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Level of investment in Israeli aquaculture (indicated by pond surface area) relative to the diversity of species grown. From 1939 to 1953, common carp was the sole culture species. From 1955 to 1969, tilapias and mullets were added to the basic common carp system to improve efficiency in a market that was becoming increasingly competitive (the number of farmers declined from 88 in 1967 to 60 in 1985. From 1971 to 1985, additional species of carp were added. With the introduction of salmonids and striped bass in the late 1980's, level of investment and number of farmers once again began to rise up to 72 in 1997 (data from Dill and Ben Tuvia 1988, Sarig 1989 and 1996, Snovsky and Shapiro 1999).
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... Israeli common carp industry provides an example of such change (Figure 4). Until 1965, virtually all of Israel's aquaculture production was of common carp. ...
Citations
... As fi gure 22 in the State of the World Fisheries and Aquaculture (FAO 2012) indicates, at the aggregate level, average fi sh prices declined in real terms during the 1990s and, even with an increase during the 2000s, fi sh prices in 2010 were still lower than the 1990 levels. In general, falling prices were observed for those species that achieved rapid expansion of aquaculture production (FAO 2012), which in turn was driven by technological advances in the animal genetics and in the production and utilization of feeds (Brummett 2003). Those species with falling prices include shrimp, salmon, and some fi sh species farmed in freshwater. ...
... For those relatively new aquaculture species, such as tilapia and Pangasius, technological advances have only begun and similar downward trends of real prices are expected in the near future. Aquaculture species that are not yet commercially farmed may become commercially viable in the future, and they will likely follow similar paths of market maturity as other species (Asche 2011;Brummett 2003Brummett , 2007). If the model indeed had diffi culties in incorporating such dynamisms of global aquaculture, this poses a challenge for the model improvement eff ort in this study as well. ...
... Much has been written about the ineffectiveness of ''transfer of technology'' approaches (e.g., the Training and Visit system) in assisting farmers to understand and adopt technology (Kesseba, 1989;Shivakoti et al., 1997). Process-ori-ented research and development paradigms have been proposed as alternatives (Mosse et al., 1998) and seem to show promise (Reij and Waters-Bayer, 2001;Uphoff, 2002), but nevertheless, and despite excellent biophysical conditions and high demand for fish (Brummett, 2003), while aquaculture has blossomed elsewhere, African aquaculture has languished, making minimal contributions to food supply and employment (Brummett et al., 2008). ...
... For example, impact assessment of a 15-year participatory research intervention, similar to that reported here, aimed at very low income farmers in Malawi increased production efficiency and durability in times of drought, and showed a benefit:cost ratio of 1.4 with an internal rate of return of 15% (Dey et al., 2006), with 60% of the benefits accruing to consumers through lower fish prices. Providing to small-scale farmers logistical and technical subsidies that can permit them to improve the resilience and productivity of their farms is undoubtedly more helpful and productive than giving out free food during famines (Sanders et al., 1996;Brummett, 2003). ...
Over 5 years of participatory on-farm research, market access, profitability, farming systems productivity and economic sustainability were compared on 100 small-scale farms in Central Cameroon. Integration technology based on the use of agricultural by-products as fishpond inputs was the driver for intensification. Over all farms, fishpond productivity increased from 498kg to 1609kg fish/ha (2145kg/ha/yr). During the project period, the number of active fish farmers increased from 15 to 192 (including 55 farms which participated only through information exchange). Over all farms, net returns from aquaculture increased by 5 times over pre-project levels. Productivity, intensity and profitability increased more significantly in periurban areas with good market access, compared to rural areas. Among farmers with good market access, average net income from the aquaculture enterprise rose from 1485. Research-Extension Team (RET) support cost an average of $61,300 per year. Over 5 years, rural farmers recaptured 23% of the relevant RET investment compared to 442% by periurban farmers. Likewise, increase in production attributable to RET intervention was higher for periurban (253%) compared to rural (11.3%) fish farmers. Within 3 years of the end of extension support, rural farmers had returned to pre-project production levels, whereas periurban farms had better maintained their productivity and profitability. Findings indicate that, in areas with little or no access to markets, the number of fishponds and fish farmers can be increased and yields improved, increasing local food supplies, but sustainability in the absence of extension subsidies is questionable. To achieve either of the two principal goals for the sector, food security and/or poverty alleviation, investments need to be made in improving the availability of quality technical assistance to targeted farmers and finding means of reducing social conflict arising from perceived inequalities in the accrual of the benefits of development.
... From the authors' experience, what is required to overcome the gap in know-how between research and farmers (both growers and hatchery operators) is an approach that permits joint learning and participatory technology development among farmers and researchers together. A dynamic and direct relationship between research and farmers has been shown to produce substantial positive impacts in the aquaculture sectors of industrialized countries (Brummett 2003), and such an approach might be adaptable to the African context to maximize the impact of limited aquaculture development spending. ...
To measure the impact of past projects on the sustained adoption and development of aquaculture, and to assess the potential for future growth, a participatory rural appraisal (PRA) based on the Research Tool for Natural Resource Management, Monitoring and Evaluation (RESTORE) of 100 farmers (62 with fishponds, 38 without) was undertaken between January and August 2001 in the Noun Division of Western Province, Cameroon. The average household of 14 persons possessed 5.5 ha of land. Educational level is low (less then 35% above primary, 24% illiterate). Most fish producers were small-scale farmers (79%). Of the 360 fish farmers possessing 445 fish ponds (250 m2 average surface area), only 23% were active. Production is primarily based on earthen ponds stocked with mixed-sex tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) grown alone (42%) or in polyculture (54%) with the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Most ponds are poorly managed, containing underfed fish despite the availability of large quantities of agricultural by-products that could be used as pond inputs. Average annual yield is 1,263 kg/ha. Despite a number of aquaculture development projects over 30 years, there were no significant differences (P < 0.05) in household economics and farming systems between fish farming and non-fish farming families. According to active fish farmers, the major constraints to increasing aquaculture production to make it economically interesting are: lack of technical assistance (46%) and lack of good fingerlings (30%). Recent political and economic changes have altered the outlook for aquaculture in Cameroon, and a development strategy based on new rural development policies is discussed.
... • Although hundreds of millions of people worldwide depend upon fisheries and aquaculture for their food and livelihoods, freshwater biodiversity is among the most threatened (Brummett 2003). Compared to crops and domesticated livestock, fish domestication and breeding is hundreds, if not thousands, of years behind. ...
... Increased production, per se, may or may not improve the lives of the people who depend on fish for their food and livelihoods. Large-scale industrial aquaculture can tranform local natural resources into food for the already wealthy, often foreign, consumers (Brummett 2003). The aquaculturist, like any other commercial farmer wants to maximize his or her returns, not just profit margin. ...
... Major negative environmental impacts of global aquaculture(Brummett 2003). _______________________________________________________________________ ...
BP 2008 (messa) Yaoundé r.brummett@cgiar.org Aquaculture, the farming of aquatic animals and plants, is a well-established industry in many parts of the world. Aquaculture has, in fact, replaced inland capture fisheries as the most important source of freshwater fish (Revenga et al. 2000). According to FAO statistics, aquaculture's contribution to global supplies of freshwater and marine species has grown from 3.9 percent of total production by weight in 1970 to 27.3 percent in 2000. Overall, aquaculture has increased at an average compounded rate of 9.2% per year since 1970, compared with only 1.4% for capture fisheries and 2.8% for terrestrial animal production (FAO 2002). In 2000, total aquaculture production reported to FAO was 45.7 million metric tons with a value of $56.5 billion US dollars. Almost half of the total, some 20.2 million metric tons was produced in freshwater (Figure 1). Figure 1. Global aquaculture production reported to the Food & Agriculture Organization of the United Nations over the period 1970-2000 (FAO 2002). 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 In terrestrial farming systems, most animal and plant production is based on a limited number of species, compared to the more than 210 different farmed aquatic animal and plant species grown in aquaculture. This diversity reflects the large number of aquatic species adaptable to the wide range of production systems and conditions present in the different countries and regions of the world.
This study aims to contribute to the elaboration of an inventory of zooplankton and macro invertebrates in the daya of Dar Bouazza, Casablanca region, Morocco. The determination of macro invertebrates and zooplanktons was based on the study of benthic larvae sampled between March and June 2021 in 4 stations. In the 4 stations, the benthic macro invertebrates recorded are distributed over 4 major faunal groups, 27 families and 35 genera. Coleoptera are largely dominant with 7 families. Diptera are second with 5 families. The Hemiptera are in third place. The zooplanktonic fauna of the Daya is divided into 2 groups: Cladocerans which are represented by three genera (Bosmina, Daphnia and Diaphanosoma) and Copepods which are represented only by the genus Cyclops.The physicochemical results showed a strong mineralization in the Daya. This is probably the combined effect of the degradation of the waters of the Daya of Dar Bouazza and the water table of the coastal chaouia, of which Daya is part. These results are confirmed by bacteriological tests through the identification and enumeration of Coliforms and intestinal Streptococci. The presence of these bacteria translates a pollution of fecal origin making these waters unfit for human use.
Predicting global fisheries is a high-order challenge but predictions have been made and updates are needed. Past forecasts, present trends and perspectives of key parameters of the fisheries--including potential harvest, state of stocks, supply and demand, trade, fishing technology and governance--are reviewed in detail, as the basis for new forecasts and forecasting performance assessment. The future of marine capture fisheries will be conditioned by the political, social and economic evolution of the world within which they operate. Consequently, recent global scenarios for the future world are reviewed, with the emphasis on fisheries. The main driving forces (e.g. global economic development, demography, environment, public awareness, information technology, energy, ethics) including aquaculture are described. Outlooks are provided for each aspect of the fishery sector. The conclusion puts these elements in perspective and offers the authors' personal interpretation of the possible future pathway of fisheries, the uncertainty about it and the still unanswered questions of direct relevance in shaping that future.
