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A total of 123 species of non-native freshwater fish, including seven possible hybrids, are recorded from the inland waters in Singapore. The majority (84 species, 68.3%) are from four families: Cyprinidae (37 species, 30.1%), Cichlidae (30 species, 24.4%), Osphronemidae (9 species, 7.3%), and Poeciliidae (8 species, 6.5%). Of these, 42 species-mai...
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... Bronze Corydoras, a small-bodied tropical catfish that is a facultative air breather, has established invasive populations in Hawaii (Nelson 2014;Nico and Schofield 2024). Pearl Danio is a small-bodied tropical minnow that has established non-native populations in Asia adjacent to its native range (Hui et al. 2020). The species was first imported into Europe in the early 1900s for cultivation and circulation in the aquarium trade (Novák et al. 2020). ...
Biological invasions driven by international trade heighten the urgency for development of invasion risk models, as the traits and parameters that consistently predict successful invasion remain unresolved. For four regions of North America that include parts of the United States and Canada (Sacramento-San Joaquin River Basins, Lower Colorado River Basin, Great Lakes Region, Mid-Atlantic Region), we construct and compare classification tree models to reveal robust predictors for the establishment and ecological impact stages of freshwater fish invasion. We subsequently apply the models to identify invasive fish species in trade and conduct pathway analyses to determine which trades (aquarium, biological supply, live bait, live food, water garden) and source continents pose the greatest risk to each region. Model results differed by invasion stage and region. Across regions, establishment models shared climate-related predictors including climate match and temperature tolerance. Three of the four impact models contained prior establishment success. The greatest number of species (548) were predicted to establish in the Sacramento-San Joaquin while the fewest (5) were predicted to establish in the Mid-Atlantic. Forty species were predicted to establish in multiple regions, five of which were also predicted to have high impact. The aquarium trade and Asia supplied the most species predicted to establish. Taken together, the results highlight region-specific models, indicating no universal model predicts invasion. Climate-related and prior establishment variables were most useful to risk assessments. The regional models, and identified high-risk pathways and potential invaders, could be applied to prevent future fish invasions in North America.
... The lack of an adequate system 'household' for large individuals may be contributing to the wild release of individuals. In some traditional importing countries such as Singapore, the occurrence of established populations of Ocellate River Stingray has been reported in local reservoirs (Ng et al., 2010;Hui et al., 2020). In Taiwan, the Xingu Freshwater Stingray (Liang et al., 2006), and in China Ocellate River Stingray and Smooth Back River Stingray (Mu et al., 2008) are considered as invasive species originating from aquarium discards or escapes. ...
Freshwater or euryhaline sharks and rays are usually a forgotten
component of shark, ray, and chimera biodiversity, mainly
because the vast majority of these species are associated with
marine ecosystems. Freshwater rays are cartilaginous fish species
that have adapted and developed the ability to live and complete
their entire life cycles in freshwater environments (stenohaline),
such as rivers, streams, and lakes.
... The lack of an adequate system 'household' for large individuals may be contributing to the wild release of individuals. In some traditional importing countries such as Singapore, the occurrence of established populations of Ocellate River Stingray has been reported in local reservoirs (Ng et al., 2010;Hui et al., 2020). In Taiwan, the Xingu Freshwater Stingray (Liang et al., 2006), and in China Ocellate River Stingray and Smooth Back River Stingray (Mu et al., 2008) are considered as invasive species originating from aquarium discards or escapes. ...
... A. citrinellus has been reported from outside its native ranges including Australia (Kroon et al. 2015), Indonesia (Tampubolon et al. 2015), Malaysia (Aqmal-Naser & Ahmad 2018a; 2020), Philippines (Poniente et al. 2019) and Singapore (Tan et al. 2020). Established feral populations of A. citrinellus have been reported from several countries including Singapore (Kwik et al. 2013) and Indonesia (Tampubolon et al. 2015), which suggest that this species soon could be another cichlid species invading natural waterbodies after tilapias (Oreochromis spp.). ...
Neotropical cichlid possesses territorial aggression which explains their success as alien species that pose threats to local fauna. The feeding ecology of Midas cichlid, Amphilophus citrinellus species outside its native range had never been fully understood. We aim to determine the stomach content, length-weight relationship and condition factor of this non-native species in one of the agroecosystems in Malaysia. The fish was collected using a cast net, and the guts were dissected. The stomach content (n = 35) revealed Midas cichlids feed on a wide array of preys including fish, amphibian and gastropod. The b-value is 2.60 (negative allometric growth) and the relative condition factor, Kn is 1.04. This result represents an initial study on the feeding aspect of this cichlid. Subsequent and continued researches are needed to evaluate the feeding behaviour and prey preferences of this species in its introduced range.
... Over the past ten years, numerous studies have reported the presence of Pterygoplichthys outside of their natural range, some identifying the locations of introductions while others describing the growth of existing populations (Wakida-Kusunoki et al. 2016). Some recent reports are from west Bengal of India, Southern India, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Hongkong, Singapore and Malaysia (Hossain et al. 2008;Das et al. 2020;Patoka et al. 2020;Tan et al. 2020;Chan et al. 2023;Parvez et al. 2023). ...
The non-native vermiculated sailfin catfish Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus (Weber, 1991) is recorded for the first time in eastern Nepal's aquatic systems. Native to South America, the first reports of P. disjunctivus in Asia were recorded in India, with subsequent reports from Bangladesh, Hongkong, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam. Our findings mark the first known occurrence of a non-native species of sailfin catfish in Nepal. The public, policy makers, researchers, and merchants of ornamental fish all need to be informed critically about the release of non-native fish into natural water systems in light of the concerns. Non-native fish may negatively affect native fish populations if released into natural waters. Therefore, it is imperative that strict measures must be taken to prevent the intentional or unintentional escape of non-native fish into Nepal's natural water systems.
... Over the past ten years, numerous studies have reported the presence of Pterygoplichthys outside of their natural range, some identifying the locations of introductions while others describing the growth of existing populations (Wakida-Kusunoki et al. 2016). Some recent reports are from west Bengal of India, Southern India, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Hongkong, Singapore and Malaysia (Hossain et al. 2008;Das et al. 2020;Patoka et al. 2020;Tan et al. 2020;Chan et al. 2023;Parvez et al. 2023). ...
The non-native vermiculated sailfin catfish Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus (Weber, 1991) is recorded for the first time in eastern Nepal's aquatic systems. Native to South America, the first reports of P. disjunctivus in Asia were recorded in India, with subsequent reports from Bangladesh, Hongkong, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam. Our findings mark the first known occurrence of a non-native species of sailfin catfish in Nepal. The public, policy makers, researchers, and merchants of ornamental fish all need to be informed critically about the release of non-native fish into natural water systems in light of the concerns. Non-native fish may negatively affect native fish populations if released into natural waters. Therefore, it is imperative that strict measures must be taken to prevent the intentional or unintentional escape of non-native fish into Nepal's natural water systems.
... Over the past ten years, numerous studies have reported the presence of Pterygoplichthys outside of their natural range, some identifying the locations of introductions while others describing the growth of existing populations (Wakida-Kusunoki et al. 2016). Some recent reports are from west Bengal of India, Southern India, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Hongkong, Singapore and Malaysia (Hossain et al. 2008;Das et al. 2020;Patoka et al. 2020;Tan et al. 2020;Chan et al. 2023;Parvez et al. 2023). ...
The non-native vermiculated sailfin catfish Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus (Weber, 1991) is recorded for the first time in eastern Nepal's aquatic systems. Native to South America, the first reports of P. disjunctivus in Asia were recorded in India, with subsequent reports from Bangladesh, Hongkong, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam. Our findings mark the first known occurrence of a non-native species of sailfin catfish in Nepal. The public, policy makers, researchers, and merchants of ornamental fish all need to be informed critically about the release of non-native fish into natural water systems in light of the concerns. Non-native fish may negatively affect native fish populations if released into natural waters. Therefore, it is imperative that strict measures must be taken to prevent the intentional or unintentional escape of non-native fish into Nepal's natural water systems.
... It was not until 1966 that the first comprehensive survey and record of the freshwater fish fauna of Singapore was published by Eric R. Alfred (Alfred, 1966). Since then, surveys specifically targeting the freshwater fishes of Singapore have been carried out more or less continuously to the present day and the freshwater fish fauna of the island is now relatively well understood (Johnson, 1973;Tham, 1973;Yang, 1984;Lim, 1989Lim, , 1991Lim, , 1995Ng & Lim, 1989, 1997aLim & Ng, 1990Munro, 1990;Ng, 1991;Larson & Lim, 2005;Baker & Lim, 2008Larson et al., 2008Larson et al., , 2016Tan & Lim, 2008Ng et al., 2009;Ng, 2010Ng, , 2012b , 2010;Yeo & Chia, 2010;Liew et al., 2012Liew et al., , 2013Liew et al., , 2018Lim & Kwik, 2012;Low & Lim, 2012;Lim et al., 2013Lim et al., , 2016Ng & Tan, 2013;Tan et al., 2013;Kwik & Yeo, 2015;Ho et al., 2016;Li et al., 2016;Tan et al., 2020). Among the intact natural freshwater habitats remaining in Singapore, the most significant by far is Nee Soon Swamp Forest in the Central Catchment Nature Reserve (CCNR). ...
... This habitat represents the last remaining fragment of primary freshwater swamp forest in Singapore, covering an approximate area of just 5 km 2 (Ho et al., 2016;Li et al., 2016). Belying its relatively small size, Nee Soon Swamp Forest harbours more than half of the native freshwater fish species in Singapore, with some species being restricted only to this forest (Ho et al., 2016;Li et al., 2016;Tan et al., 2020). ...
... Recently, several specimens of Encheloclarias were collected from three locations in the Nee Soon Swamp Forest, as part of ongoing ecological and monitoring studies. Despite extensive past sampling efforts to document species of freshwater fishes, there have been hitherto no known records of Encheloclarias in Singapore (Alfred, 1966;Ng & Lim, 1990;Baker & Lim, 2008Ho et al., 2016;Li et al., 2016;Tan et al., 2020). The morphology of the present Singapore specimens, in comparison with type specimens of known congeners, agrees well with Encheloclarias kelioides . ...
We report the discovery of several specimens of the genus Encheloclarias Herre & Myers, 1937, in Singapore, from Nee Soon Swamp Forest in the Central Catchment Nature Reserve. Morphological comparisons with type specimens of various Encheloclarias species revealed the Singapore specimens belong to Encheloclarias kelioides Ng & Lim, 1993. This discovery represents a range extension for the species, previously understood to be restricted to peat swamps in eastern Peninsular Malaysia and possibly central Sumatra. A redescription of E. kelioides and comparison against its congeners are provided. Its ecology and conservation status globally and locally are also discussed.
... californica), which were accidentally introduced into Singapore through the means of aquatic plants [3], Singapore is also home to 98 non-native freshwater fish species that have dominated manmade reservoirs and canals [216]. Cyprinidae and Cichlidae account for more than 57.4% of Singapore's non-native freshwater fish species, in line with a study reported by Hui et al. [217], wherein the majority of 123 reported non-native freshwater fish species comprised Cyprinade and Cichlidae, other than Poeciliidae and Osphronemidae. Hui et al. [217] produced a distribution map concerning the density of the establishment of non-native freshwater fishes across Singapore, making it easier to estimate the spreading behavior of IAS. ...
... Cyprinidae and Cichlidae account for more than 57.4% of Singapore's non-native freshwater fish species, in line with a study reported by Hui et al. [217], wherein the majority of 123 reported non-native freshwater fish species comprised Cyprinade and Cichlidae, other than Poeciliidae and Osphronemidae. Hui et al. [217] produced a distribution map concerning the density of the establishment of non-native freshwater fishes across Singapore, making it easier to estimate the spreading behavior of IAS. Nam and Pham [218] also conducted mapping to determine the distribution of invasive yellow snail species and giant spiny catfish in Ca Mau province, Vietnam. ...
... Because Singapore is geographically close, especially to Peninsular Malaysian and Indonesia, the identical climatic type and blooming ornamental trade may be partly responsible for the potential of IAS invasion into these neighboring countries. Hui et al. [217] mentioned that aquaculture freshwater fishes are mostly imported from Malaysia. In Myanmar, Vikhrev et al. [224] used DNA barcoding to study the invasive Chinese pond mussel (Sinanodonta woodiana) and generated a map to record the new temperate invasive lineage of S. woodiana. ...
Freshwater invasive alien species (IAS) are non-native organisms that were intentionally or unintentionally released into local water bodies and later harmed the invaded habitat by disrupting the ecological processes. Over the last few years, environmental deoxyribonucleic acid (eDNA) analyses have been used in many studies to detect IAS, with positive results. However, with the help of geographic information systems (GIS), efforts to detect the presence of IAS can be made faster and more efficiently. In this paper, we review the background of IAS in Southeast Asia and management efforts undertaken involving the input of known habitat-specific geographical parameters into GIS mapping. Via this strategy, it is possible to identify and distinguish areas that fit IAS habitat features from those that do not. eDNA analysis can later be applied to confirm the presence of IAS in detected areas, enabling further studies and actions. The presence of IAS in certain areas can be used as an indicator to assess the environmental integrity of native waterways. This combined method is likely the first approach to be applied to the detection of freshwater IAS in local water bodies. Apart from saving energy and resources, embedding GIS and eDNA into the study of IAS not only benefits the ecosystem but also assists locals and authorities in managing and taking necessary enforcement actions to curb further spread.
... A total of 95 non-native freshwater fishes (and five putative hybrids) were recorded, half of which were associated with breeding populations. Cichlidae, Cyprinidae, Poecilidae, and Xenocyprididae were the most speciose families, resembling reports from mainland China (Xiong et al., 2015) and Singapore (Tan et al., 2020). Cichlids and cyprinids were similarly dominant in the Philippines (Cagauan, 2007). ...
... Most non-native fishes entered Hong Kong via the aquarium trade (64 species) or aquaculture (23 species). This is again similar to findings from the Philippines (Cagauan, 2007), mainland China (Xiong et al., 2015) and Singapore (Tan et al., 2020), as well as the United States (Nico & Fuller, 1999). ...
... With the exception of five putative hybrids, the non-native fishes originated from: Central or South America (27 species), East Asia (21 species), Southeast Asia (15 species), Africa (15 species), South Asia (10 species), North America (five species), Australasia (one species), and Europe (one species). In addition, the majority of non-native fish in Hong Kong (70%) were from tropical regions, which is lower than in Singapore (82.9%; Tan et al., 2020), but is a likely reflection of the warm climate in both locations. ...
Non-native fishes are widespread in Hong Kong and many are likely to be established. Extensive field
surveys, literature reviews, and citizen science data were used to determine the diversity, geographic distribution,
potential introduction sources, and known impacts of non-native freshwater fishes in Hong Kong. In total, 95
species, including five putative hybrids, were recorded. In comparison, there are 65 species of native freshwater
fishes. The majority (62 species) of non-native fishes belonged to five families: Cichlidae (27 species), Cyprinidae
(15 species), Poeciliidae (eight species), Xenocyprididae (eight species), and Channidae (four species). Half of
all non-native species had at least one breeding population. Potential introduction sources were grouped broadly
into three categories: aquarium trade (associated with 62 species and two hybrids); aquaculture (20 species and
three hybrids); and water transfers from mainland China (13 species). Most of the species recorded are native to
Central and South America (27 species), East Asia (21 species), Southeast Asia (15 species), or Africa (15 species).
However, a lack of experimental or manipulative studies and a scarcity of historical data limits our understanding
of the extent of their ecological impacts. This synthesis of all currently available information could provide a
basis for future research work and policy/management strategies that seek to pre-emptively reduce the likelihood
of further species introductions to minimise potential harm to the environment.
