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LAKE FULL This condition was specified earlier. The only difference is that there are new values of the observations for the height of the dam and the depth of the lake. A complete specification, including all the operations described above, is appended.
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This paper addresses the problem of formalizing the natural-language definitions of spatial features. While the Spatial Data Transfer Standard (SDTS) supports the structural aspects of the definition of spatial features, it falls short of providing means to convey explicitly their behavior. An approach using functional algebra is developed using th...
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... operation that has different consequences is illustrated in Figure 5: lowering the dam. As shown in Figure 6, eventually the level of the reservoir falls to the height of the dam and the system is again in equilibrium (as observed by the functions "dam not open", "dam not closed", and "lake full"). ...
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Citations
... Prior to moving forward to the comprehensive analysis of the said miniature automated dam model a brief introduction of Dams is important so that it will be beneficial in the understanding of the changes offered in proposed model. A dam is a barrier constructed across flowing water course in order to control, direct, hold or raise the flow or the level of water [2]. The construction of a dam can be made from many non-erosive materials as diverse as rocks, concrete, steel and wood [3]. ...
any scrupulous process. This paper presents the design and implementation of a control system by means of microcomputers and data transmission networks. To verify the principle operation of the Controlling design to be presented a miniature Automated Dam model is experimentally tested using a PC-based system.
... Prior to moving forward to the comprehensive analysis of the said miniature automated dam model a brief introduction of Dams is important so that it will be beneficial in the understanding of the changes offered in proposed model. A dam is a barrier constructed across flowing water course in order to control, direct, hold or raise the flow or the level of water [2]. The construction of a dam can be made from many non-erosive materials as diverse as rocks, concrete, steel and wood [3]. ...
The industry has always focused to devise engineering methodologies for establishment and modification of relatively easier Controlling and Automation methods for any scrupulous process. This paper presents the design and implementation of a control system by means of microcomputers and data transmission networks. To verify the principle operation of the Controlling design to be presented a miniature Automated Dam model is experimentally tested using a PC-based system.
... Affordance of geospatial entities refers to those properties of an entity that determine certain human activities. In the context of spatial information theory, several works have attempted to study and formalise the notion of affordance (Rugg et al. (1997), Kuhn (2007), Sen (2008Sen ( , 2007, Raubal and Kuhn (2004), Scheider and Kuhn (2010)). ...
The current web is rich in geographically referenced data. Mining, retrieving and sharing these data raises the need for rich geographical place name resources that record spatial and thematic elements of geographical places. Here, possible services offered at a place and human activities that can be practised there are considered useful concepts to discover and encode in place name resources. Recognising this dimension of place description can enhance information retrieval tasks by extending the range of possible queries and search criteria that relate to different place instances. This work proposes an automatic approach for the identification and extraction of service and activity-related concepts from multiple resources of textual descriptions of geographical place types. Frequent affordance patterns are identified and then applied to a corpus of resources to extract service and activity types associated with specific geographical place types. The evaluation experiments undertaken demonstrate the potential value of the approach.
... Finally, we compare the temporal patterns using a measure inspired by classical point-pattern analysis. Our study aims at demonstrating that a behavioristic approach can be used to discriminate types of places by observing user activities; see also the algebraic approach in [27]. For instance, the crawled check-in patterns to colleges differs significantly from those for cocktail-related places. ...
Feature types play a crucial role in understanding and analyzing geographic information. Usually, these types are defined, standardized, and controlled by domain experts and cover geographic features on the mesoscale level, e.g., populated places, forests, or lakes. While feature types also underlie most Location-Based Services (LBS), assigning a consistent typing schema for Points Of Interest (POI) across different data sets is challenging. In case of Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI), types are assigned as tags by a heterogeneous community with different backgrounds and applications in mind. Consequently, VGI research is shifting away from data completeness and positional accuracy as quality measures towards attribute accuracy. As tags can be assigned by everybody and have no formal or stable definition, we propose to study category tags via indirect observations. We extract user check-ins from massive real-world data crawled from Location-based Social Networks to understand the temporal dimension of Points Of Interest. While users may assign different category tags to places, we argue that their temporal characteristics, e.g., opening times, will show distinguishable patterns.
... This approach is feature-centric rather than service-centric, and is thus conceptually different from the approaches taken by other researchers. It considers a web service to be an implementation of an operation that forms an integral part of the behaviour of a feature type, and thus an essential component of the semantic representation of that feature type (Rugg et al. 1997, Kuhn 1994. That is, the feature type stores the conceptual semantics, and the web service is simply an implementation of those semantics, with necessary binding and invocation information attached to the web service. ...
... These various approaches have all pointed to the shortcomings of static object ontologies for semantic representation, and shown that the categorisation of geographic features into concepts is often determined by the uses to which the features are put. In this way, behavioural aspects can provide rich information to aid in interpretation and use of geographic features (Kuhn 1994, Rugg et al. 1997. ...
The use of a semantically rich registry containing a Feature Type Catalogue (FTC) to represent the semantics of geographic feature types including operations, attributes and relationships between feature types is required to realise the benefits of Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDIs). Specifically, such information provides a more complete representation of the semantics of the concepts used in the SDI, and enables advanced navigation, discovery and utilisation of discovered resources. The presented approach creates an FTC implementation in which attributes, associations and operations for a given feature type are encapsulated within the FTC, and these conceptual representations are separated from the implementation aspects of the web services that may realise the operations in the FTC. This differs from previous approaches that combine the implementation and conceptual aspects of behaviour in a web service ontology, but separate the behavioural aspects from the static aspects of the semantics of the concept or feature type. These principles are demonstrated by the implementation of such a registry using open standards. The ebXML Registry Information Model (ebRIM) was used to incorporate the FTC described in ISO 19110 by extending the Open Geospatial Consortium ebRIM Profile for the Web Catalogue Service (CSW) and adding a number of stored queries to allow the FTC component of the standards‐compliant registry to be interrogated. The registry was populated with feature types from the marine domain, incorporating objects that conform to both the object and field views of the world. The implemented registry demonstrates the benefits of inheritance of feature type operations, attributes and associations, the ability to navigate around the FTC and the advantages of separating the conceptual from the implementation aspects of the FTC. Further work is required to formalise the model and include axioms to allow enhanced semantic expressiveness and the development of reasoning capabilities.
... Ordnance Survey (the mapping agency of Great Britain) has identified affordance as one of five basic ontological relations to make their geographic information more explicitly meaningful (together with taxonomic, synonym, topological, and mereological relations) (Hart, Temple et al. 2004). Feature-attribute catalogues for geographic information in fact abound with object definitions listing affordances as key characteristics (Rugg, Egenhofer et al. 1997). Recent challenges to semantic interoperability have revolved around use cases that involved affordances. ...
How we categorize certain objects depends on the processes they afford: something is a vehicle because it affords transportation,
a house because it offers shelter or a watercourse because water can flow in it. The hypothesis explored here is that image
schemas (such as LINK, CONTAINER, SUPPORT, and PATH) capture abstractions that are essential to model affordances and, by
implication, categories. To test the idea, I develop an algebraic theory formalizing image schemas and accounting for the
role of affordances in categorizing spatial entities.
... A road is a road by virtue of linking places in a way affording cars to drive from one place to another. A lake is a lake because it holds standing water and serves as a (possibly empty or frozen) water reservoir, for swimming, sailing, and even driving [24]. Modeling such processes through operations creates an algebraic structure, which captures meaning through models and associated mappings (morphisms) within and across domains [25]. ...
Why are notions like semantics and ontologies suddenly getting so much attention, within and outside geospatial information communities? The main reason lies in the componentization of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) into services, which are supposed to interoperate within and across these communities. Consequently, I look at geospatial semantics in the context of semantic interoperability. The paper clarifies the relevant notion of semantics and shows what parts of geospatial information need to receive semantic speci- fications in order to achieve interoperability. No attempt at a survey of ap- proaches to provide semantics is made, but a framework for solving interopera- bility problems is proposed in the form of semantic reference systems. Particular emphasis is put on the need and possible ways to ground geospatial semantics in physical processes and measurements.
... In a similar way, one needs to develop methods that describe the semantics of geospatial feature classes and geospatial labels [7,13]. The sources of these terms come from two different ontologies-geospatial feature ontology that captures the feature type definition [11,12] and a geospatial gazetteer such as USGS's Geographic Names Information System, NIMA's GeoNet Names Server, or the Alexandria Digital Library [9]. ...
that currently available methods for finding and using information on the web are often insufficient. In order to move the Web from a data repository to an information resource, a totally new way of organizing information is needed. The advent of the Semantic Web promises better retrieval methods by incorporating the data's semantics and exploiting the semantics during the search process. Such a development needs special attention from the geospatial perspective so that the particularities of geospatial meaning are captured appropriately. The creation the Semantic Geospatial Web needs the development multiple spatial and terminological ontologies, each with a formal semantics; the representation of those semantics such that they are available both to machines for processing and to people for understanding; and the processing of geospatial queries against these ontologies and the evaluation of the retrieval results based on the match between the semantics of the expressed information need and the available semantics of the information resources and search systems. This will lead to a new framework for geospatial information retrieval based on the semantics of spatial and terminological ontologies. By explicitly representing the role of semantics in different components of the information retrieval process (people, interfaces, search systems, and information resources), the Semantic Geospatial Web will enable users to retrieve more precisely the data they need, based on the semantics associated with these data.
... The set of possible abstractions is vast, although limited in some domains by attempts to establish authorities or thesauri of standard geographic terms (see, for example, the work of the U.S. Federal Geographic Data Committee, http://www.fgdc.gov, and Rugg et al. 1997), and discourage the use of others. It includes abstractions that connect things in one location at one time to things in other locations at other times, through conceptualizations of dynamic processes that affect geographic landscapes. ...
This paper introduces a special issue of the journal on the subject of Project Varenius, a three- year effort funded by the US National Science Foundation to advance geographic information science. Geographic information is first defined as an abstraction of primitive tuples linking geographic locations to general descriptors. Geographic concepts originate in the human mind, and are instantiated in geographic information. Geographic information technologies apply digital methods to geographic information. Finally, geographic information science is defined as the set of basic research issues arising from these technologies. Three motivations are presented for research in this area: scientific, technological, and societal. Within the project, geographic information science is structured by a three-part framework that includes cognitive, computational, and societal issues. The paper ends with an introduction to these three parts, which define the infrastructure of the project and are discussed at length by the subsequent three papers.
... On mereotopology see Smith 1993, 1997, Smith and Varzi 1999. On dyadic relations between regions see Cohn, Egenhofer and their collaborators (Randall, et al., 1992, Rugg, et al., 1997. On fiat objects see Smith 1995. ...
