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Lactifluus guadeloupensis (RC/Guad11-023). a. Basidiospores; b. basidia; c. macrocystidia; d. pileipellis terminal elements; e. section through the pileipellis. -Scale bars = 10 µm.

Lactifluus guadeloupensis (RC/Guad11-023). a. Basidiospores; b. basidia; c. macrocystidia; d. pileipellis terminal elements; e. section through the pileipellis. -Scale bars = 10 µm.

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Species of the ectomycorrhizal genus Lactifluus , and often entire sections, are typically unique to a single continent. Given these biogeographic patterns, an interesting region to study their diversity is Central America and the Caribbean, since the region is closely connected to and often considered a part of the North American continent, but bi...

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... to 0.3 µm) and a gelatinised pileipellis (Miller et al. 2000). Lactifluus coccolobae is closely related to the Lesser Antillean L. putidus (Fig. 1), but can easily be distinguished from it by the absence of a strongly wrinkled pileus, the absence of capitate elements in the pileipellis and the presence of gelatinised hyphae in the pileipellis. Fig. 2c, 4 Diagnosis: Differs from L. nebulosus and L. marmoratus by the irregular pileus surface, the pruinose lamellae and the presence of many 2-spored ...

Citations

... Lactariopsis as monophyletic. The subgenus is currently formed by five delimited clades/sections: Albati, Edules (Verbeken) Verbeken, Lactariopsis, Neotropici J. Duque, L. Delgat, A. Verbeken, M.A. Neves & Anibal A. Carvalho Jr., and Russulopsidei, (Verbeken) Verbeken, in addition to another seven nondelimited clades and two additional isolated branches/species (De Crop et al. 2017; Barbosa et al. 2020;Delgat et al. 2020). ...
Article
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Lactifluus subg. Lactariopsis is a well-supported group of milkcaps occurring predominantly in tropical and subtropical ecosystems. This subgenus contains agaricoid and pleurotoid representatives and is the only group with members containing a secondary velum. The results of taxonomic and phylogenetic research into Lactifluus subg. Lactariopsis collected in Brazilian tropical forests (Amazon, Atlantic Rainforests, and Caatinga biomes) of the North and Northeast is presented here. Two new species are described: Lf. aurantioceraceus in sect. Neotropici, and Lf. reniformis in sect. Multicipites, newly delimited here. In addition, Lf. neotropicus has had its distribution expanded to the Caatinga biome, Lf. dunensis was confirmed in Lf. sect. Neotropici with new records from French Guiana, and Lf. annulifer was re-collected from the type locality. A combined dataset of nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer region and nuclear large subunit amplified sequences was analyzed and, based on its phylogenetic hypothesis, the two novel taxa and the new section were confirmed.
... ML analysis was executed by applying the rapid bootstrap algorithm with 10000 replicates to obtain nodal support values. Maximum Likelihood bootstrap percentages (MLB) of 70 % and above are considered significant support for clades , Delgat et al. 2020, Ghosh et al. 2022. ...
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Macrofungal explorations of different temperate forests in the West Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh, India, were undertaken. Thorough examination of these collections revealed a new member of Lactarius sect. Uvidi. We present Lactarius indoviolaceus sp. nov. with illustrated macro-and micro-description, phylogenetic analysis, and comparison with similar morphological, and genetically related species.
... The importance of ECM fungi in the Neotropics is exemplified by the recent discoveries of high-diversity sites with many undescribed species (e.g. Henkel et al., 2012;Roy et al., 2016;Vasco-Palacios et al., 2018;Delgat et al., 2020;. ECM fungi thus form an important component of many neotropical ecosystems. ...
... However, a tropical African origin has long been posited for Russulaceae based on endemism and morphological distinctiveness (Pirozynski, 1983;Buyck et al., 1996). In the wider Neotropics, Russulaceae occur in all highland and lowland regions where ECM vegetation is found, and modern work has revealed a plethora of new species (Buyck & Ovrebo, 2002;Miller et al., 2002Miller et al., , 2012Wartchow & Cavalcanti, 2010;Cheype & Campo, 2012;S a & Wartchow, , 2016Wartchow et al., 2013;Montoya et al., 2014;Trierveiler-Pereira et al., 2014;Crous et al., 2017;Delgat et al., 2020;Duque Barbosa et al., 2020;Silva-Filho et al., 2020;Manz et al., 2021;Vera et al., 2021). Several lowland neotropical Russulaceae have affinities with tropical African species (Buyck, 1990;Buyck & Ovrebo, 2002;De Crop et al., 2017). ...
... We compared the biogeographic histories of Russulaceae among parts of the Neotropics and adjacent regions that feature different ECM host plant assemblages (Tedersoo, 2017;Nouhra et al., 2019;Delgat et al., 2020) (Fig. 1a): (1) Central America/ Caribbean, with both tropical-origin ECM host plant lineages such as Coccoloba or Nyctaginaceae tribe Pisonieae and temperate-origin Fagaceae, Juglandaceae, and Pinaceae. (2) The Andes, with the temperate-derived Alnus acuminata, widespread in the central part of the range, and Quercus humboldtii, restricted to northern Colombia, and some lowland Nyctaginaceae that reach the montane Yungas (Geml et al., 2014). ...
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The biogeography of neotropical fungi remains poorly understood. Here, we reconstruct the origins and diversification of neotropical lineages in one of the largest clades of ectomycorrhizal fungi in the globally widespread family Russulaceae. We inferred a supertree of 3285 operational taxonomic units, representing worldwide internal transcribed spacer sequences. We reconstructed biogeographic history and diversification and identified lineages in the Neotropics and adjacent Patagonia. The ectomycorrhizal Russulaceae have a tropical African origin. The oldest lineages in tropical South America, most with African sister groups, date to the mid‐Eocene, possibly coinciding with a boreotropical migration corridor. There were several transatlantic dispersal events from Africa more recently. Andean and Central American lineages mostly have north‐temperate origins and are associated with North Andean uplift and the general north–south biotic interchange across the Panama isthmus, respectively. Patagonian lineages have Australasian affinities. Diversification rates in tropical South America and other tropical areas are lower than in temperate areas. Neotropical Russulaceae have multiple biogeographic origins since the mid‐Eocene involving dispersal and co‐migration. Discontinuous distributions of host plants may explain low diversification rates of tropical lowland ectomycorrhizal fungi. Deeply diverging neotropical fungal lineages need to be better documented.
... Traditionally comprised in the genus Lactarius, the group has undergone a deep taxonomic revision during the last decade or so. Studies based on multigene phylogenies have shown that Lactarius is not monophyletic, revealing the existence of two clades: the subgenera Piperites, Russularia, and Plinthogalus constituting the larger genus Lactarius sensu novo, and the subgenera Lactariopsis, Lactarius, Lactifluus, Russulopsis, Gerardii, and the former Lactarius sections Edules and Panuoidei making the newly erected genus Lactifluus [1][2][3][4][5]. ...
... In Europe, about 110 Lactarius species are recognized, and nine Lactifluus taxa [22][23][24]. While Lactarius occurs mostly in temperate regions, Lactifluus seems to have its center of diversification in tropical Africa, from where the largest number of species have been described, followed by tropical Asia and the Neotropical region [5,25]. ...
... Another important center of diversification of the genus is Southeast Asia, China, and India, a vast area from which at least 58 species are known [47]. The new frontline of research on Lactifluus diversity, however, seems to be the Neotropics, where the exploration of new habitats like the Brazilian Atlantic Forest on one side, and the fresh assessment of material from areas such as the Caribbean and Central America with molecular tools on the other, is revealing a somewhat surprisingly elevated number of new species, sometimes belonging to new sections [5,59,60]. Moreover, phylogenetic studies suggest that the real number of Lactifluus species could well surpass 500, indicating that most species still await discovery and description [52]. ...
Article
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Mycological conservation has finally come of age. The increasingly recognized crucial role played by fungi in ecosystem functioning has spurred a wave of attention toward the status of fungal populations across the world. Milkcaps (Lactarius and Lactifluus) are a large and widespread group of ectomycorrhizal basidiomycetes; besides their ecological relevance, many species of milkcaps are of socio-economic significance because of their edibility. We analysed the presence of milkcaps in fungal Red Lists worldwide, ending up with an impressive list of 265 species assessed in various threat categories. Lactarius species are disproportionally red-listed with respect to Lactifluus (241 versus 24 species). Two species of Lactarius (L. maruiaensis and L.ogasawarashimensis) are currently considered extinct, and four more are regionally extinct; furthermore, 37 species are critically endangered at least in part of their distribution range. Several problems with the red-listing of milkcaps have been identified in this study, which overall originate from a poor understanding of the assessed species. Wrong or outdated nomenclature has been applied in many instances, and European names have been largely used to indicate taxa occurring in North America and Asia, sometimes without any supporting evidence. Moreover, several rarely recorded and poorly known species, for which virtually no data exist, have been included in Red Lists in some instances. We stress the importance of a detailed study of the species of milkcaps earmarked for insertion in Red Lists, either at national or international level, in order to avoid diminishing the value of this important conservation tool.
... Greatest diversity was shown in sect. Delgat et al. 2020). While each species in sect. ...
... The recently described Lactifluus sect. Nebulosi (Delgat et al. 2020) contains only Neotropical collections and is characterised by dull, brown-grey sporocarp colours and spores with isolated, rounded warts up to 1 µm high. This contrasts with the more brightly coloured Tomentosi that have verrucose spores with slight reticulation. ...
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The Lactifluus clarkeae complex is a commonly observed, generally brightly coloured, group of mushrooms that are usually associated with Nothofagus or Myrtaceous hosts in Australia and New Zealand. For this study collections labelled as ‘Lactarius clarkeae’, ‘Russula flocktoniae’ and ‘Lactarius subclarkeae’ were examined morphologically and molecularly. Analyses of molecular data showed a high cryptic diversity, with sequences scattered across 11 clades in three subgenera within Lactifluus, and a single collection in Russula. We select epitypes to anchor the currently accepted concepts of Lf. clarkeae s.str. and Lf. flocktoniae s.str. The name Lf. subclarkeae could not be applied to any of the collections examined, as none had a lamprotrichoderm pileipellis. Lactifluus clarkeae var. aurantioruber is raised to species level, and six new species are described, three in subg. Lactifluus: Lf. jetiae, Lf. pagodicystidiatus, and Lf. rugulostipitatus, and three in subg. Gymnocarpi: Lf. albens, Lf. psammophilus, and Lf. pseudoflocktoniae. A new collection of Lf. russulisporus provides a significant range extension for the species. Untangling this complex will enable better identification of species and increase understanding of diversity and specific habitat associations of macrofungi.
... In Gymnocarpi is distributed worldwide with high diversification in the African continent (Verbeken 1998;Verbeken and Walleyn 2010) and comprises six described sections Dierickx et al. 2019;Delgat et al. 2020 an important center of biodiversity (Myers et al. 2000). ...
... The agaricoid milkcaps of Lactifluus subg. Gymnocarpi are more diverse in Central America and the Caribbean, with nine species described by Pegler and Fiard (1979), Montoya et al. (1996), and Delgat et al. (2020) as compared to the two species that occur in South America. Despite the limited knowledge of Lactifluus in South America, this hypothesis can be corroborated considering the high diversification within the subgenera Lactariopsis and Pseudogymnocarpi (Sá et al. 2019;Barbosa et al. 2020;Silva-Filho et al. 2020). ...
Article
Lactifluus is an ectomycorrhizal genus that occurs predominantly in the tropical and subtropical regions. In Brazil, knowledge of species diversity in Lactifluus is restricted to the Amazon, Atlantic Forest, and Caatinga biomes, where several species have been described in subgenera Lactariopsis and Pseudogymnocarpi. Until now, subg. Gymnocarpi was represented in Brazil only by Lf. panuoides. Based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses, three novel species of Lf. subg. Gymnocarpi are described from Brazilian tropical forests: Lf. guttulatus, Lf. piperogalactus, and Lf. spathuliformis. Lactifluus lepus, originally described in the Caribbean, has been found in a dense ombrophilous forest of Amazon and is also described, illustrated, and discussed. A combined dataset of nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2) was analyzed. Based on phylogenetic and morphological data, the agaricoid sect. Piperogalacti is erected and the pleurotoid sect. Panuoidei is emended.
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Albúm de cogumelos para Micoturismo - Volume 1 - Amazônia - Anavilhanas Jungle Lodge, Novo Airão - AM Download in: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1sR1b3YNPr85ZWqsncjhGegwing6_6oOc/view
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Fungi are a large and hyper-diverse group with major taxa present in every ecosystem on earth. However, compared to other eukaryotic organisms, their diversity is largely understudied. Since the rise of molecular techniques, new lineages are being discovered at an increasing rate, but many are not accurately characterised. Access to comprehensive and reliable taxonomic information of organisms is fundamental for research in different disciplines exploring a variety of questions. A globally dominant ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal family in terrestrial ecosystems is the Russulaceae (Russulales, Basidiomycota) family. Amongst the mainly agaricoid Russulaceae genera, the ectomycorrhizal genus Lactifluus was historically least studied due to its largely tropical distribution in many underexplored areas and the apparent occurrence of several species complexes. Due to increased studies in the tropics, with a focus on this genus, knowledge on Lactifluus grew. We demonstrate here that Lactifluus is now one of the best-known ECM genera. This paper aims to provide a thorough overview of the current knowledge of Lactifluus, with information on diversity, distribution, ecology, phylogeny, taxonomy, morphology, and ethnomycological uses of species in this genus. This is a result of our larger study, aimed at building a comprehensive and complete dataset or taxonomic framework for Lactifluus, based on molecular, morphological, biogeographical, and taxonomical data as a tool and reference for other researchers. Citation: De Crop E, Delgat L, Nuytinck J, Halling RE, Verbeken A (2021). A short story of nearly everything in Lactifluus (Russulaceae). Fungal Systematics and Evolution 7: 133–164. doi: 10.3114/fuse.2021.07.07