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Keith Cummings; Pennant, 1998; glass and bronze, bronze applied to wax model, wax steamed out and glass cast into mould; photo credit: Simon Bruntnell, used with permission.
Source publication
This paper will introduce the use of intentional inclusions and inner space within glass as a means of creative expression, as an emerging area of practice-based research within the field of art glass. This includes the definition of key concepts, a short history of inclusions in glass, the development of technologies used by material scientists wo...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... is an internationally renowned glass artist, educator and writer on the subject of kiln-formed glass. He studied Fine Art at the University of Durham (1958Durham ( -1962, where he started to first explore glass (see Figures 5 and 6). He has been working with glass and metal for almost fifty years, but he is conscious that both he and the materials have changed during this time. ...
Context 2
... is an internationally renowned glass artist, educator and writer on the subject of kiln-formed glass. He studied Fine Art at the University of Durham (1958Durham ( -1962, where he started to first explore glass (see Figures 5 and 6). He has been working with glass and metal for almost fifty years, but he is conscious that both he and the materials have changed during this time. ...
Citations
... Glass and glass ceramics represent both emerging high-performance materials in various elds with direct ties to modern micro-, nano-and biotechnology, with numerous applications directly bene ting from functional micro-and nanostructuring. Such applications were, for instance, demonstrated for optics 6,7 , medical technology 7-9 , nano-and micromechanical systems 10,11 , chip packaging 12 , precision metrology 13 , construction 14 , and arts and crafts 15 . ...
We demonstrate a paradigm change in nanofabrication by using a focused electron beam in an operating mode as used in conventional scanning electron microscopy, previously known as non-destructive technique, for direct and large-scale glass and glass ceramics patterning. Nanostructured glasses and glass ceramics are of fundamental importance for many applications ranging from optics to nano- and microscale devices over precision engineering and metrology. Direct focused electron beam patterning can hereby replace the elaborate combination of surface masking combined with dry-chemical reactive ion etching and enable new and efficient fabrication strategies for the creation of structures being several hundred nanometers deep. We discuss a first model based on ion migration and successfully realized the structuring process using electron energies of 5 to 15 keV in combination with different kinds of glasses, such as fused silica and ultra-low expansion glass. We furthermore demonstrate that this technique can be realized in literally any conventional scanning electron microscope, which thus enables a comparatively simple implementation in support of a broad field of applications. By controlling the surface beam trajectory, freeform surface structures and structure arrays can be directly engraved into the glass surface, which includes furthermore fragile and suspended structures and the embedding of metal structures. The technique is also compatible with 3D surface structures as long as they can be accessed by the electron beam.
A technological approach for direct glass structuring is presented by exploiting electron‐beam‐induced defect generation utilizing a conventional scanning electron microscope (SEM). The structuring process is assumed to be linked to electron‐beam‐induced ion migration and allows to create structures of several hundred nanometers in depth. It is demonstrated that the structuring can be realized in literally any SEM, which thus enables a comparatively simple implementation in support of a broad field of applications. The experiments are realized using electron energies of 5 to 15 keV in combination with different kinds of glasses, such as fused silica and ultra‐low expansion glass, that are equipped with a charge dissipation top‐layer. By controlling the beam trajectory at the surface and the electron beam parameters, freeform structuring, structure arrays, direct embedding of metal structures into the glass surface, and beam‐defined three‐level patterning are realized. The shown electron beam‐based glass structuring extends therefore the current possibilities in a complementary manner, enabling further fabrication strategies and direct structuring even of fragile, 3D‐structured surfaces.
