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Leaf spots caused by Myrothecium roridum on Spathiphyllum wallisii (A), sweet pepper (B), Anthurium andreanum (C), and tomato (D).
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Myrothecium roridum and M. verrucaria are two plant pathogenic species causing foliar spots in a large number of cultivated plants. This paper aims to study the causal agents of foliar spots in vegetable crops (sweet pepper, tomato, cucumber), ornamental plants (Spathiphyllum, Solidago canadensis, Anthurium,
Dieffenbachia) and a solanaceous weed pl...
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... plant hosts, including vegetable crops, fruit plants and ornamentals (8, 11,18). Myrothecium roridum was reported as a pathogen of more than two hundred plant species belonging to distinct botanical families. In Brazil, M. roridum was reported in less than twelve plant hosts, such as peanut, soybeans, cotton, melon, Leucaena , sunflower, rice and common beans (8, 12, 13). Another important species is M. verrucaria, also a facultative parasite, causing disease in a few economically important plant hosts when compared to M. roridum (10, 18). In Brazil, this species has been rarely found and was reported as a problem in tomato plants and associated to rice seeds (8). Once in Brazil plant diseases caused by Myrothecium spp. are scarcely reported, there are no fungicides registered at the Ministry of Agriculture and Supply (Agrofit- _cons). Besides, there are a few published papers worldwide on chemical control of this pathogen (14, 15). A preliminary test in vitro on the effect of some fungicides on the mycelial growth of Myrothecium can provide an useful information for future in vivo screenings and the registration of some fungicides. During 2005, some samples of ornamental plants with leaf spots were received at the Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Embrapa Hortaliças (Embrapa Vegetable Crops) for regular diagnosis. Besides that, some samples of tomato, sweet pepper and Nicandra physaloides (L.) Pers leaves showing leaf spots similar of those caused by Myrothecium were collected in a vegetable grower area in Caxias do Sul county, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Figure 1). This paper aims to clarify the etiology of leaf spots in some plants and evaluate the virulence of isolates of M. roridum and M. verrucaria. The effect of some fungicides on the mycelial growth of one isolate of M. roridum was evaluated in a preliminary ...
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Myrothecium roridum and M. verrucaria are two plant pathogenic species causing foliar spots in a large number of cultivated plants. This paper aims to study the causal agents of foliar spots in vegetable crops (sweet pepper, tomato and cucumber), ornamental plants (Spathiphyllum wallisii, Solidago canadensis, Anthurium andreanum, Dieffenbachia amoe...
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Citations
... Similarly, some Alternaria species can cause leaf-spot disease of soybean, sunflower, Withania somnifera, and Pelargonium (Furukawa and Kishi, 2001;Oliveira et al., 2004;Pati et al., 2008;Kumar and Kumar, 2017). Plant-pathogenic Myrothecium species cause foliar spots in soybean, cotton, Anthurium, Nicandra physaloides, tomato, and cucumber (Quezado Duval et al., 2010;Kwon et al., 2014;Dewangan et al., 2017). However, the relative abundances of other microbial taxa that include some plant pathogens, such as Mycosphaerella, were enhanced in R soils ( Figure 7G). ...
Returning straw to soil is an effective way to sustain or improve soil quality and crop yields. However, a robust understanding of the impact of straw return on the composition of the soil microbial communities under field conditions has remained elusive. In this study, we characterized the effects of wheat straw return on soil bacterial and fungal communities in a wheat–soybean rotation system over a 3-year period, using Illumina-based 16S rRNA, and internal transcribed region (ITS) amplicon sequencing. Wheat straw return significantly affected the α-diversity of the soil bacterial, but not fungal, community. It enhanced the relative abundance of the bacterial phylum Proteobacteria and the fungal phylum Zygomycota, but reduced that of the bacterial phylum Acidobacteria, and the fungal phylum Ascomycota. Notably, it enriched the relative abundance of nitrogen-cycling bacterial genera such as Bradyrhizobium and Rhizobium. Preliminary analysis of soil chemical properties indicated that straw return soils had significantly higher total nitrogen (TN) contents than no straw return soils. In addition, the relative abundance of fungal genera containing pathogens was significantly lower in straw return soils relative to control soils, such as Fusarium, Alternaria, and Myrothecium. These results suggested a selection effect from the 3-year continuous straw return treatment and the soil bacterial and fungal communities were moderately changed.
... Myrothecium species have a worldwide distribution as endophytic fungi that colonize various hosts [1], as saprophytic fungi in the soil and decaying tissues of plants [2][3][4], or as pathogens on various hosts [5][6][7][8][9]. Myrothecium species belong to the fungal family Stachybotryaceae, and over 30 species have been reported till 2011 [10], while the Index Fungorum database listed 90 records for Myrothecium in March 2019 http://www.indexfungorum. ...
Myrothecium is a fungal genus that belongs to family Stachybotryaceae and has been involved as promising tool in many important mycotechnological applications such as potent bioherbicides with strong virulence against wide range of weeds and harmful plants from different plant families. Furthermore, Myrothecium exhibited strong insecti-cidal activities especially against mosquitoes and nematodes among other insects, promising antimicrobial activities, Myrothecium species are involved in many biotechnological applications due to secondary metabolites produced by them, and this review discuss challenges and potentials concerning using this genus as a tool in some medicinal and biotechnological applications.
... Myrothecium species are the chief hazards to crops as well as to cucurbits. The genus Myrothecium is acknowledged to consist of several species, mostly saprophytic [8] and survive in this environment on dead and decaying plant tissue [9][10][11]. The concept and classification of species within this genus is not clear and still needs revision. ...
... Silvaldo et al. (2007) observed stem canker and leaf necrosis in Rio de Janerio state. Cabral et al. (2009) proved the pathogenicity of M. roridum on many of the cucurbits such as gherkin, cucumber, squash, pumpkin, water melon and melon etc. Quezado Duval et al., (2010) had reported that the pathogen M. roridum caused foliar spots in many cultivated plants. Kyung et al. 2014 reported that the disease could be observed on leaf and stem of the Peporomia quadrangularis on inoculation after 7 days of incubation. ...
The leaf spot and stem necrosis disease was observed in severe form on coffee seedlings during 2016 in nursery at Central Coffee Research Institute, Balehonnur, Chikkamagaluru District, Karnataka State, India. Samples were collected from the affected seedlings and the fungus was isolated, purified, identified and characterized as Myrothecium roridum Tode ex Fr. The disease caused by the fungus M. roridum on leaves of coffee seedlings in India was wrongly reported as "Target leaf spot "and "Tip blight of coffee" by earlier workers and they considered it then as a minor disease. The present study revealed that the fungus M. roridum could infect both the leaves and young stem of coffee seedlings at nursery stage. Further, identification, confirmation and characterization of the causative organism from this study enable in better understanding of the pathogen and its interaction with the host (coffee plant) which in future help to develop strong control strategies against the disease.
... According to some scientists large necrotic lesions are due to necrotrophic nature of fungi that produce toxins in host tissues resulting into death of host tissues and the fungal pathogen colonize over these necrotic areas40,8 . Though virulence of M. roridum was demonstrated on large number of plants but different M. roridum isolates revealed variability in virulence but highly aggressive behavior was observed in tomato and cucumber41 . N. tabacum was found rich in all compounds except steroids and thus possessed excellent fungicidal activity(Taiga et al., 2008) ...
Bitter gourd is of great importance due to its usage against the treatment of numerous ailments in human beings. A comprehensive survey at four localities of Southern Punjab, Pakistan was carried out to determine the severity of Myrothecium leaf spot. Maximum disease severity was at C 1 (Chak 11/NP) and least at C 2 (Kot Mehtab). Among isolated species Myrothecium roridum was found more prevalent and pathogenic as compared to M. verrucaria. Antifungal activity using solvent extracts of five medicinal plants (Mangifera indica, Melia azedarach, Nicotiana tabacum, Moringa oleifera and Eucalyptus globosum) were evaluated against isolated species by agar well diffusion method at various concentrations (0.01, 0.10, 1.0 and 10.0 µg / mL). N. tabacum revealed maximum zone size (13.40 mm and 8.28 mm) with ethanol and chloroform solvents respectively followed by M. azedarach (9.00mm and 6.48mm). However, least inhibition was observed with ethanol and chloroform extracts of E. globosum (6.04mm and 3.88mm zone size respectively). Ethanol extracts showed highest activity when compared to chloroform extracts. Qualitative phytochemical analysis showed that all the selected plants are rich in chemical compounds such as alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids and phenols whereas Saponins was only present in N. tabacum while absent in rest of the extracts.
... Myrothecium roridum is a soil borne fungus which continues its life cycle as a saprophyte in dead and decaying plant tissues (Souza-Motta et al., 2003;Castlebury et al., 2004;Costa et al., 2006;Domsch et al., 2007;Quezado et al., 2010). Despite the saprophytic character, M. roridum can cause diseases, mainly in the aerial parts of number of plant hosts, including vegetable crops, fruit plants and ornamentals (Murakami and Shirata, 2005;Domsch et al., 2007). ...
... Despite the saprophytic character, M. roridum can cause diseases, mainly in the aerial parts of number of plant hosts, including vegetable crops, fruit plants and ornamentals (Murakami and Shirata, 2005;Domsch et al., 2007). M. roridum has been reported as a pathogen of more than two hundred plant species belonging to distinct botanical families (Quezado et al., 2010). Bitter gourd leaf spot caused by Myrothecium roridum Tode is a serious threat to bitter gourd production in the Punjab province of Pakistan because it has caused considerable losses to farmer community. ...
The fungus Myrothecium roridum is the chief hazard to crops including cucurbits inhabit in soil as saprophyte, on diseased plant debris and also as facultative parasite on vegetables, fruits and ornamental plants. Keeping in view the damage caused by M. roridum to bitter gourd, screening of nine bitter gourd varieties (BG34F1, Manika 7004, CBT 36, BSS 616, KHBG 037, Leena 7005, Raja, Tipu and CO2NO3) was done in Plant Pathology Research Institute, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute Faisalabad under field conditions. All the varieties showed moderately susceptible to highly susceptible reaction ranging between 25-75% infections on leaves. Significant disease severity was recorded in the genotype Tipu while the lowest disease severity was recorded in the genotype BG34F1. Maximum numbers of flowers were recorded in the variety Tipu (24.33) followed by Raja (17.33) and CO2NO3 (15.33). Maximum number of fruits were recorded in the variety Tipu (40.00) followed by BSS 616 (11.00) and CO2NO3 (10.33). M. roridum from the diseased samples was isolated and identified morphologically as white cylindrical conidia with rounded ends under the microscope. In vitro management of the fungus M. roridum was done with fungicides having novel mode of action including Antracol® (Propineb), Cabrio Top® (Pyraclostrobin + Metriam Complex), Nativo®(Tebuconazole + Trifloxystrobin), Topsin M® (Thiophenate Methyl) and Score® (Difenoconazole) at concentrations of 50,100,150,200,250 μg/mL to inhibit the mycelial growth. Among all the fungicides tested, Score significantly reduced the mycelial growth of M. roridum with a value of 49% decrease over control followed by Nativo and Topsin M with a value of 48% and 47% respectively. Antracol was found to be the least effective in reducing the mycelial growth of M. roridm with a value of 22% decrease over control.
... In the present study, we isolated strain X-16 of M. verrucaria, a nematophagous fungus lethal to NRKN. Previous studies on this species have been focused mainly on: (1) the host range and pathogenic traits of M. verrucaria as a plant pathogen (Quezado Duval et al., 2010); and (2) the fermentation, heterologous expression and enzymatic characterization (Kataoka et al., 2005) as well as relevant crystal structure (Mizutani et al., 2010) and electrochemical applications (Nogala et al., 2010) of bilirubin oxidase produced by M. verrucaria. The current study identifies Myrothecium as a new nematophagous genus, which expands the range of endoparasitic fungi in nematodes. ...
... dieffenbachiae was first reported on Anthurium in 1971, and bottom rot caused by the fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum and the fungus-like organism Phytophthora parasitica has also been reported [3][4][5]. The fungal pathogen Myrothecium roridum has also been known to cause leaf spot on anthurium leaves [6]. In Korea, anthurium is imported as both seeds and young plants in pots. ...
... Images of the conidia were observed by phase-contrast microscopy and SEM (Fig. 2B~2F). Conidia were 5~6 × 1~1.2 µm in size and cylindrical in shape with rounded ends similar to those of M. roridum [6]. The conidial mass was green in color despite staining with lactophenol blue solution ( Fig. 2B and 2C). ...
... M. roridum has been reported to cause necrosis on anthurium in Brazil [6]. This pathogen can produce toxins in host cells and colonize on the host cells after the host cell dies [15,16]. ...
During an investigation of microorganisms and pests in plant culture media from imported anthurium pots, a fungal isolate (DUCC4002) was detected. Based on its morphological characters including colony shape on potato dextrose agar, the microstructures of spores observed by light and scanning electron microscopy and the results of phylogenetic analysis using an internal transcribed spacer rDNA sequence, the fungal isolate was identified as Myrothecium roridum. Pathogenicity testing on anthurium leaves revealed that the fungus could colonize and produce sporodochia on the inoculated leaves. This is the first report of M. roridum detected in imported plant culture medium in Korea.
... The genus Myrothecium is known to contain several species, mostly saprophytic (Quezado, 2010). This organism belongs to the order Hypocreales (Kirk et al., 2008) with an uncertain family position. ...
Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) is a noxious aquatic weed in Nigeria and many parts of the world. A potential mycoherbicidal agent for the control has been identified recently as Myrothecium roridum Tode. The best media for in-vitro propagation was investigated using seven culture media; potato dextrose agar (PDA), malt extract agar (MEA), potato sucrose agar (PSA), sabouraud agar (SA), potato carrot agar (PCA), Czapek-Dox agar (ZA) and a semi artificial diet, which included the material from the fungal host's plant (WHA). The effect of nitrogen sources (ammonium chloride, sodium nitrate, ammonium nitrate, sodium glutamate and glutamine) and pH on the growth of the fungus was also determined. The mycelia growth was assessed by diameter measurement on agar plates and the conidial yield was measured with a Neubauer hemocytometer slide. The mycelia growth was maximum on PSA and minimum on ZA. The conidial yield was highest on MEA. The mycelia growth and spore concentration of the fungus were highest on sodium glutamate and glutamine respectively, when used as nitrogen sources. The optimal growth pH was 5.5.
... Only M. roridum Tode has been considered important as a plant pathogen, affecting more than 200 plant species of distinct botanical families (Tulloch, 1972;Domsch et al., 1980;Ahrazem et al., 2000;Murakami et al., 2005). In Brazil, M. roridum was described infecting many plant hosts, such as peanut, soybean, cotton, melon, Antilles cherry, sunflower, rice and common bean (Mendes et al., 1998;Poltronieri et al., 2003;Silva & Meyer, 2006;Quezado-Duval et al., 2010). Potentially, M. roridum may affect all cultivated cucurbit species and cause severe losses. ...
Myrothecium roridum é um fungo de solo parasita obrigatório com um grande número de hospedeiras. Entretanto, sua importância como patógeno de hortaliças, em particular cucurbitáceas, cultivadas no trópico úmido, como a da Amazônia brasileira, ainda não foi determinada. Foram analisadas sete amostras de plantas doentes de abóbora, pepino e maxixe com manchas foliares oriundas dos municípios de Rio Preto, Iranduba e Silves, estado do Amazonas. Destas amostras, cinco isolados foram identificados como Myrothecium roridum, apresentando comprimento de fiálides variando de 10,3 a 11,2 µm e tamanho de conídios 6,4-7 x 1.7-2,3 µm. Estes isolados foram inoculados em folhas, com e sem ferimentos, de maxixe, pepino, abóbora, moranga, melancia e melão. Todos os isolados completaram os Postulados de Koch, constatando-se variabilidade em sua agressividade. Este é o primeiro registro de M. roridum causando manchas foliares em abóbora(Cucurbita moschata), maxixe (Cucumis anguria) e pepino (C. sativus) no Brasil.
