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In the recent years, printers, especially inkjet printers, have become very commonly used in households, causing significant environment impact. In this paper, a life cycle assessment for an inkjet printer - model HP DeskJet D1360 manufactured in Taiwan, used and disposed in Poland was performed. The system boundaries of this study includes also co...
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... with Table 6, the network developed in order to assess the life cycle of the printer indicates the use of paper as the main factor (over 55%) contributing to the environmental impact (Fig. 6). The bar on the right side of every node indicates the contribution of the process or material to life cycle of the printer, whereas this is further expressed by the percentage on the bottom left corner. ...
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Citations
... Life cycle assessment has been widely applied in the enterprise sector, including: AT&T [17], IBM [18,19], SI [20], HP [21,22]等 and other internationally famous leading enterprises have conducted a large number of researches on life cycle assessment theory combined with practice by using actual production data of products. HUBER et al. in Germany analyzed and evaluated the environmental emissions and resource use of silicon solar cells during their life cycle [23],KATO et al. [24] and ITO et al. [25,26] from the Comprehensive Research Institute of Industrial Technology in Japan conducted a case study on large-scale photovoltaic power stations in practical applications,ALSEMA in the Netherlands has carried out a life cycle assessment of photovoltaic products [27], A.Stoppato [28] and FTHENANIS [29] evaluated the life cycle of solar cells. ...
... Through calculation and analytic hierarchy process (AHP), the environmental impacts and theirs weight of the production of high-purity polysilicon life cycle are as follows: Resource Consumption: 3.12t silica / 0.29; Energy Consumption: 21 Ozone Depletion Impact: 0.0013 t(non-carcinogenic toxic substance) / 0.014. By using quantitative model, the comprehensive environmental impact of 1 kg of high-purity polysilicon life cycle is calculated to be 9.52, in which the comprehensive impact of industrial silicon production is 4.53, and that of high-purity polysilicon production is 4.99. ...
High purity polysilicon is the core raw material of solar cell, which is considered as environmental protection product. Due to the high energy consumption and environmental pollution in the course of its life cycle, the life cycle assessment (LCA) method is used to quantitatively calculate its environmental impact and summarize its emission reduction. Firstly, the LCA models of 1t industrial silicon and 1t high-purity polysilicon produced by modified Siemens process are established, and then the life cycle data of resource input, energy consumption, emission and comprehensive impact on the environment obtained from actual industrial production are analyzed. The main environmental impacts in its life cycle are divided into 1 ~ 10 impact categories to find the key factors that determine the environmental load. Results The LCA model was established and the environmental effects of the newly designed and modified Siemens process route on high purity polysilicon were compared. The environmental impacts of industrial silicon production and modified Siemens process for high-purity polysilicon production are 4.53 and 4.99, respectively. According to the quantitative results, the improvement focuses on reducing the power consumption of high-purity polysilicon in the production stage and optimizing the recycling of waste in the production process.
... Various information for the main components of a printers, as well as indicative material analyses from various sources can be found on the manufacturers' websites (Europe, 2020;Lexmark International, 2020) The average lifecycle range of a printers was estimated from 3 to 5 years (Grzesik and Terefeńko, 2012;Hewlett-Packard Development Company, 2020;Lexmark International, 2020) and for this study an average lifecycle of 4 years was considered. ...
... and the literature like the one fromGrzesik and Terefeńko, (2012) who estimated their share after dismantling and weighing them.The weight of an average printers varies depending on the type and model and based on the market research it can range from approximately 2 to 10 kg with an average of 5.80 kg.However, the average weight of the incoming printers to the SCs (23.95 kg) falls out of this range and this deviation is due to the fact that SCs often receive large professional use printers from companies, and their weight is significantly higher than an average commercial printers. For this LCA study, the average weight of the aforementioned data (14.88 kg) considered and with the share from the BoM fromGrzesik and Terefeńko (2012), the J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f indicative components and material breakdown were estimated for the LCI as shown in Appendix TableA3. ...
... and the literature like the one fromGrzesik and Terefeńko, (2012) who estimated their share after dismantling and weighing them.The weight of an average printers varies depending on the type and model and based on the market research it can range from approximately 2 to 10 kg with an average of 5.80 kg.However, the average weight of the incoming printers to the SCs (23.95 kg) falls out of this range and this deviation is due to the fact that SCs often receive large professional use printers from companies, and their weight is significantly higher than an average commercial printers. For this LCA study, the average weight of the aforementioned data (14.88 kg) considered and with the share from the BoM fromGrzesik and Terefeńko (2012), the J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f indicative components and material breakdown were estimated for the LCI as shown in Appendix TableA3. ...
... Ecological Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a technique for assessing environmental aspects and a potential environmental impact, developed for product life cycle assessment, starting with the extraction of natural resources, their processing, through product manufacture, use, reuse, recycling to final waste disposal, i.e. "from cradle to grave" or "from cradle to cradle" (Grzesik 2006). This method can be described as the assessment of aspects affecting the environment throughout the product life cycle, i.e. from the acquisition of raw materials through production, use, end-of-life processing of various equipment components and final disposal (Grzesik and Terefeńko 2012). It is noteworthy that the LCA analysis is an iterative method, which means that the scope of research may be modified depending on the collected data and analysis of results (Generowicz et al. 2009). ...
... It is noteworthy that the LCA analysis is an iterative method, which means that the scope of research may be modified depending on the collected data and analysis of results (Generowicz et al. 2009). However, the most important aspect of the method is the fact that while having the ability to modify tests, the method takes into account the impact throughout the entire life cycle of the product (Grzesik and Terefeńko 2012, EN ISO 14040: 2006, LCA 2006. The first stage of the life cycle assessment, i.e. determining the purpose and scope, is a key stage of the analysis. ...
... The highest environmental impact of the device itself (not taking into account its operation) was characterized by the A iron (1.85 Pt), then the C iron (1.72 Pt) and the lowest by B the iron (1.45 Pt). The results obtained for individual damages coincide with those obtained by Grzesik and Terefeńko (2012). ...
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a method that allows a comprehensive assessment of the environmental impact of the process of extracting raw materials, manufacturing specific products from them, using and managing waste resulting from them. The increase in the mass of small household appliances introduced to the market raises the question of the environmental effects of their manufacture and use. In addition, it is essential from a cognitive point of view to know if recycling of certain components of the e-waste device can offset the negative effects on the environment. Three different iron models were subjected to the comprehensive LCA analysis. As a result of the analysis, it was found that the negative effect on the environment in the case of an iron was determined by the phase of its use in the household. Moreover, it was revealed that the design of irons allows recycling of very few of their components, which did not compensate for environmental damage resulting from the process of production and operation of these appliances.
... However, collected samples suggest that VOC exposure may reach considerably high levels during MJF machine operation (21) as the measured TVOC concentrations were manifold when compared to typical ME printing levels. (2,3,6,(9)(10)(11) 2-pyrrolidone, the dominant compound detected in notably high concentrations, is most likely released during binder jetting phase, as it is commonly used in inks, (37) and MJF method relies on inks as a heat absorbing factor. In addition, objects manufactured via MJF are inside a powder bed after the manufacturing process and are required to be washed in a similar way as PBF manufactured objects. ...
The aim of this study was to measure the concentrations of gaseous and particulate contaminants originated from additive manufacturing operations and post-processes in an occupational setting when plastics were used as feedstock materials. Secondary aims were to evaluate the concentration levels based on proposed exposure limits and target values and to propose means to reduce exposure to contaminants released in additive manufacturing processes. Volatile organic compounds were sampled with Tenax® TA adsorption tubes and analyzed with thermo desorption gas chromatography-mass spectrometry instrument. Carbonyl compounds were sampled with DNPH-Silica cartridges and analyzed with high-performance liquid chromatography device. Particles were measured with P-Trak instrument and indoor air quality was sampled with IAQ-Calc instrument. Dust mass concentrations were measured simultaneously with DustTrak DRX instrument and IOM-samplers. Particle concentrations were at highest (2070-81 890 #/cm³ mean) during manufacturing with methods where plastics were thermally processed. Total volatile organic compounds concentrations, in contrast, were low (113-317 µg/m³ mean) during manufacturing with such methods, and vat photopolymerization method. However, total volatile organic compounds concentrations of material jetting and multi jet fusion methods were higher (1114-2496 µg/m³ mean), perhaps because of material and binder spraying, where part of the spray can become aerosolized. Chemical treatment of manufactured objects was found to be a severe volatile organic compounds source as well. Formaldehyde was detected in low concentrations (3-40 µg/m³) in all methods except for material jetting method, in addition to several other carbonyl compounds. Notable dust concentrations (1.4-9.1 mg/m³) were detected only during post-processing of powder bed fusion and multi jet fusion manufactured objects. Indoor air quality parameters were not found to be notably impacted by manufacturing operations. Only low concentrations (below 2 ppm) of CO were detected during several manufacturing processes. All studied additive manufacturing operations emitted potentially harmful contaminants into their environments, which should be considered in occupational additive manufacturing and workplace design. According to the measured contaminant levels it is possible that adverse additive manufacturing related health effects may occur amongst exposed workers.
This chapter provides the energy requirement and carbon footprint for the manufacture and use of electronic devices, from microchips and printed circuit boards to desktop computers, laptops, smartphones, wearables, printers, 3D printers, photocopiers, display screens, television sets, radios, digital cameras, musical instruments, and music players.
