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Latent Profile Analyses for T1 and T2

Latent Profile Analyses for T1 and T2

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Background/Objective The present study aims to explore the dynamics of social anxiety profiles in adolescents over time and the psychosocial effects these dynamics have. Method A representative sample of Andalusian (southern Spain) adolescents in Secondary Education was drawn. The study used single-stage stratified cluster sampling. A total of 2,1...

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... with covariates were run for each time point (see Table 2), using the low social anxiety profile as the reference case. Being female increased the likelihood of being clustered in the moderate and high social anxiety profiles. ...

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... In terms of psychosocial adjustment, cybervictimization increases suicidal ideation, both directly and indirectly through increased feelings of loneliness, stress, psychological distress, and depressive symptoms (Iranzo et al., 2019). In this sense, victimization in adolescence has been linked to increased social anxiety (Camacho et al., 2022). ...
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Background Cyberbullying significantly affects adolescents, increasing the risk of negative emotional symptoms. This study explores how psychological flexibility and inflexibility may mediate this relationship, focusing on adolescent mental health in the context of cyberbullying. Methods A sample of 2,171 secondary school students, aged 11–18 years, was used to assess cyberbullying, emotional symptoms, and levels of psychological flexibility and inflexibility. Results Cybervictimization showed a direct relationship with emotional symptoms and psychological inflexibility. Psychological flexibility was negatively associated with cybervictimization and positively associated with mental health, acting as a protective mediator against the association of cyberbullying. Conclusion Psychological flexibility emerges as a key factor in reducing the negative association of cybervictimization in adolescents. These findings highlight the importance of developing strategies to improve psychological flexibility in young people as a means to strengthen their resilience in the face of cyberbullying and its emotional consequences.
... A study on the level of social anxiety among young people in seven countries revealed that more than one-third of respondents met the criteria for social anxiety disorder (SAD) [5]. Social anxiety has negative influences on individuals' academic development [6,7], quality of life [8], and subjective well-being [9], and severe social anxiety can easily lead to alcohol abuse and suicide risk [10]. ...
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Background Adolescents in less economically developed areas are susceptible to social anxiety, so finding ways to effectively prevent and intervene in social anxiety could be a major step forward for poverty alleviation. However, little is known about the inner workings of social anxiety in this group. Exploring the risk and protective factors of social anxiety among adolescents in less developed rural areas is crucial for maintaining their mental health and improving their social adaptability. The purpose of this study is to explore the relationships among perceived social support, core self-evaluation, shyness and social anxiety among rural secondary school students and analyze the risk and protective factors of social anxiety. Methods A total of 626 rural secondary school students are investigated with the Perceived Social Support Scale (PSSS), Core Self-Evaluation Scale (CSES), Shyness Scale (SS) and Social Avoidance and Distress Scale (SADS). Structural equation modeling is used to analyze the mediating effects of core self-evaluation and shyness. Results The results reveal that (1) the perceived social support and core self-evaluation of rural secondary school students are significantly negatively correlated with social anxiety, whereas their shyness is significantly positively correlated with social anxiety. There are significant gender differences in perceived social support, core self-evaluation, shyness and social anxiety. (2) There is a significant chain mediating effect of core self-evaluation and shyness between perceived social support and social anxiety, and the mediation model is cross-gender consistent. Conclusions These results confirm that perceived social support and core self-evaluation are protective factors against social anxiety in rural secondary school students and that shyness is a risk factor for social anxiety. Moreover, perceived social support can indirectly affect social anxiety through core self-evaluation and shyness. Prevention and intervention of social anxiety can be carried out in three ways: improving the perceived ability of social support, enhancing positive self-evaluation, and reducing shyness and avoidance behaviors.
... The findings support the first hypothesis, suggesting a four-profile solution, as four SA profiles emerged. These results align with prior literature [3,11,14,42,49]. Participants with excessive SA were categorized into the extreme SA profile, those with high SA into the high SA profile, moderate SA into the moderate SA profile, and low SA into the low SA profile. ...
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Research on social anxiety (SA) over the years has revealed its associations with different psychopathological symptoms. This study aims to characterize SA profiles in a sample of Spanish adolescents and explore their differences in psychopathological symptoms. Data from 1,288 Spanish students in the 15 to 18 age range (M = 16.30, SD = 0.97, 47.5% female) were collected using random cluster sampling. The Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents (SAS-A) and the Symptom Assessment-45 Questionnaire (SA-45) were employed. Four SA profiles were revealed by the Latent Profile Analysis (LPA): extreme SA, high SA, moderate SA, and low SA. Statistically significant differences in psychopathological symptoms were revealed by the MANOVA (effect sizes from d = -2.13 to d = -0.37). The extreme SA profile exhibited the most severe psychopathological symptoms, whereas the low SA profile displayed the mildest manifestations. Proposed interventions aim to support adolescents with SA risk profiles.
... Additionally, prior studies have revealed that high academic stress has been linked to depressive and anxiety symptoms in adolescents [48,49,51]. Moreover, social anxiety states appear to be stable in adolescents, and higher social anxiety is associated with poorer psychosocial adjustment [52]. ...
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Background Network modeling has been proposed as an effective approach to examine complex associations among antecedents, mediators and symptoms. This study aimed to investigate whether the severity of depressive symptoms affects the multivariate relationships among symptoms and mediating factors over a 2-year longitudinal follow-up. Methods We recruited a school-based cohort of 1480 primary and secondary school students over four semesters from January 2020 to December 2021. The participants (n = 1145) were assessed at four time points (ages 10–13 years old at baseline). Based on a cut-off score of 5 on the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire at each time point, the participants were categorized into the non-depressive symptom (NDS) and depressive symptom (DS) groups. We conducted network analysis to investigate the symptom-to-symptom influences in these two groups over time. Results The global network metrics did not differ statistically between the NDS and DS groups at four time points. However, network connection strength varied with symptom severity. The edge weights between learning anxiety and social anxiety were prominently in the NDS group over time. The central factors for NDS and DS were oversensitivity and impulsivity (3 out of 4 time points), respectively. Moreover, both node strength and closeness were stable over time in both groups. Conclusions Our study suggests that interrelationships among symptoms and contributing factors are generally stable in adolescents, but a higher severity of depressive symptoms may lead to increased stability in these relationships.
... Anxiety is an emotion that is involved in a wide range of psychological harms (Camacho et al., 2022). In other words, anxiety is a negative mood characterized by physical symptoms such as physical tension and fear about the future (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). ...
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Background and Aim: Social anxiety is one of the most common anxiety disorders that are influenced by factors such as parenting styles. Parents' parenting styles play the most important role in raising children. Considering the importance of this issue, the present study was conducted with the aim of predicting social anxiety based on parents' parenting styles. Methods: This research is of applied type and its method is survey and quantitative in terms of implementation. The statistical population of this research was all male students of the first level of secondary school in Tehran, who were studying in the second semester of the academic year 2014-2016. Considering the size of the population (26600 people) and referring to the table of Morgan and Karjesi, 258 male students were selected as a sample by multi-stage cluster sampling method. The instruments studied were Baumrind's parenting style questionnaires (1973) and Leibovitz's social anxiety questionnaire (2003). Data analysis was done using Spss software version 23. Results: Data analysis using Pearson's correlation coefficient showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between permissive parenting and performance anxiety, as well as between authoritarian parenting and performance anxiety and authoritarian parenting and situational anxiety. There was a positive and meaningful relationship between social groups. In contrast, there was no significant relationship between permissive parenting and social situation anxiety, authoritarian parenting and performance anxiety, and between authoritarian parenting and social situation anxiety. Also, data analysis using multiple regression showed that authoritative parenting style is a negative and significant predictor of social anxiety (P<0.01) and permissive and authoritarian parenting styles are predictive. Social anxiety is positive and significant (P<0.01). Conclusion: According to the findings, it is very necessary to design and hold family education programs and workshops in the field of informing parents about parenting styles and the effect of each of them on their children. It is possible to reduce children's social anxiety by changing parents' attitudes and improving family relationships.
... In the study of social anxiety related fields, Xu et al(2015) used a follow-up study to discuss the stability of the early internalization of adolescents, and found that the early internalization of adolescents showed relative stability over time. A follow-up study reveals the dynamic development and changes of different subgroups of social anxiety in early adolescence by using the individual-centered analysis method: each subgroup of social anxiety has a certain probability of maintaining the original group and will also transition to other subgroups over time (Camacho et al., 2022). In the research of related fields of mobile phone addiction, some researchers used individual-centered analysis to explore the transformation patterns of 2155 mobile phone addiction in early adolescence, and found that the development and changes of each subgroup of mobile phone addiction over time: from grade five to grade six, the non-mobile phone addiction subgroup has a 21% probability of transitioning to a tolerance group, a 9% probability of transitioning to a withdrawal group, and a 5% probability of transitioning to a high addiction group (Chiang et al., 2019). ...
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Social avoidance and distress and mobile phone addiction are typical psychobehavioral problems in early adolescence. However, no studies have examined their co-occurrence patterns and the role of self-compassion. This study used personal-oriented analysis to examine the co-occurrence patterns of social avoidance and distress and mobile phone addition and the protective role of self-compassion in 993 first year junior high school students (49.9% female) over a one year period with two follow-up assessments.The results showed that the co-occurring subgroups of social avoidance and distress and mobile phone addiction in early adolescence were double-low group, double-medium group, and double-high group. All three subgroups exhibited stability and variability over time. Self-compassion prevented a transition from the double-low and double-medium groups to the double-high group, whereas it did not affect a transition from the double-high group. These findings provide an empirical basis for targeted prevention and mitigation of social avoidance and distress and mobile phone addiction in early adolescence.
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Research on social anxiety (SA) over the years has revealed its associations with different psychopathological symptoms. This study aims to characterize SA profiles among Spanish adolescents and explore their differences in psychopathological symptoms. Data from 1,288 Spanish students in the 15 to 18 age range ( M = 16.30, SD = 0.97, 47.5% female) were collected using random cluster sampling. The Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents (SAS-A) and the Symptom Assessment-45 Questionnaire (SA-45) were employed. Four SA profiles were revealed by the Latent Profile Analysis (LPA): extreme SA, high SA, moderate SA , and low SA . Statistically significant differences in psychopathological symptoms were revealed by the MANOVA (effect sizes from d = -2.13 to d = -0.37). The extreme SA profile exhibited the most severe psychopathological symptoms, whereas the low SA profile displayed the mildest manifestations. Proposed interventions aim to support adolescents with SA risk profiles.