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Kill assays for plant-derived products against Candida species. The concentrations 0.5 × MIC, 1 × MIC, and 2 × MIC correspond to: (A) Litsea cubeba × C. krusei: 31.25, 62.5, and 125 µg/mL; (B) Gallic acid × C.glabrata 31.25, 62.5, and 125 µg/mL; (C) Gallic acid × C. krusei: 62.5, 125, and 250 µg/mL; (D) Citrus limon × C. tropicalis: 125, 250, and 500 µg/mL; (E) Citrus limon × C. glabrata: 125, 250, and 500 µg/mL; (F) Cupressus sempervirens × C. orthopsilosis: 15.62, 31.25, and 62.5 µg/mL; (G) Cupressus sempervirens × C. glabrata: 15.62, 31.25, and 62.5 µg/mL. AMB: 4 µg/mL amphotericin B and Untreated: Candida species' growth without plant-derived products. The results are expressed as the mean colony-forming units (CFU)/mL ± standard deviation from three independent experiments.
Contexts in source publication
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... Litsea cubeba EO was tested against C. krusei, and gallic acid was assayed against C. glabrata and C. krusei. The tested agents were fungistatic at all the concentrations ( Figure 1A-C). The Citrus limon EO at 0.5 × MIC (125 µg/mL) or 1 × MIC (250 µg/mL) exerted fungicidal action against C. tropicalis ( Figure 1D) after 4 h. ...
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... tested agents were fungistatic at all the concentrations ( Figure 1A-C). The Citrus limon EO at 0.5 × MIC (125 µg/mL) or 1 × MIC (250 µg/mL) exerted fungicidal action against C. tropicalis ( Figure 1D) after 4 h. The Citrus limon EO at 2 × MIC (500 µg/mL) had a fungicidal effect on C. tropicalis ( Figure 1D) and C. glabrata ( Figure 1E) after 2 h. ...
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... Citrus limon EO at 0.5 × MIC (125 µg/mL) or 1 × MIC (250 µg/mL) exerted fungicidal action against C. tropicalis ( Figure 1D) after 4 h. The Citrus limon EO at 2 × MIC (500 µg/mL) had a fungicidal effect on C. tropicalis ( Figure 1D) and C. glabrata ( Figure 1E) after 2 h. A fungicidal effect emerged after exposure of C. orthopsilosis ( Figure 1F) to the C. sempervirens EO at 0.5 × MIC (15.6 µg/mL), 1 × MIC (31.25 µg/mL), and 2 × MIC (62.5 µg/mL) for 8, 6, and 4 h, respectively. ...
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... Citrus limon EO at 0.5 × MIC (125 µg/mL) or 1 × MIC (250 µg/mL) exerted fungicidal action against C. tropicalis ( Figure 1D) after 4 h. The Citrus limon EO at 2 × MIC (500 µg/mL) had a fungicidal effect on C. tropicalis ( Figure 1D) and C. glabrata ( Figure 1E) after 2 h. A fungicidal effect emerged after exposure of C. orthopsilosis ( Figure 1F) to the C. sempervirens EO at 0.5 × MIC (15.6 µg/mL), 1 × MIC (31.25 µg/mL), and 2 × MIC (62.5 µg/mL) for 8, 6, and 4 h, respectively. ...
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... Citrus limon EO at 2 × MIC (500 µg/mL) had a fungicidal effect on C. tropicalis ( Figure 1D) and C. glabrata ( Figure 1E) after 2 h. A fungicidal effect emerged after exposure of C. orthopsilosis ( Figure 1F) to the C. sempervirens EO at 0.5 × MIC (15.6 µg/mL), 1 × MIC (31.25 µg/mL), and 2 × MIC (62.5 µg/mL) for 8, 6, and 4 h, respectively. This same EO at 0.5 × MIC exhibited fungistatic activity against C. glabrata after 8 h. ...
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... same EO at 0.5 × MIC exhibited fungistatic activity against C. glabrata after 8 h. This EO, at 1 × MIC or 2 × MIC, displayed a fungicidal effect against C. glabrata after 12 h ( Figure 1G). Table 5 depicts the minimal biofilm-inhibiting concentration (MBIC) and the minimal biofilm-eradicating concentration (MBEC) obtained with the Litsea cubeba, Citrus limon, and Cupressus sempervirens EOs and gallic acid. ...
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... to the Cupressus sempervirens EO completely inhibited C. orthopsilosis ( Figure 1F) and C. glabrata ( Figure 1G) cells. The fungicidal action of this EO could be partly attributed to its major constituents such as sabinene, citral, and terpinen-4-ol, which have been reported to display antimicrobial effects [22][23][24]. ...
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... to the Cupressus sempervirens EO completely inhibited C. orthopsilosis ( Figure 1F) and C. glabrata ( Figure 1G) cells. The fungicidal action of this EO could be partly attributed to its major constituents such as sabinene, citral, and terpinen-4-ol, which have been reported to display antimicrobial effects [22][23][24]. ...
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... fungicidal action of this EO could be partly attributed to its major constituents such as sabinene, citral, and terpinen-4-ol, which have been reported to display antimicrobial effects [22][23][24]. Moreover, at 2 x MIC, this EO provided the same effect as 4 µg/mL AMB against C. orthopsilosis ( Figure 1F), which is the best antifungal drug concentration with fungicidal action that has been described in in vivo studies [25]. ...
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... Citrus limon EO exhibited anticandidal activity (MIC) against all the assayed strains (Table 1). At concentrations between 125 and 500 µg/mL and between 250 and 500 µg/mL, this EO displayed a fungicidal effect against C. tropicalis ATCC 13803 ( Figure 1D) and C. glabrata ATCC 2001 ( Figure 1E), respectively. The antifungal mechanism of the Citrus limon EO is associated with its main component, limonene [26], which was detected at a similar concentration to the concentration reported by Campelo et al. [27]. ...
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... Citrus limon EO exhibited anticandidal activity (MIC) against all the assayed strains (Table 1). At concentrations between 125 and 500 µg/mL and between 250 and 500 µg/mL, this EO displayed a fungicidal effect against C. tropicalis ATCC 13803 ( Figure 1D) and C. glabrata ATCC 2001 ( Figure 1E), respectively. The antifungal mechanism of the Citrus limon EO is associated with its main component, limonene [26], which was detected at a similar concentration to the concentration reported by Campelo et al. [27]. ...
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... Thus, given the antifungal drug resistance patterns making treatment of candidiasis difficult, it is essential to search for new antifungals against these opportunistic human pathogens responsible for frequent nosocomial infections. In this context, plant-derived products including EOs have demonstrated promising results in vitro and in vivo against several Candida species and thus, could be considered useful in the development of novel anticandidal drugs [34,35]. ...
In this study, 10 essential oils (EOs), from nine plants (Cinnamomum camphora, Curcuma longa, Citrus aurantium, Morinda citrifolia, Petroselinum crispum, Plectranthus amboinicus, Pittosporum senacia, Syzygium coriaceum, and Syzygium samarangense) were assessed for their antimicrobial, antiaging and antiproliferative properties. While only S. coriaceum, P. amboinicus (MIC: 0.50 mg/mL) and M. citrifolia (MIC: 2 mg/mL) EOs showed activity against Cutibacterium acnes, all EOs except S. samarangense EO demonstrated activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis (MIC: 0.125–0.50 mg/mL). The EOs were either fungistatic or fungicidal against one or both tested Candida species with minimum inhibitory/fungicidal concentrations of 0.016–32 mg/mL. The EOs also inhibited one or both key enzymes involved in skin aging, elastase and collagenase (IC50: 89.22–459.2 µg/mL; 0.17–0.18 mg/mL, respectively). Turmerone, previously identified in the C. longa EO, showed the highest binding affinity with the enzymes (binding energy: −5.11 and −6.64 kcal/mol). Only C. aurantium leaf, C. longa, P. amboinicus, P. senacia, S. coriaceum, and S. samarangense EOs were cytotoxic to the human malignant melanoma cells, UCT-MEL1 (IC50: 88.91–277.25 µg/mL). All the EOs, except M. citrifolia EO, were also cytotoxic to the human keratinocytes non-tumorigenic cells, HaCat (IC50: 33.73–250.90 µg/mL). Altogether, some interesting therapeutic properties of the EOs of pharmacological/cosmeceutical interests were observed, which warrants further investigations.
... The solution is not only the search for new antimicrobials but also the exploration of the synergistic interactions of already existing drugs with natural compounds such as plant products. Essential oils (EOs) show antibiotic, antifungal, insecticidal, and antiviral activities and are obtained from various plants through different techniques including fermentation, enfleurage, extraction, and steam distillation [1,2]. Their mechanism of action has been extensively reported in the literature showing that also minor components in EOs can play an important role in the antimicrobial, anti-inflammation, and anti-oxidant activity either alone or in combination with commercial agents, even if limited knowledge exists regarding their activity against biofilms and also host-cell cytotoxicity [3]. ...
The increased incidence of mixed infections requires that the scientific community develop novel antimicrobial molecules. Essential oils and their bioactive pure compounds have been found to exhibit a wide range of remarkable biological activities and are attracting more and more attention. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate myrtenol (MYR), one of the constituents commonly found in some essential oils, for its potential to inhibit biofilms alone and in combination with antimicrobial drugs against Candida auris/Klebsiella pneumoniae single and mixed biofilms. The antimicrobial activity of MYR was evaluated by determining bactericidal/fungicidal concentrations (MIC), and biofilm formation at sub-MICs was analyzed in a 96-well microtiter plate by crystal violet, XTT reduction assay, and CFU counts. The synergistic interaction between MYR and antimicrobial drugs was evaluated by the checkerboard method. The study found that MYR exhibited antimicrobial activity at high concentrations while showing efficient antibiofilm activity against single and dual biofilms. To understand the underlying mechanism by which MYR promotes single/mixed-species biofilm inhibition, we observed a significant downregulation in the expression of mrkA, FKS1, ERG11, and ALS5 genes, which are associated with bacterial motility, adhesion, and biofilm formation as well as increased ROS production, which can play an important role in the inhibition of biofilm formation. In addition, the checkerboard microdilution assay showed that MYR was strongly synergistic with both caspofungin (CAS) and meropenem (MEM) in inhibiting the growth of Candida auris/Klebsiella pneumoniae-mixed biofilms. Furthermore, the tested concentrations showed an absence of toxicity for both mammalian cells in the in vitro and in vivo Galleria mellonella models. Thus, MYR could be considered as a potential agent for the management of polymicrobial biofilms.
This study aimed to screen for essential oils with antibiofilm effect on Candida albicans . The antifungal effect of 15 essential oils was evaluated on C. albicans planktonic cells, and the most active essential oils were tested for anti-biofilm property. Toxicity to Vero cells was also assessed. Thymus vulgaris and Allium sativum essential oils showed higher fungistatic effects on C. albicans MYA-2876 and C. albicans ATCC 18804. Both essential oils also showed an anti-biofilm effect. Thymus vulgaris and Allium sativum essential oils showed low and moderate cytotoxicity, respectively. The results obtained in this study open promising possibilities for the elaboration of mouthwashes and topical formulations to improve the conventional treatment of oral candidiasis.
Bis(2-carboxyphenyl) succinate (disalicylic acid; DSA) is composed of two salicylic acids connected by a succinyl linker. Here, we propose its use as a new, synthetic plant-protection agent. DSA was shown to control Pectobacterium brasiliense, an emerging soft-rot pathogen of potato and ornamental crops, at minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) lower than those of salicylic acid. Our computational-docking analysis predicted that DSA would inhibit the quorum-sensing (QS) synthase of P. brasiliense ExpI more strongly than SA would. In fact, applying DSA to P. brasiliense inhibited its biofilm formation, secretion of plant cell wall-degrading enzymes, motility and production of acyl–homoserine lactones (AHL) and, subsequently, impaired its virulence. DSA also inhibited the production of AHL by a QS-negative Escherichia coli strain (DH5α) that had been transformed with P. brasiliense AHL synthase, as demonstrated by the biosensors Chromobacterium violaceaum CV026 and E. coli pSB401. Inhibition of the QS machinery appears to be one of the mechanisms by which DSA inhibits specific virulence determinants. A new route is proposed for the synthesis of DSA, which holds greater potential for use as an anti-virulence agent than its precursor SA. Based on these findings, DSA is an excellent candidate for repurposing for new applications.
Objectives:
Candida albicans is resistant to commercial antifungal agents. Therefore, it is desirable to use material derived from natural sources as an antifungal agent. Essential oil from Citrus limon peel is able to inhibit the growth of C. albicans in vitro. The purpose of this study was to determine the most effective concentration of essential oil from C. limon peel with regards to the inhibition of C. albicans cyto-morphometric changes and biofilm formation in vivo.
Methods:
Male Wistar rats weighing 200-300 g were inoculated with C. albicans for 48 h and then given a single dose of oral methylprednisolone as an immunosuppressant. Essential oil from C. limon peel, in a gel form and at three different concentrations (0.39%, 0.78% and 1.56%), was applied twice a day for 2 days. The rats were killed after 48 h and then palatal mucosa tissues were prepared and examined with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) with regards to C. albicans, cyto-morphometric changes and biofilm formation.
Results:
Essential oil from C. limon peel at a concentration of 1.56% showed the strongest ability to inhibit C. albicans growth when compared to 0.78% and 0.39%. At a concentration of 1.56%, essential oil from C. limon peel disrupted cyto-morphometric changes; cells that were neither in intact nor colonised were evident, the filaments around the cells were smooth, the layer of biofilm had disappeared and there was no evidence of hyphae formation.
Conclusion:
The effect of essential oil from C. limon peel on cyto-morphometric changes and biofilm formation was concentration-dependent. Essential oil from C. limon peel at a dose of 1.56% showed the strongest ability to inhibit cyto-morphometric changes and biofilm formation. These findings demonstrate that essential oil of C. limon peel is a potential antifungal candidate for the treatment of candidiasis.
Peppers (Capsicum sp.) are special to produce spices due to their fruit's color and active principles, which bestow aroma and flavor. This study aimed to analyze phenolic compounds found in an ethanolic extract from Capsicum chinense unripe fruit (var. bode pepper) (henceforth, EE-BP) by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) and at investigating their in vitro leishmanial, antifungal, and cytotoxic potential. Several phenolic compounds were analyzed in EE-BP, such as gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, gentisic acid, caffeic acid, vanillic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, kaempferol-3-O-robinobiosideo, naringenin, capsaicin, and dihydrocapsaicin. EE-BP exhibited activity against promastigote forms of Leishmania amazonensis (IC50 = 23.82 µg/mL) and was highly active against Candida glabrata (MIC = 50 µg/mL), C. parapsilosis (MIC = 62.5 µg/mL), C. krusei (MIC = 100 µg/mL) and C. tropicalis (MIC = 125 µg/mL). Besides, EE-BP revealed high toxicity against Artemia salina (LC50 = 70.5 µg/mL). Results showed, for the first time, that EE-BP has antiparasitic, antifungal, and cytotoxic potential, which can be better investigated by further preclinical and clinical (in vivo) studies.
