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LCC fermentation of S. epidermidis. (A) S. epidermidis ATCC 12228 (10 7 CFU/ml; B) was incubated for 12 h in rich media in the presence or absence of 2% LCC, ININ, PDS or PETIS. The prevalence of fermentation was indicated by colour change of phenol red from red to yellow and quantified by OD 562 . (B) S. epidermidis ATCC 12228 (10 7 CFU/ml) in the presence of 2% LCC in rich media was cultured for 24 h. The levels (mM) of six SCFAs (acetate, butyrate, hexanoate, isobutyrate, isovalerate and propionate) in fermentation media were quantified. Data are the mean ± SD from three separate experiments. ***P < 0.001 (two-tailed t-test).
Source publication
Repurposing existing compounds for new indications may facilitate the discovery of skin prebiotics which have not been well defined. Four compounds that have been registered by the International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients (INCI) were included to study their abilities to induce the fermentation of Staphylococcusepidermidis (S. epidermidis)...
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... recurrent exposure of UV-B significantly fostered the formation of 4-HNE and CPD on mouse skin topically applied with LCC or S. epidermidis alone. In addition, UV-B-induced epidermal hyperplasia, as characterized by an increase in epidermal thickness ( Figure S1) and lesions (Fig. 3C), can be detected on mouse skin topically applied with LCC or S. epidermidis alone. However, the UV-B-induced the formation of 4-HNE, CPD, epidermal hyperplasia and lesions were considerably attenuated when mouse skin was topically applied with S. epidermidis plus LCC (Fig. 3, Figure S1). ...
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... addition, UV-B-induced epidermal hyperplasia, as characterized by an increase in epidermal thickness ( Figure S1) and lesions (Fig. 3C), can be detected on mouse skin topically applied with LCC or S. epidermidis alone. However, the UV-B-induced the formation of 4-HNE, CPD, epidermal hyperplasia and lesions were considerably attenuated when mouse skin was topically applied with S. epidermidis plus LCC (Fig. 3, Figure S1). Topical application of PBS or LCC alone without S. epidermidis on mouse skin before UV-B irradiation exhibited the same levels of 4-HNE and CPD as well as skin lesions ( Figure S2), indicating that LCC itself was insufficient to impede the UV-B-induced skin injuries. ...
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... 42 . Although many medium-chain fatty acids exhibited potent bactericidal activities 43 , our result in Figure S3 demonstrated that LCC did not change the growth of S. epidermidis. Compared to other INCI-registered compounds (ININ, PDS and PETIS), LCC displayed higher activity in promoting fermentation and electricity production of S. epidermidis (Fig. 1). Biofilms are electroactive and can promote the electricity production of bacteria 44 . By using S. epidermidis ATCC 12228, a non-biofilm forming strain, we demonstrated that skin bacteria can produce electricity without biofilm formation on electrodes. Data in our recent publication has revealed that addition of glycerol into the S. ...
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... in Fig. 1 demonstrated that the electricity measured by changes in voltage and currents was considerably produced when the anode was pipetted with S. epidermidis ATCC 12228 plus 2% LCC. However, the electricity produced by bacteria plus LCC was largely reduced in the S. epidermidis S2 isolate which expressed www.nature.com/scientificreports/ ...
Citations
... The S. epidermidis ATCC 12228 is a biofilm-negative strain [52] and carries a truncated copy of the J1 region of SCCmec type I [53]. Mounting research documents the probiotic activity of S. epidermidis ATCC 12228 to produce SCFAs in the presence of various carbon sources [54,55]. Figure 4 illustrated that the values of similarities of the first 20-bp domain at positions 1-400 of 16S rRNA genes varied between three human scalp-isolated S. epidermidis (S1-S3) and five acne lesion-isolated S. epidermidis (Ac1-Ac5). ...
Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) live in different human locations and natural environments. For ribotyping S. epidermidis sub-species, 2507 PCR-amplified reads of 16S rRNA genes of S. epidermidis in a public dataset were used for probabilistic sequence analysis. A sequence probability logo (sequence pLogo) as a reference sequence of 16S rRNA genes of S. epidermidis was constructed. Through implementation of Levenshtein Distance algorithm, two 20-base pairs (bp) motifs, commonly present in 2507 PCR-amplified reads, were identified. The top 38 S. epidermidis isolates, which carried 16S rRNA nucleotide domains that were made of different sequences but have high similarity scores to two 20-bp motifs, were found from 11 human, 8 animal, 9 plant and 10 environmental samples, indicating that these two 20-bp motifs were broadly present in diverse S. epidermidis isolates. Thirty-one PCR-amplified reads of 16S rRNA genes, which were currently not in the dataset, were utilized to verify the feasibility of using two 20-bp motifs for ribotyping S. epidermidis sub-species. S. epidermidis S1, S3, but not S2, isolates on the human scalp carried a 20-bp sequence domain with high similarities to a 20-bp motif in the sequence pLogo. The phylogenetic tree showed that S. epidermidis S1, S2 and S3 were not from a single common ancestor. Two newly identified 20-bp motifs here, thus, provided reference nucleotide residues for ribotyping S. epidermidis.
... Staphylococcus epidermidis merupakan salah satu bakteri gram positif yang dapat ditemukan secara luas di kulit [16]. Kemampuan bakteri ini dalam menghasilkan elektron dan mendonorkannya ke penerima donor elektron yang berada di luar sel telah dilaporkan [17][18][19] c. Uji ferric iron reductase S. epidermidis ATCC 12228 1x10 7 CFU/ml dipipetkan di atas permukaan media agar yang tersusun atas rich medium, (10 ml) [10 g/l yeast extract (Biokar Diagnostics, Beauvais, France), 5 g/l TSB, 2.5 g/l K2HPO4, and 1.5 g/l KH2PO4] yang ditambah dengan gliserol (20g/l) dan 0,1 mg/ml ferric ammonium citrate. ...
The ability of electrogenic bacteria to generate electricity has been widely reported. In some cases of bacteria, the electricity production comes from the bacterial fermentation process of SFI compounds by these bacteria. Later, the resulted electrons are transferred out from inside to extracellular recipient molecules. Among of these studies has shown the ability of gram-positive bacteria S. epidermidis ATCC 12228 in terms of SFI compounds utilization to increase bacterial electron production and its application in the medical field. Based on these studies, the discovery of new SFI compounds becomes interesting to be explored. In this study, a new SFI compound was screened from 24 different compounds. The screen was initiated by testing the ability of these compounds to increase the fermentation activity of S. epidermidis ATCC 12228 in a 96-well plate. Determination of SFI compound was carried out by checking the exclusivity of the compound to increase the fermentation activity of S. epidermidis ATCC 12228. The selected SFI compound was then tested for cytotoxicity against this bacterium and its ability to increase the electron production of S. epidermidis ATCC 12228 using a microbial fuel cell (MCF). This study was successfully demonstrated the non-toxic properties of p-coumaric acid, also the ability of this compound to increase the fermentation activity and electron production of S. epidermidis ATCC 12228. This research is expected to be the first step to find another novel SFI compounds that will be useful in certain fields in the future.
... Significantly reduced UV-B-induced injuries based on the parameters such as formation of 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD), and skin lesions Balasubramaniam et al. (2020b) 19 ...
Sunlight is pivotal for our survival, and daily UV exposure has impacted the evolutionary course of all forms of life, from microorganisms to humans. Deciphering the role of UVR in regulating the microbial dynamics of environmental and host-associated microbes is crucial. UVR may be responsible for affecting skin pathology by influencing the skin microbiome, both qualitatively and quantitatively, as evident in low-dose narrow-band UVB phototherapy. Some findings have suggested that the skin microbiome has immunomodulatory roles when exposed to UVR; however, its involvement in UV screening or protection has yet to be fully explored. Furthermore, numerous skin disorders are associated not only with an altered skin microbiome but also with an altered gut microbiome. Hence, the skin-gut axis needs to be in physiological homeostasis and immunological harmony. The purpose of this review is to examine the impact of natural UVR on human immunomodulatory mechanisms and the associated cutaneous microbiome, with an emphasis on interactions among UVR, skin homeostasis, vitamin D, and the related skin-gut axis. With the ‘nature as an inspiration’ approach, ongoing research is trying to decipher photoprotective secrets in several microbial-based natural compounds to be used as sunscreens or other topical formulations. In addition, various probiotics have also been shown to have significant antioxidant, antiwrinkle, and antiaging effects that ameliorate UV-induced cellular and molecular damage, as highlighted in the review. These cosmetics, nutricosmetics, and probiotaceuticals will undoubtedly be next-generation solutions against photoaging and maintaining skin health.
... The term "prebiotics" was introduced to the scientific community in a 1995 publication that defined the bioactive substances as "nondigestible food ingredients that beneficially affect the host by selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of one or a limited number of bacterial species already resident in the colon." [86] Since this publication, prebiotics' proposed benefits have expanded beyond colonic health to include the treatment and prevention of select gastrointestinal, skin, genitourinary and skeletal diseases in both humans and animals [81,83,[87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94][95]. For this reason, the definition of prebiotics was updated in 2017 to encompass substrates that are "utilized by host microorganisms conferring a health benefit." ...
Disruptions in the intestinal epithelial barrier can result in devastating consequences and a multitude of disease syndromes, particularly among preterm neonates. The association between barrier dysfunction and intestinal dysbiosis suggests that the intestinal barrier function is interactive with specific gut commensals and pathogenic microbes. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate that probiotic supplementation promotes significant upregulation and relocalization of interepithelial tight junction proteins, which form the microscopic scaffolds of the intestinal barrier. Probiotics facilitate some of these effects through the ligand-mediated stimulation of several toll-like receptors that are expressed by the intestinal epithelium. In particular, bacterial-mediated stimulation of toll-like receptor-2 modulates the expression and localization of specific protein constituents of intestinal tight junctions. Given that ingested prebiotics are robust modulators of the intestinal microbiota, prebiotic supplementation has been similarly investigated as a potential, indirect mechanism of barrier preservation. Emerging evidence suggests that prebiotics may additionally exert a direct effect on intestinal barrier function through mechanisms independent of the gut microbiota. In this review, we summarize current views on the effects of pro- and prebiotics on the intestinal epithelial barrier as well as on non-epithelial cell barrier constituents, such as the enteric glial cell network. Through continued investigation of these bioactive compounds, we can maximize their therapeutic potential for preventing and treating gastrointestinal diseases associated with impaired intestinal barrier function and dysbiosis.
... As shown in Fig. S2, S. epidermidis can utilize PEG-8 Laurate to undergo fermentation which may generate SCFAs as redox mediators for electricity production. We, here, identify S. epidermidis ATCC 12,228 as a non-biofilm producing skin commensal bacteria which may generate electricity through PEG-8 Laurate as an electron donor 31,52 . The electricity produced by S. epidermidis plus PEG-8 Laurate can be enhanced by addition of FMN (Fig. S4), supporting flavin-based EET in Gram-positive bacteria 53 . ...
Staphylococcus epidermidis ( S. epidermidis ) ATCC 12228 was incubated with 2% polyethylene glycol (PEG)-8 Laurate to yield electricity which was measured by a voltage difference between electrodes. Production of electron was validated by a Ferrozine assay. The anti- Cutibacterium acnes ( C. acnes ) activity of electrogenic S. epidermidis was assessed in vitro and in vivo. The voltage change (~ 4.4 mV) reached a peak 60 min after pipetting S. epidermidis plus 2% PEG-8 Laurate onto anodes. The electricity produced by S. epidermidis caused significant growth attenuation and cell lysis of C. acnes . Intradermal injection of C. acnes and S. epidermidis plus PEG-8 Laurate into the mouse ear considerably suppressed the growth of C. acnes. This suppressive effect was noticeably reversed when cyclophilin A of S. epidermidis was inhibited, indicating the essential role of cyclophilin A in electricity production of S. epidermidis against C . acnes. In summary, we demonstrate for the first time that skin S. epidermidis , in the presence of PEG-8 Laurate, can mediate cyclophilin A to elicit an electrical current that has anti- C. acnes effects. Electricity generated by S. epidermidis may confer immediate innate immunity in acne lesions to rein in the overgrowth of C. acnes at the onset of acne vulgaris.
... This low-energy electron irradiation has been used to inactivate Escherichia coli and viruses due to damage to their nucleic acids 27,28 and cell membranes 27,29 . By using S. epidermidis ATCC 12228, a non-bio lm forming strain, we found that S. epidermidis can utilize a PDG ester of lauric acid containing 50 carbon atoms to yield electricity, demonstrating non-bio lm-mediated electricity production from human bacteria 30,31 . Both S. epidermidis and C. acnes can be isolated from a single skin lesion in patients with acne vulgaris 32 . ...
... As shown in Fig. S2, S. epidermidis can utilize PEG-8 Laurate to undergo fermentation which may generate SCFAs as redox mediators for electricity production. We, here, identify S. epidermidis ATCC 12228 as a non-bio lm producing skin commensal bacteria which may generate electricity through PEG-8 Laurate as an electron donor 31,52 . The electricity produced by S. epidermidis plus PEG-8 Laurate can be enhanced by addition of FMN (Fig. S4), supporting avin-based EET in Gram-positive bacteria 53 . ...
Staphylococcus epidermidis ( S. epidermidis ) ATCC 12228 was incubated with 2% polyethylene glycol (PEG)-8 Laurate to yield electricity which was measured by a voltage difference between electrodes. Production of electron was validated by a Ferrozine assay. The anti- Cutibacterium acnes ( C. acnes ) activity of electrogenic S. epidermidis was assessed in vitro and in vivo . The voltage change (~ 4.4 mV) reached a peak 60 minutes after pipetting S. epidermidis plus 2% PEG-8 Laurate onto anodes. The electricity produced by S. epidermidis caused significant growth attenuation and cell lysis of C. acnes . Intradermal injection of C. acnes and S. epidermidis plus PEG-8 Laurate into the mouse ear considerably suppressed the growth of C. acnes. This suppressive effect was noticeably reversed when cyclophilin A of S. epidermidis was inhibited, indicating the essential role of cyclophilin A in electricity production of S. epidermidis against C. acnes. In summary, we demonstrate for the first time that skin S. epidermidis , in the presence of PEG-8 Laurate, can mediate cyclophilin A to elicit an electrical current that has anti- C. acnes effects. Electricity generated by S. epidermidis may confer immediate innate immunity in acne lesions to rein in the overgrowth of C. acnes at the onset of acne vulgaris.
The genomic revolution has fueled rapid progress in synthetic and systems biology, opening up new possibilities for using live biotherapeutic products (LBP) to treat, attenuate or prevent human diseases. Among LBP, bacteria-based therapies are particularly promising due to their ability to colonize diverse human tissues, modulate the immune system and secrete or deliver complex biological products. These bacterial LBP include engineered pathogenic species designed to target specific diseases, and microbiota species that promote microbial balance and immune system homeostasis, either through local administration or the gut-body axes. This review focuses on recent advancements in preclinical and clinical trials of bacteria-based LBP, highlighting both on-site and long-reaching strategies.
Objective
Oligosaccharides have been shown to enhance the production of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) by gut probiotics and regulate gut microbiota, to improve intestinal health. Recent research indicates that oligosaccharides may also positively impact skin microbiota by selectively promoting the growth of skin commensal bacteria and inhibiting pathogenic bacteria. However, the specific metabolic and regulatory mechanisms of skin commensal bacteria in response to oligosaccharides remain unclear. This study aims to explore the influence of four oligosaccharides on the growth and metabolism of Staphylococcus epidermidis and further identify skin prebiotics that can enhance its probiotic effects on the skin.
Methods
Fructooligosaccharides (FOS), isomaltooligosaccharide (IMO), galactooligosaccharides (GOS) and inulin were compared in terms of their impact on cell proliferation, SCFAs production of S . epidermidis CCSM0287 and the biofilm inhibition effect of their fermentation supernatants on Staphylococcus aureus CCSM0424. Furthermore, the effect of FOS on S . epidermidis CCSM0287 was analysed by the transcriptome analysis.
Results
All four oligosaccharides effectively promoted the growth of S . epidermidis CCSM0287 cells, increased the production of SCFAs, with FOS demonstrating the most significant effect. Analysis of the SCFAs indicated that S . epidermidis CCSM0287 predominantly employs oligosaccharides to produce acetic acid and isovaleric acid, differing from the SCFAs produced by gut microbiota. Among the four oligosaccharides, the addition of 2% FOS fermentation supernatant significantly inhibited S . aureus CCSM0424 biofilm formation. Furthermore, RNA sequencing revealed 162 differentially expressed genes (84 upregulated and 78 downregulated) of S . epidermidis CCSM0287 upon FOS treatment compared with glucose treatment. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis highlighted differences in the amino acid synthesis pathway, particularly in terms of arginine biosynthesis.
Conclusion
FOS promotes cell proliferation, increases the SCFA production of S . epidermidis CCSM0287 and enhance the inhibition of S . aureus biofilm formation, suggesting that FOS serves as a potential prebiotic for strain S . epidermidis CCSM0287.
The skin microbiome undergoes constant exposure to solar radiation (SR), with its effects on health well‐documented. However, understanding SR's influence on host‐associated skin commensals remains nascent. This review surveys existing knowledge on SR's impact on the skin microbiome and proposes innovative sun protection methods that safeguard both skin integrity and microbiome balance. A team of skin photodamage specialists conducted a comprehensive review of 122 articles sourced from PubMed and Research Gateway. Key terms included skin microbiome, photoprotection, photodamage, skin cancer, ultraviolet radiation, solar radiation, skin commensals, skin protection, and pre/probiotics. Experts offered insights into novel sun protection products designed not only to shield the skin but also to mitigate SR's effects on the skin microbiome. Existing literature on SR's influence on the skin microbiome is limited. SR exposure can alter microbiome composition, potentially leading to dysbiosis, compromised skin barrier function, and immune system activation. Current sun protection methods generally overlook microbiome considerations. Tailored sun protection products that prioritize both skin and microbiome health may offer enhanced defense against SR‐induced skin conditions. By safeguarding both skin and microbiota, these specialized products could mitigate dysbiosis risks associated with SR exposure, bolstering skin defense mechanisms and reducing the likelihood of SR‐mediated skin issues.
Skin, the body’s largest organ, harbors a unique microbial community crucial for maintaining skin health. The cutaneous immune system and skin microbiome keep the pathogens at bay, and any anomaly generated in this tightly linked network culminates in skin abnormalities. Dysbiotic microbiome conditions are often observed in skin disorders suggesting their prominent role in protecting skin health. This chapter will discuss the components of the normal skin microbiome and its interactions with the immune system and the modern environment. In addition, the implications of cosmetics on skin microbiome, the association of microbiota with skin disorders, and therapeutic interventions have been discussed in detail.
