Lanthanides induce oxidative stress in C. elegans. Worms were treated for 30 min with La (III), Ce (III), Er (III), or Yb (III). Measures of oxidative stress were either assessed immediately (A) or 24 h following exposure (B–E). (A) ROS levels were assessed by DCFDA fluorescence. Data are expressed as mean fluorescence ± SEM for five independent experiments (B) AGE protein adducts were measured and normalized to protein content. Data are expressed as means ± SEM from 5 independent experiments. (C) Total GSH levels were quantified and normalized to protein content. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM from five independent experiments. (D) Quantification of GFP fluorescence of VP596 transgenic worms. Data are expressed as mean fluorescence ± SEM from 5 independent experiments. (E) ATP levels were quantified and normalized to protein content. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM from five independent experiments. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001 as compared with untreated control. Horizontal bars represent comparisons between concentrations of lanthanide-treated worms. # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01, and ### p < 0.001 as compared between lower and higher concentrations of lanthanides.