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Level of Entrepreneurial Activity and Age and Gender 

Level of Entrepreneurial Activity and Age and Gender 

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Chapter
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No Brasil, a taxa total de empreendedorismo (TTE) foi de 36,4% em 2017, (GLOBAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP MONITOR, 2017). Este número corresponde a quase 50 milhões de brasileiros que já empreendiam ou realizavam alguma ação visando a implantação de um empreendimento em um futuro próximo. Porém, um faturamento mais expressivo, acima de R$ 5.000,00 por mês (...
Technical Report
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A través de los resultados del estudio se busca informar, actualizar e invitar a la reflexión y a la acción para mejorar el entorno de los emprendedores y empresarios, a partir de proporcionar información contextual actualizada y de primera mano de actores sumamente relevantes en la actualidad de la entidad y del país. Este año, el estudio se cent...

Citations

... Entrepreneurial skills and entrepreneurship must be taken as a basic goal in higher education (Qunlian, 2011) since education is important to provide the necessary technical and managerial skills for entrepreneurs (Humphrey, 2003). Reynolds et al. (1999) find that entrepreneurial capacity in the United Kingdom is depressed because a substantial majority of its citizens have inadequate skills and entrepreneurship education is significantly underdeveloped. Lundström and Stevenson (2005) find technical, business and entrepreneurial skills necessary and claim the acquisition of these skills could come through the education system. ...
... Qunlian (2011) believes entrepreneurship education plays a significant role in promoting graduates' entrepreneurship, and the entrepreneurship education course should be established as a public and compulsory course in colleges and universities. Indeed the greater a country's investment in tertiary education, the higher the rate of new firm formation (Reynolds et al., 1999). Lundström and Stevenson (2005) argue that appropriate education system and training programs are required for acquiring entrepreneurial skills and know-how. ...
... Prior to any other entrepreneurial requirements, possessing technical and practical skills is an indispensable requisite. Indeed, owning some acquired skills, in many cases, will persuade individuals to pursue entrepreneurial initiatives (Reynolds et al., 1999) and lack of the appropriate skills and knowledge (Martins, 2004) will inhibit them. Lucas (1978) argues that all people are alike by their productivity as workers but they differ in terms of their entrepreneurial skills. ...
Article
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Entrepreneurship brings about economic innovation and job formation, and its improvement can well accountfor the unemployment crisis. However, many barriers either stop entrepreneurs from entering the market, or leadtheir business to failure after entering. These barriers have been sparsely and case dependently reported in theliterature, but, to the best of our knowledge, no studies have been yet designated to investigate the generalbarriers to entrepreneurship.This paper tries to bridge this gap by reviewing the most relevant and available literature to elicit the majorgeneral barriers to entrepreneurship. Eleven general barriers to entrepreneurship are identified and supported bythe related literature. Since these barriers are not independent and unconnected, but interrelated and interactive,understanding the interactions among them can help decision makers in determining appropriate overcomingmeasures. In order to model these interactions this paper utilizes interpretive structural modeling (ISM) whichhas shown to be an efficient approach for analyzing systematic interactions among barriers. We distinct barriersinto two groups of inside and outside barriers and with the support of the ISM-based model, we show that insidebarriers are dependent on outside barriers. Corrupted and unsupportive business environment then, shows to bethe major driving barrier to entrepreneurship.
... An idea or vision may be transformed into a "new business or new venture development or the growth of an existing firm, by an individual, a team of individuals, or an established business," according to the notion of entrepreneurship. (Reynolds et al., 1999) ...
Article
Agro-entrepreneurship presents a dynamic path for rural development, economic growth, and sustainable agriculture because it sits at the intersection of agricultural methods and entrepreneurial spirit. The complex fabric of agro-entrepreneurship is explored in this study, with a particular emphasis on the difficulties encountered by small-scale agro-entrepreneurs in Kerala. As this project develops, its goals are to identify the difficulties small-scale agro-entrepreneurs in Kerala encounter, as well as to provide practical solutions and mitigating measures. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the obstacles experienced by small-scale agricultural entrepreneurs and to evaluate potential solutions for these problems. The perishable nature of the products is the primary important problem since improper storage of agricultural production can lead to large financial losses. One of the great rivalries these smallbusiness owners faced came from interstate sellers of agricultural supplies. Their large-scale, low-cost production processes in surrounding states enable them to sell their products at discounted prices. Government departments must constantly keep an eye on the shipment of goods that include chemical fertilizers. Governments at all levels should loosen the restrictions for the establishment of new agro companies in order to avoid delays in the development of new units. Another strategy to prevent harmful competition is to enforce laws and regulations from the government.
... According to one research, innovative businesspeople are more likely to succeed well because they can spot and seize emerging market possibilities (Fayolle et al., 2016;Can & Şağbanşua, 2015). Another study discovered that entrepreneurial innovators are more inclined to pursue expansion since they can create and promote new goods and services (Reynolds et al., 2011). Innovation is crucial for a company's long-term existence in addition to its function in enhancing performance and growth. ...
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This study examines the impact of entrepreneurship education on the attitudes of future teachers towards innovativeness, stability, enthusiasm, and non-employee tendency. Using a quantitative research design, data was collected and analyzed to determine the strength and significance of the relationship between entrepreneurship education and these attitudes. The results revealed a significant positive correlation between entrepreneurship education and student enthusiasm, but no significant relationship between entrepreneurship education and innovativeness. Additionally, a significant positive correlation was found between entrepreneurship education and student stability, but no significant relationship was found between entrepreneurship education and student tendency of non-employees. Overall, this study contributes to the growing body of research on the importance of developing entrepreneurial skills among future teachers and provides insights into how entrepreneurship education can impact their ability to adapt to the changing educational landscape of post-soviet countries. Citation: Nogaibayeva, A. A., Shynarbek, N., Mehmet, T., Rimma, M. (2024). The impact of entrepreneurship education on the attitudes of future teachers towards innovativeness, stability, enthusiasm, and non-employee tendency.
... The working-age population of a country is measured by the percentage of the total population aged from 15 to 64 which was taken from World Development Indicator (WDI). Studies have shown that certain age groups are more likely to engage in entrepreneurship than others (Reynolds, Hay, & Camp, 1999). The unemployment level of each country was measured by the share of the labor force that is without work but available for and seeking employment (Verheul et al., 2002). ...
... Enterprises with web sales via their own websites or app (Eurostat, 2022 who are currently taking advantage of a business opportunity to obtain income or for other reasons (Reynolds et al., 1999). Second, entrepreneurial employee activity (EEA) is used as an indicator of intrapreneurship. ...
Article
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Entrepreneurship is one of the factors that receiving attention in recent decades due to its role in achieving certain economic objectives, such as employment and economic growth. For this reason, understanding the factors that stimulate it to design policy measures for enhancing entrepreneurial activity is relevant. One way to identify these factors is to consider the essential elements that make up entrepreneurship, namely, innovation, autonomy, and opportunities. From this perspective, digitalization, institutions, credit, and the economic environment are considered factors that stimulate entrepreneurship. The objective of this paper is to analyse the relationship between digitalization and entrepreneurship, while also considering the variables that can affect digitalization. Basically, in periods of crisis and expansion, these variables include the cultural factor and credit policy, and they are used to consider two economic situations: the expansive phase (or the prepandemic period of 2018–2019), and the crisis phase (or the pandemic period of 2020–2021). To achieve this objective, a theoretical and empirical analysis is conducted on 16 European countries using the partial least squares (PLS) method.
... We have reviewed the following policy areas that we deem crucial to promote innovation and entrepreneurship: the 58 See, for example, NUTEK (2003) for further discussion. Reynolds et al. (1999) have found a positive correlation between respect for entrepreneurs and the degree of entrepreneurship. For a more detailed discussion of culture, attitudes, and entrepreneurship, see Freytag and RoyThurik (2007). ...
Chapter
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Most advanced industrialized countries today justify their innovation policies on the basis of the dominant knowledge-based growth paradigm—primarily investment in R&D and education, as we saw in Chap. 2 . However, in terms of how growth policy should be formulated, this provides an incomplete guide which even borders on the misleading. The reason behind this misguided thinking is simplistic assumptions, both about how an economy functions and about the innovation process itself. Innovation is still seen as an exogenous force that can be stimulated through government funding targeting R&D, start-ups, and small businesses, which will then fuel higher growth and increased prosperity.
... Thus, it is necessary to consider the factors that affect expectations and fear of failure. We first consider the cultural environment, since good education and the capacity for skill improvement promote entrepreneurship by providing individuals with the knowledge and tools needed to analyse the situation and determine the opportunities offered by the relevant markets (Barreneche, 2014;Gavron et al., 1998;Reynolds et al., 1999). The better training facilitated by a good cultural environment also reduces fear of failure. ...
... A final factor to consider is entrepreneurial formation. Further education and improved skills foster entrepreneurship by providing individuals with the knowledge and tools needed to create or develop a business by helping them to identify opportunities in markets (Gavron et al., 1998;Reynolds et al., 1999;Barreneche, 2014). ...
... Thus, individuals with more training in the skills and abilities necessary to entrepreneurship can identify new business opportunities to a greater extent, which directly positively affects expectations and indirectly positively affects entrepreneurial motivation. These results are in line with the thesis of Reynolds et al. (1999) and Barreneche (2014). ...
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In the analysis of entrepreneurial motivation, passion is one of the factors currently receiving attention, since passion drives the emotional experience towards the creative process, applying talent more effectively, which would facilitate entrepreneurial motivation. The opposite occurs with the fear of failure, which has a negative impact on entrepreneurial motivation, since perceptions of obtaining good results in the activity to be started are reduced. The objective of the paper is to analyze the behavior of passion and the fear of failure in entrepreneurial business, showing the economic and cultural factors that influence this process. For this purpose, the dualistic model of passion will be used. This model considers two opposing forms of passion: obsessive passion and harmonious passion. In order to complete the study, an empirical analysis has been carried out using data from 23 OECD countries utilizing the structural equation model (SEM) that has been estimated using the partial least squares technique (PLS). The model results indicate that obsessive passion influences entrepreneurial motivation to a greater extent than harmonious passion, which would imply that entrepreneurial motivation may be reduced as the economy presents worse expectations about its evolution. In this context, it is also important to consider the effects that a pandemic situation may have on entrepreneurial motivation and in order to avoid the negative effects and be able to take advantage of business opportunities it is necessary to facilitate financing that favor the entrepreneurial environment.
... Another strand of the theoretical literature has also included knowledge spillover into the relationship between EN and economic GR (Acs et al., 2012;Carlsson, 1989;Reynolds et al., 1999). The knowledge created by entrepreneurs is beneficial to all firms since knowledge is nonrivalrous and nonexcludable, thus leading to greater economic GR. ...
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Literature abounds on the impact of entrepreneurship on economic growth, but with little attention to the role of entrepreneurship in poverty reduction. Furthermore, little attention has been paid to the triangular relationship among poverty reduction, entrepreneurship, and growth in Africa. In this study, we examine the dynamic relationship among these three variables using data collected from 18 African countries. Data are sourced from World Bank development indicators and the World Bank’s entrepreneurship database. The study uses batteries of panel data estimation techniques to analyze the data. The following findings emerged: (1) there is bidirectional causality between poverty reduction and growth. (2) There is bidirectional causality between growth and entrepreneurship in Africa. (3) There is unidirectional causality moving from entrepreneurship to poverty reduction. (4) Entrepreneurship significantly reduces poverty in Africa. (5) Impulse response shows that all the variables positively respond to shocks in each other. The study concludes that entrepreneurship enhances poverty reduction in Africa and has a significant impact on economic growth.
... However, in addition to these previously identified factors, it is necessary to highlight at least two factors that play an important role in this process and are becoming more relevant as different economies evolve: digitalization ) and entrepreneurship. Specifically, we focus on entrepreneurship in its initial stages, since in the empirical analysis, we the proportion of the adult population that owns a business that is no more than 3.5 years old as a proxy for entrepreneurship (Reynolds et al. 2000;Bosma et al. 2008). ...
Article
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In light of the economic situation resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, economists have claimed that an improvement in competitiveness can enhance economic growth. A greater degree of competitiveness allows the relevant actors to engage in entrepreneurial activity in new markets and to create market niches that promote job creation. Among the factors that can stimulate competitiveness, entrepreneurship and digitalization play relevant roles. Digital technologies have generated new business opportunities for entrepreneurs; likewise, digital entrepreneurship allows different entrepreneurs to connect via a platform, thus facilitating access to global markets with growth potential. The fundamental objective of this paper is to study the relationships among digitalization, entrepreneurship and competitiveness in light of the factors that influence the digitalization process. An empirical analysis of 19 European countries is conducted, and fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis is used to obtain the combinations of economic and social variables that affect competitiveness and entrepreneurship. The results of the empirical analysis show that to stimulate entrepreneurial activity, a country must exhibit an environment that is favourable to digitalization as well as an investment in talent that allows the relevant actors to take advantage of the benefits of digital technologies.
... We defined as informants of interest the owners and managers of small businesses. We opted for owners of established companies, in other words, companies that had been operational for over 42 months (Reynolds, 1999). Considering that the business difficulties arising from Covid-19 began in the first quarter of 2020, we had an audience of informants with managerial experience both in times of crisis and in ordinary periods. ...
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Organisational improvisation (OI), the central subject of this study, is configured as an important resource for companies when faced with unexpected and recurrent events that are typical of times of crisis. The aim of this research is to analyze the phenomenon of OI in terms of the heuristics used for this purpose, as well as the outcomes, in the context of small businesses. The grounded theory strategy was used to analyze the information obtained through narrative interviews conducted with 23 owners of small businesses. Forty-one episodes of OI were analyzed using the content analysis technique. Five categories of outcomes of OI episodes were identified. The application of seven creative tactics associated with the OI episodes in question was also evident: adaptation, copy, exaptation, frugal innovation, improvement, new combination, and nonaptation spandrels. In terms of results, emphasis is placed on the analysis of two episodes of OI associated with the category of Strategic Repositioning of the organisation, a phenomenon that was hitherto identified in the literature as rare but possible. As for the seven creative tactics that were identified, they provided evidence that the Adaptation construct used in some OI frameworks is incomplete and restrictive in terms of possible actions.