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Landmarks used for measurements of the nasolabial angle. Prn: pronasal point; Sn: subnasal point; Ls: upper lip.
Source publication
Black individuals present craniofacial characteristics which differ from those of other races, especially the white race, whose cephalometric analyses are usually considered as the standard in routine orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. Further studies are therefore needed to enable more accurate and specific diagnoses for this ethnic gro...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... following cephalometric landmarks were used: pronasal point (Prn), on the anterior nasal apex; subnasal point (Sn), in the middle of the in- ferior border on the anterior nasal aperture; and upper lip (Ls), the most anterior point on the ver- milion of the upper lip (Figure 1). ...
Context 2
... cephalogram with the variables used in the present study can be seen in Figure 1. Student's t test analysis and a significance level of 5% were applied to determine averages, standard deviation, and minimum and maximum values of the nasolabial angle, as well as to support an evaluation of sexual dimorphism. ...
Similar publications
The soft tissue paradigm is placing greater emphasis on the importance of the soft tissue profile to orthodontic treatment planning. The purpose of this study was to determine the lip dimensions of a Nigerian adult population; compare the male and female values and to compare the values obtained for Nigerians with those reported for other populatio...
Citations
... After analyzing photograph ratings between lay people, dentists, and orthodontists, a non-significant divergence was detected [Tables 7 and 8], which had already been detected [10] but contradicted another study that verified a significant difference between the outlook of orthodontists and lay people. [11] Moreover, it indicates that at the individual level, facial pleasantness is a concept even more subjective than it is, when compared against group consensus. ...
A BSTRACT
Objective
To evaluate the influence of variations in the upper sulcus depth, nasal tip protrusion, and nasolabial angle on the esthetic perception of profiles.
Design
A web-based survey study and was conducted in the Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics. This survey was conducted for a period of 10 months and included orthodontists practicing in India.
Methods
This study included lateral cephalograms of the most esthetic profiles from a set of 30 profiles that were within Holdaways norms; the most esthetic profile was determined by a panel of two orthodontists and two general dentists. The most esthetic profile photograph will be transferred to a computer in Corel software. The outline of the profile will remain the same, with the inner aspect converted into a dark area (black); now, the profile is completely converted into facial silhouettes. This black facial silhouette is presented to avoid any distractions and bias. There will be a total of 27 silhouettes by various combinations of increased, decreased, and normal values for nasolabial angle, upper sulcus depth, and nasal tip protrusions.
Results
Both the orthodontist and layman chose the most favored profile as a normal profile having a normal nasal tip, normal nasolabial angle, and normal upper sulcus depth, whereas among dentists, 50% chose the most favored profile in which the nasolabial angle was normal but the nasal tip and upper labial sulcus were decreased. When it comes to the least favored profiles, opinions varied between orthodontists, dentists, and laymen.
Conclusion
The perception of facial esthetics has always been and still is varied between the layman, the dentist, and the orthodontists. Profiles with normal to sharp noses with normal and increased nasolabial angles were considered more attractive than the others. Profiles with fuller upper labial sulci were considered least attractive with other parameters changing.
... Also sexual dimorphism for nasolabial angle have been observed in these studies. [4][5][6][7][8][9] Hence, a population and gender specific normative data must be available to clinician for diagnosing and formulating a correct treatment plan for orthodontic patients. However, we could not found any published study evaluating nasolabial angle in Nepalese adult orthodontic subjects when a electronic literature search using key words "nasolabial angle", "normal occlusion" and "Nepalese adult orthodontic subjects" was done. ...
Introduction: Evaluation of nasolabial angle and its two associated components i.e. inclination of nose and upper lip is vital in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. The normal value for these angular parameters has been found to vary in studies done previously in different populations. Aims and Objectives: The present study aimed to obtain normative value for nasolabial angle and its components as well as to study variation of these angular parameters in Nepalese adult male and female subjects with normal occlusion and pleasing facial profile. Materials and Method: Lateral cephalogram of 46 adult subjects (21 males and 25 females) with Class I occlusion and pleasing profile were selected from the archives of Department of orthodontics, Dhulikhel Hospital. Manual tracing and measurement of nasolabial angle (NLA) and 2 related parameters that affects nasolabial angle i.e., lower border of nose to Frankfort horizontal plane angle (N/FH), upper lip to Frankfort horizontal plane angle (L/FH) were done. Descriptive analysis was carried out and Student’s t-test was used to compare mean differences between the male and female subjects. Result: The mean values of NLA, N/FH and L/FH were 100.22 ± 10.36, 22.78 ± 7.46 and 79.46 ± 8.29 respectively. The mean value of NLA was 100.48 ± 10.07 in male subjects and 103.68 ± 10.57 in female subjects. Similarly, the mean value of N/FH was 21.90 ± 6.65 for males and 23.52 ± 8.14 for females. Also, the mean value of L/FH was found to be 78.62 ± 7.39 for males and 80.16 ± 9.07 for females. Conclusion: Normative value of nasolabial angle and its two associated parameters was established. Also, sexual dimorphism was observed with mean values of all the 3 parameters higher in female subjects as compared to male subjects.
... Similar results were reported by Bagwan et al. [29], referring to Egyptian adults. However, contrary results were found by Magnani et al. [30] in young Brazilian black from 10 to 14 years, as well as by Taha and Ahmed [20] in Iraqi adults. Moreover, statistically significant sexual dimorphism of NMA angle is contrary to the studies by Taha and Ahmed [20], Hwang et al. [28], as well as by Lopatiene et al. [31], Aljabaa [32], and Kumar et al. [27]. ...
... Ethnic variability should always be taken under consideration. The NLA angle is smaller in Brazilian subjects of color than in white individuals [30]. It was also proved that this angle was significantly smaller in females [30]. ...
... The NLA angle is smaller in Brazilian subjects of color than in white individuals [30]. It was also proved that this angle was significantly smaller in females [30]. However, black individuals showed similar angular measurements in both sexes [10]. ...
Nose shape, size, and inclination influence facial appearance, but few studies concern the relationship between the nasal profile and craniofacial structures. The objective of this study was to analyze association of nasal cephalometric variables with skeletal structures, age, and sex. Cephalometric and nasal analysis was performed in 386 Polish orthodontic patients (aged 9–25 years). Student t-test and Mann–Whitney test were used to compare quantitative variables and Pearson’s or Spearman’s correlation coefficients—to find correlations. Soft tissue facial convexity angle correlates to Holdaway ratio, ANB (A-Nasion-B), and Wits appraisal. Nasal dorsum axis, nose length, nose depth (1) and nose depth (2), nose hump, lower dorsum convexity, and columella convexity increase with age. Nasal base angle, nasolabial angle, nasomental angle, soft tissue facial convexity and nasal bone angle decrease with age. Nasal base angle and nasomental angle are smaller in females. Thus, a relationship exists between nasal morphology and sagittal jaw configuration. Nasal parameters significantly change with age. Sexual dimorphism characterizes nasal bone angle and nasomental angle.
... The nasolabial angle depicts a close relationship between the lips and the nose and has been studied with great interest by various authors in the orthodontic literature. 30,31 Acuteness of the nasolabial angle may be due to a proclined maxillary dentition, a short nasal projection and/or a lower nasal tip. Nasolabial angle due to a protrusive maxilla or maxillary incisors may be corrected with extraction of premolars and retraction of the maxillary anterior teeth. ...
... This is considered as normal in them owing to their protruded facial appearance. Nevertheless, according to a study, there was no significant change in nasolabial angle from the adolescent age to adulthood [25]. This variation in nasolabial angle is owing to the ethnic and racial variance [26]. ...
Objectives: the study aimed to evaluate and compare the extra oral soft tissue facial features of the physically disabled and the normal children of age 12-16 years of Jabalpur city, India. Materials and Methods: a cross sectional study was conducted on a sample of 342 children, out of which 171 were physically disabled and the rest 171 were normal children. All the children were examined for the soft tissue facial features like Profile, Nasolabial angle, FMA, Lip competency, Facial symmetry and Mentolabial sulcus. Each child was examined by the single examiner and the findings were tabulated and subjected to chi square statistically analysis to compare the results between the two groups. Results: increased number of physically disabled children had convex and concave profile (72.51% and 9.95% respectively) in comparison to the normal children (2.53% and 63.74% respectively). Acute nasolabial angle and high FMA were seen in 78.38% and 59.06% of the physically disabled children, only 61.41% and 40.35% of the normal children had acute nasolabial angle and the high FMA. The difference noted for the all the features was highly significant except for the lip competency and the facial asymmetry. Conclusion: increased number of physically disabled children had facial features which were not ideal in comparison to the normal children, indicating the presence of malocclusion in them. It is required to conduct extensive diagnostic camps to examine the underlying malocclusion and educate the children and the parents to opt the orthodontic treatment.
... 6 Furthermore, the NLA has been considered an important clinical reference that reveals the anteroposterior positioning of the maxilla. 7 There are some studies evaluating the relationship of the NLA at rest position with different underlying hard tissue parameters. [8][9][10] However, the NLA is a dynamic angle that changes during growth, 11 after orthodontic treatment, 12 and upon smiling. ...
Introduction:
The nasolabial angle (NLA) plays an important role in evaluating a patient's profile and smile appearance. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the changes of the NLA during smile and to correlate those changes with other photographic and cephalometric parameters.
Methods:
Fifty young adults ranging from 20 to 30 years of age who had been referred to a private dental clinic for orthodontic treatment for normal maxillary position were enrolled. For the purpose of this study, the angular measurements of the NLA and its compartments as well as changes in the vertical position of the nasal tip were collected from photographs taken at rest and during smile, while other parameters were measured from the lateral cephalograms taken with the head in a natural position. Changes in the NLA were then correlated with the cephalometric parameters in order to observe any potential relationships.
Results:
The NLA and its upper compartment decreased during smile (with a mean of 5.42 and 0.77 degrees, respectively). The NLA and its lower compartment increased, with a mean of 3.97 degrees. The nasal tip significantly dropped down from rest to smile (mean = 1.6 mm, P = 0.002). Significant correlations were found between changes of the NLA and the maxilla projection as well as between changes of the lower part of the NLA and the upper lip curvature.
Conclusions:
Decreasing the NLA during smile is mainly related to the inherent properties of the soft tissues of the nasolabial area and not to the dental parameters under the control of the orthodontist. Patients should therefore be made aware of this from the beginning of the treatment.
... [2] Nasolabial angle (NLA) is been used as an important soft tissue landmark in cephalometric tracings as it indicates the position of the maxilla, dentition, thickness of upper lip, and the inclination of the alar border of the nose. [2,3] The NLA is the angle formed between a tangent to the lower border of the nose and a line joining the subnasale with the tip of the upper lip (labrale superius). [4,5] The normal NLA range was given by Owen as 90-110°. ...
... [13] In patients with maxillary prognathism and proclined upper anteriors, this angle reduces, whereas it becomes more obtuse in cases with a retrognathic maxilla or retroclined maxillary anteriors. [3] According to Jan et al., there is a weak and negative correlation between NLA and maxillary incisor inclination. [1] According to Patrik et al., there is no correlation between the NLA and upper incisor inclination and between the upper incisor inclination and lower compartment of NLA. ...
... This can be explained by the reason that the soft tissue profiles of Brazilian black individuals are sharper, i.e., they tend to have more fuller lips and protrusive maxilla and thicker chins which is an ethnic feature. [3] Kommi et al. in their study on 102 young individuals from South India said that the NLA measurement for the study population was between 73° and 125° with the means value of 99.76° with SD ± 15.35°. [2] In the same way, Nanda et [6,[22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] ...
Aim: The aim of the study was to find the relationship between maxillary incisor proclination and nasolabial angle (NLA). Reason: Most orthodontic treatment with proclined anteriors was treated by extracting premolars and retracting the anterior teeth. As the teeth get retracted, the lips fall back and the NLA increases. Even though there is a thought that proclined upper anteriors lead to an acute NLA and as teeth are retracted, the NLA would also increase, and we have come across a few cases where the anterior teeth severely proclined, but still the NLA is obtuse or normal. Hence, this study is undertaken to find the correlation between NLA and proclined anteriors.Materials and Methods: Lateral cephalograms of 114 patients were traced, and the values of NLA and angle of maxillary incisor inclination in S-N plane were found out. The correlation was found using Pearson correlation coefficient(r) test. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Lateral cephalograms of 57 males and 57 females were analyzed, and average NLA was found to be 96.28 and 92.73°, respectively. Furthermore, the average maxillary incisor inclination was 32.4° and 33.18° for males and females, respectively. The Pearson correlation value was calculated as 0.175 for males and 0.086 for females and its coefficient of determination as 0.0306 and 0.0074, respectively. The statistical analysis revealed that, for males and females, t value was found to be 26.156 and 17.263, respectively. Similarly, P value was found to be <0.00001 in both males and females. Conclusion: There is a positive correlation between the NLA and inclination of the maxillary incisors. It is, thus, important to record soft tissue details and utilize them during diagnosis and treatment so that both functional and esthetic harmony is obtained.
... The nasolabial angle depicts a close relationship between the lips and the nose and has been studied with great interest by various authors in the orthodontic literature. 30,31 Acuteness of the nasolabial angle may be due to a proclined maxillary dentition, a short nasal projection and/or a lower nasal tip. Nasolabial angle due to a protrusive maxilla or maxillary incisors may be corrected with extraction of premolars and retraction of the maxillary anterior teeth. ...
Objectives: 1.To investigate the relationship between nasal morphology in relation to sagittal and vertical maxillary skeletal pattern and 2.To know the relationship between the degree of upturn of the nose and the inclination of the palatal plane. Materials and Methods: Pretreatment lateral cephalograms of 60 adults of age 18-27 years with no previous history of trauma, surgical intervention, and congenital disease are obtained from records of the department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, G. Pulla Reddy Dental College, kurnool.10 facial skeletal parameters and 6 nasal parameters were measured on lateral cephalograms. Pearson correlation analysis was used for statistical analysis. Results: Facial heights, lengths, and the anteroposterior/vertical position of the maxilla were found to be correlated to nasal length and form. Nasal length is significantly positively correlated with anterior maxillary height (r= 0.436, P<0.005) and inclination of the palatal plane (r=.344, P<0.03). Nasal length is significantly positively correlated with maxillary length(r=0.39, P<0.012). Upward nasal tip inclination showed a significant negative correlation with an inclination of the palatal plane(r =-0.345, p <0.018). Conclusion: The clinical significance of this study is that Nasal length, prominence, and form are associated with height and length of the maxilla. Nasolabial angle in itself may not indicate a mid face vertical discrepancy; however its upper component, with decreased nasal length in an adult subject may indicate an underlying change in inclination of the palatal plane. This might be of value during orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning.
... The planning of orthodontic treatment does not depend only on skeletal and dental relationship, the soft tissue profile has a immense influence on it as well. 1 The essential form and synchronization of facial features relies on the soft tissue adaptation over the underlying skeleton. While carrying out comprehensive diagnosis and making appropriate treatment plan, both hard and soft tissue evaluation is important to establish facial harmony. 2 For adequate post treatment retention, soft tissue interpretation is vital as force exerted by oral musculature plays a fundamental role in determining position of the teeth thus avoiding post orthodontic relapse. ...
Soft tissues analysis in Orthodontics, not only plays important role to assess facial esthetics, rather it is also one of the crucial steps in determining the stability and success of treatment outcome. This cross sectional study was carried out in sample of local Karachi population with esthetically pleasing faces having Class I skeletal base with fully erupted permanent teeth & no history of previous orthodontic treatment. Cephalometric soft tissue analysis was done using the Nasolabial angle, E-Line and S-Line for 91 subjects (68 females and 23 males) who met the inclusion criterion. Mean value of nasolabial angle was found to be 101.6° ± 14.5°. Upper & lower lip prominence in accordance to E-Line was 2.91± 2.45mm &1.25± 2.67mm respectively. Upper and lower lips were found to be slightly protrusive with reference to the norms of E-Plane proposed by Rickets. The anteroposterior position of upper & lower lip in relation to S-Line was 0.0± 2.5 mm &- 0.71± 2.5 mm respectively. Both the lips were found to lie close to the norms of S-Line proposed by Steiner’s. Thickness of soft tissues varies from one patient to other, which is one of the major factors in determining the profile of patients. This study was conducted in a sample of Karachi population and these results do not necessarily exhibit the trend of entire Pakistani population as soft tissue thickness varies in different ethnic groups.
Key Words: Soft Tissue, Nasolabial Angle, E-Line, S-Line, Class I, Lip Prominence.
... Non-significant differences were found between males and females for all measured variables for all three groups. This finding disagreed with Magnani et al. 16 who found that the value of the nasolabial angle was significantly smaller in females than in males characterizing sexual dimorphism. Table 4 showed the comparison of the nasolabial angle and other cephalometric angles in the three classes of malocclusion, and shows that there is no significant difference between them in N/FH, L/FH and nasolabial angles which indicates that these angles are not significantly affected by the protrution and retrusion of the jaws. ...
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the nasolabial angle in Class I,II and III Iraqi subjects.
Material and methods: One hundred and twenty radiographs were selected (59 for males and 61 for females) from the files of the patients attending the orthodontic clinic at the College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad. They were grouped according to skeletal malocclusion to Class I, II and III. Nine angles were measured using auto CAD program.
Result: The mean value of the nasolabial angle in Class I, II and III males (101.4⁰, 103.9⁰ and 95.8⁰ respectively) and females (98.8⁰, 93.9⁰ and 100.3⁰ respectively) with insignificant gender difference. Also, the difference between the three classes of malocclusion was statistically insignificant for the nasolabial, N/FH and L/FH angles. The nasolabial angle negatively correlated with NPog/FH and positively correlated with SGN/FH, SGn/SN, FMA, N/FH and L/FH angles with statistical significance.
