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Key performance indicators for characterization of nanofiltration performance are well developed, similar key performance indicators for electrodialysis reversal are however underdeveloped. Under the E4Water project Dow Benelux BV and Evides Industriewater BV operate a pilot facility to compare both technologies for their application to mildly desa...
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Context 1
... NSP is the normalized salt passage, SP ACT is the actual salt passage, Q PERMEATE,ACT the actual permeate flow, Q PERMEATE,REF the reference permeate flow, T CFKW the temperature correction factor, C PERMEATE the total dissolved solids in the permeate, C FEED the total dissolved solids in the feed, Y the recovery and T the Temperature. (Table 2). ...
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Citations
... Scaling, colloids, and natural organic matter are largely controlled by the self-cleaning process of the EDR. Even so, foulants build up on the membrane surface, channels, and spacers during EDR operation [213]. Scaling, biofouling, adhesion of organic substances, and deposition of colloids are some of the challenges faced by RED when operating in natural feed conditions. ...
... Electrodialysis works by inducing a current of ions in the water by imposing a voltage field [2,13]. When a constant voltage field is applied across the electrodes in salt water, cations (sodium ions, Na + ) are attracted and moved toward the cathode (negative electrode). ...
Access to safe drinking water has progressively declined. Methods of purifying saltwater include reverse osmosis and distillation, but require cost and energy that may not be accessible to many. Another method for desalination is electrodialysis that imposes a voltage field to induce net movement of chlorine and sodium ions through two semipermeable membranes, resulting in water having a lower salt concentration. Electrodialysis has lower financial cost and energy requirements, showing promise as a potential method that may be more accessible in developing regions. To encourage education and exploration of this method for desalination, this project is developing an educational web-based informational site and interactive graphical program. Users can interact and visualize net movement of charged ions within voltage fields, and in the presence of semipermeable membranes. As these educational web-based tools would be available globally to anyone with a web assessible device, many people may be able to access and become knowledgeable about and interested in the potential of electrodialysis.
... Self-cleaning process of the EDR largely controls the fouling due to scaling, colloids, and natural organic matter. Despite this fact, during EDR operation, foulants are built on the membrane surface, channels and spacers (Bisselink et al., 2016). In-situ and ex-situ cleaning processes are carried out to prevent efficiency loss in EDR performance. ...
... Applications of CIP built as a multiple-step process includes successive addition of different cleaning agents. For example, Bisselink et al. (2016) reported a two-step CIP process which includes a salt CIP (5 wt% NaCl and NaOH in pH 8e10.5) and acid CIP (5 wt % HCl, pH < 1.2) steps to remove organic foulants and to scale assuring optimal performance in EDR. ...
Electrodialysis self-reversal (EDR) technology has attracted in the treatment of water for domestic and industrial uses. The self-reversal consists of a frequent reversal of the direction of current between the EDR-cell electrodes to combat fouling of ion exchange membranes (IEMs). Irrespective of the EDR self-cleaning processes, the role of natural organic matter and their complexing ability with metal ions on IEMs fouling is partially understood. The objective of this review is to identify the research gaps present in the elucidation of IEM fouling routes. The common IEMs' foulants are identified, and several fouling mechanisms are briefly discussed. The effectiveness of self-cleaning mechanisms to reduce IEMs fouling is also be discussed. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) possesses high chelation which forms metal complexes with di and trivalent cations found in water. The role of ternary complexes, e.g. M2+/3+–DOC and membrane surface, on membrane fouling via surface bridging, are also addressed. Finally, mitigation methods of IEMs membrane fouling are also discussed.
... Cooling tower blowdown (conductivity from 2.3 to 3.5 mS/cm, flow rate of 2.3 m 3 /h) was treated by including EDR desalination in the pilot facility (lamella separator, UF, MF, EDR) in Terneuzen, The Netherlands [361]. The ED stack comprised four hydraulic stages and two electrical stages. ...
This paper presents a comprehensive review of studies on electrodialysis (ED) applications in wastewater treatment, outlining the current status and the future prospect. ED is a membrane process of separation under the action of an electric field, where ions are selectively transported across ion-exchange membranes. ED of both conventional or unconventional fashion has been tested to treat several waste or spent aqueous solutions, including effluents from various industrial processes, municipal wastewater or salt water treatment plants, and animal farms. Properties such as selectivity, high separation efficiency, and chemical-free treatment make ED methods adequate for desalination and other treatments with significant environmental benefits. ED technologies can be used in operations of concentration, dilution, desalination, regeneration, and valorisation to reclaim wastewater and recover water and/or other products, e.g., heavy metal ions, salts, acids/bases, nutrients, and organics, or electrical energy. Intense research activity has been directed towards developing enhanced or novel systems, showing that zero or minimal liquid discharge approaches can be techno-economically affordable and competitive. Despite few real plants having been installed, recent developments are opening new routes for the large-scale use of ED techniques in a plethora of treatment processes for wastewater.
... The salts result in a CTBD electrical conductivity of approximately 1.5-4.0 mS/cm, and this should be lower than 1.0 mS/cm to enable the reuse of CTBD in the cooling tower Davood Abadi Farahani et al., 2016;Bisselink et al., 2016). Hence, desalination is required before reuse of the CTBD in the cooling tower. ...
A substantial part of the freshwater used in the industry is consumed in cooling towers. Cooling towers discharge saline cooling tower blowdown (CTBD), and the reuse of CTBD in the cooling tower can lower the industrial freshwater footprint. This reuse requires CTBD desalination and a pre-treatment that removes organic chemicals before physico-chemical desalination technologies to be applied efficiently. In the present study, the pre-treatment of CTBD by a combination of electrochemical oxidation (EO) with a boron-doped diamond (BDD) or mixed-metal oxide (MMO) anode and a vertical flow constructed wetland (VFCW) was assessed in both possible configurations. The integrated VFCW-EO systems removed more organic chemicals, such as COD, TOC, and the corrosion inhibitor benzotriazole than the EO-VFCW systems. However, the EO resulted in highly toxic effluent to Vibrio fischeri and the plants in the VFCW. This toxicity was the result of the production of unwanted chlorinated organic compounds and ClO3- and ClO4- by both the BDD- and MMO-anode during EO. These toxic EO by-products were removed substantially in the VFCW during EO-VFCW treatment but did impact the removal efficiency and viability of the VFCW. Moreover, significant water loss was observed in the VFCW due to evapotranspiration. In conclusion, the negative impact of EO effluent on the VFCW and evapotranspiration of the VFCW should be considered during application.
... The normalization of the performance indicators is required in order to accurately assess and compare the process performance, independent of varying parameters such as feed water temperature and flow. In this study, pressure drop was normalized for flow and temperature using the same method (see Equation 1) as employed by the DECO plant [27]. ...
Routine chemical cleaning with the combined use of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) is carried out as a means of biofouling control in reverse osmosis (RO) membranes. The novelty of the research presented herein is in the application of urea, instead of NaOH, as a chemical cleaning agent to full-scale spiral-wound RO membrane elements. A comparative study was carried out at a pilot-scale facility at the Evides Industriewater DECO water treatment plant in the Netherlands. Three fouled 8-inch diameter membrane modules were harvested from the lead position of one of the full-scale RO units treating membrane bioreactor (MBR) permeate. One membrane module was not cleaned and was assessed as the control. The second membrane module was cleaned by the standard alkali/acid cleaning protocol. The third membrane module was cleaned with concentrated urea solution followed by acid rinse. The results showed that urea cleaning is as effective as the conventional chemical cleaning with regards to restoring the normalized feed channel pressure drop, and more effective in terms of (i) improving membrane permeability, and (ii) solubilizing organic foulants and the subsequent removal of the surface fouling layer. Higher biomass removal by urea cleaning was also indicated by the fact that the total organic carbon (TOC) content in the HCl rinse solution post-urea-cleaning was an order of magnitude greater than in the HCl rinse after standard cleaning. Further optimization of urea-based membrane cleaning protocols and urea recovery and/or waste treatment methods is proposed for full-scale applications.
... However, special attention has to be paid to membrane fouling control and potential pretreatment of wastewater when operating ED with real wastewater effluents to minimize fouling of ED membranes. Emerging applications of electrodialysis such as electrodialysis reversal (EDR) and electrodialysis metathesis (EDM) have also been examined as potential technologies for wastewater treatment (Bisselink et al., 2016;Goodman, Taylor, Xie, Gozukara, & Clements, 2013;Jaroszek, Lis, & Dydo, 2016;Yen, You, & Chang, 2017;Yin Yip & Elimelech, 2014;Zhang et al., 2017). The working principle of EDR is similar to traditional electrodialysis; however, in the EDR the polarity of the electrodes is inverted periodically (15-30 min) to control scaling of ionic species such as calcium phosphate or carbonate (Goodman et al., 2013). ...
... The working principle of EDR is similar to traditional electrodialysis; however, in the EDR the polarity of the electrodes is inverted periodically (15-30 min) to control scaling of ionic species such as calcium phosphate or carbonate (Goodman et al., 2013). Goodman et al. (2013) and Bisselink et al. (2016) have studied the utilization of EDR for the desalination of wastewater such as municipal wastewater to provide recycled water for irrigation purposes. Goodman et al. (2013) were able to reduce the total dissolved solids (TDS) of the municipal wastewater effluent from 1104 mg/L to 328 mg/L with the EDR technology, which was below the upper limit of 375 mg/L in the water quality guidelines for horticulture. ...
Conventionally treated municipal wastewaters create environmental challenges due to eutrophication of effluent receiving waters and significant concentrations of micropollutants and other harmful impurities. To enhance purification, different tertiary membrane filtration technologies are utilized. The concentrate produced in membrane filtration is a voluminous waste stream, which further treatment is challenging. Also the valuable components in the concentrate remain typically unutilized. This review identifies potential treatment strategies for membrane concentrates originating from municipal wastewater treatment and evaluates approaches for value component recovery and waste minimization. Various technologies were examined as possible options for advanced concentrate treatment. Study concluded that electrodialysis processes or shear enhanced nanofiltration or reverse osmosis could be promising approaches to concentrate the valuable components, mainly nutrients, in concentrate. Few technologies were seen potential for value component recovery. These included ammonium recovery or struvite recovery with electrodialysis combined with crystallization or with struvite crystallization as well as calcium phosphate recovery with EPR process or with combined process of electrodialysis and crystallization. The concentrate recirculation back to the biological treatment can be enabled by concentrate oxidation which increases biodegradability. Combining these unit processes appropriately, an efficient strategy of membrane concentrate management can be implemented and even zero wastewater discharge achieved.
... It has already been applied for saline water treatment, brackish water treatment, and wastewater treatment [32,33]. The size of the modules is customized via a modular principle of the arrangement of cell pairs (100 to 600 pairs per electrodialysis stack in industrial scale) [30,34]. ...
Electrochemical technologies for the treatment of industrial and municipal wastewaters, potable water, and groundwater, are presented, focusing on the main water constituents: inorganics, organics, micropollutants, and microorganisms. Removal of inorganic compounds by electrodialysis, electrocoagulation, and capacitive deionization as well as removal of organics and micropollutants by electrosorption, advanced oxidation processes, and anodic oxidation with boron‐doped diamond electrodes are reviewed. Electricity can be generated by degradation of organic compounds in microbial fuel cells and dehalogenation by cathodic reduction minimizes toxic substances in water. The disinfection of different types of water is also presented and it is shown that electrochemical methods offer versatile approaches to contribute to an sustainable future water management.
Electrochemical membrane technology for environmental remediation repository of basic knowledge and recent progress is reviewed in this chapter. The chapter summarizes the key processes in the use of electrochemical membranes, focusing on their need in electrodialytic and the electrocatalytic remediation of contaminated media. The fundamentals (including materials and reactor design) of the electrodialytic remediation technology are presented with consideration given to the critical operating parameters and performance indicators, mathematical simulation/modeling methods, and recent advances in electrodialytic remediation research. Meanwhile, two membrane technologies (i.e., the 3D electrochemical system and the proton-conducting membrane cell) for electrocatalytic remediation of contaminated media under different scenarios are briefly described. Finally, the chapter ends with a critical discussion on the challenges of and the perspectives for future study in electrochemical membrane technology for the purpose of environmental remediation.
The increasing quantities of industrial wastewater generated annually cause severe problems of waste disposal due to the high concentration and complexity of the waste streams. Electrodialysis (ED) has been widely applied for industrial wastewater management. It is highly efficient in fractionating and recovering resources from toxic streams, while producing water and/or other valuable components with high purity and high energy efficiency. This chapter highlights the recent advancement of the ED technology for industrial wastewater treatment. After a brief account of the historical development of ED, the basic theory of ED and ion exchange membranes (IEMs) are introduced. Since the separation performance of ED is mainly determined by the properties of the IEMs, the various membrane types are introduced, including the heterogeneous IEMs, the homogeneous IEMs, the monovalent IEMs, the bipolar membranes, and the polymer inclusion membranes. The design of an ED system varies with the waste effluent composition of a specific industry. Accordingly, ED processes are categorized based on its application aims, that is, water reclamation, nutrient recovery, metals recovery, chemicals generation, and other emerging applications, and the typical process configurations are discussed. Finally, future efforts at IEMs innovation and ED system design are highlighted for further thoughts to be curated on enhanced process efficiency. This chapter offers a comprehensive understanding on the recent advancements of ED technology for industrial wastewater management.
