matrix.
... Other notable findings by Vincent et al. [17] used cement as a stabiliser in the soil and found an identical trend for UCS and Re at same level of cement content. Pozzolanic reaction of cement lowers the void ratio and resists the electric charge in the matrix. ...
... The gel bonded the soil particles and formed soil cluster those consequently resist the electric charge. The findings of the present study best suited with the results of Vincent et al. [17]. ...
Although many techniques are available for the evaluation of soil parameters, but a quick and efficient method is always welcome. To avoid the hassle calculation and tedious procedures of testing; practitioners seek a fast method for site implementation of laboratory results. In the recent era of development and technology, it has been necessary to adopt the advanced techniques to evaluate the geotechnical parameters. In the present study, correlations between geophysical and compaction tests results have been derived. Eggshell powder (ESP), a waste material along with sodium chloride (NaCl) and polypropylene fiber (PPF) was used to stabilize the soil. Design of experiments was done by Taguchi technique using Minitab 17 software. A series of non-destructive geophysical tests i.e., Ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) and Electrical resistivity (Re) tests was carried out on 21 days aged soil specimens. Not only software based analytical results showed ESP as the dominating factor for attaining improvement in packing of soil particles and make soil resistive but also the results confirmed the same. UPV of the stabilized soil was found increased up to 69%-122% with respect to an increase in dry density of about 1.16%-1.74%. The utility of the present study can be found in places where dense soil and electric resistive properties meets such as transmission lines and railway electric poles etc. and for the purpose seismic and resistivity mapping methods can be used
... Therefore, electrical resistivity increases along the hydration process of C 3 S [22,53]. Previous studies on cementitious materials suggested several relationships between r es and UCS to estimate the UCS from electrical resistivity monitoring [21][22][23][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76]. Linear and logarithmic relationships between r es and UCS were proposed, and most of the relationships showed that UCS increases with electrical resistivity. ...
An expandable foam grout (EFG) is developed to fill underground cavities. The objective of this study is to evaluate the volume, strength, and stiffness of the EFG during curing using various testing methods. Flow, expansion, and unconfined compressive tests are conducted to investigate the fundamental material properties of the EFG. X-ray computed tomography is performed to verify the pore distribution of the EFG. Elastic waves and electrical resistivity are monitored to estimate the stiffness and strength characteristics of the EFG. The results show that EFG has high flowability, expanding within four hours depending on the temperature. The X-ray computed tomography images indicate a heterogeneous pore distribution in the EFG. A series of relationships between static and dynamic properties based on the elastic wave velocities and electrical resistivity are established. Furthermore, elastic wave measurement and electrical resistivity monitoring may be useful for estimating the volume, strength, and stiffness characteristics during curing.
... Various stabilization techniques using cement, quarry dust, GBFS, lime, sand and coir [1][2][3][4] have been adopted with lithomargic clays to enhance their strength behaviour. SEM and XRD studies [5], electrical resistivity studies [6] have also been conducted on stabilized lithomargic clays. Very few research studies have been reported on the erosion characteristics of lithomargic clay and its impact on stability of excavated slopes in lateritic formations. ...
Lithomargic clays are found at shallow depths in lateritic formations, sandwiched between hard lateritic crust at top and the parent granitic gneiss underneath. Many earlier studies have proved that the behaviour of these soils is similar to dispersive soils, and they are also found to be highly erosive. Very few and detailed studies on erosion of lithomargic clays are available in the literature. Lithomargic clays along the western coastal belt of peninsular India are available with varying percentages of sands and fines (especially silts, with negligible amount of clays occasionally). In this study, a number of hole erosion tests are conducted on controlled lithomargic clay samples with varying percentage of fines to study their erosion characteristics. The influence of degree of compaction, moulding water content, head causing flow, percentage silt content and plasticity index on the erosion rate index and critical shear stress of controlled lithomargic clay samples are being studied. The results of this study indicate that the critical shear stress for soils with higher silt fraction and fine sand content varied from 45 to 125 N/m², whereas for soils with higher clay fraction and fine sand content the critical shear stress varied from 200 to 400 N/m². The erosion rate increased with a decrease in percentage compaction in all the samples, and critical shear stress is found to be highest at optimum moisture content conditions. It is generally observed that soils with fines whose plasticity indices are high, are less erodible compared to soils with fines whose plasticity indices are low.
The primary objective of this study was to examine the electrical resistivity of the biopolymer-treated sand (Agar and casein) and relate it to the unconfined compressive strength (UCS). The controllable factors used in this study are the degree of compaction or relative density, the kind and content of the biopolymer, dehydration duration, water content, and porosity. Utilizing scanning electronic microscopic techniques, mercury intrusion porosity, and connections with electrical resistivity, the dispersion and the structure of biopolymer inside the sand were examined. The outcomes demonstrated that electrical resistance decreases as biopolymer content and dehydration duration rise. The electrical resistance rises as the porosity and initial water content decrease. An empirical formula for electrical resistance was proposed, combining the effects of porosity, biopolymer content, and dehydration time. The electrical resistivity of sand treated with casein was shown to be correlated linearly with UCS, but the electrical resistivity of sand treated with Agar was found to be correlated second-degree polynomially with UCS. In order to predict electrical resistivity and identify the factors that have an excessively great impact on the electrical resistivity of soil treated with biopolymers, artificial neural networks were lastly built.
