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Issues of water supply during floods according to the case studies
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... the water supply facilities was severely damaged, maintenance work will take a long time to restore the system. Table 1 shows the case studies carried out by previous researchers on the water supply issues during floods events. The review shows that every floods event will trigger similar water , Vol. 7, No. 10 ISSN: 2222 528 www.hrmars.com ...Similar publications
Integrated Lake Basin Management has been adopted in Malaysia for over a decade. This paper provides a review of the various national initiatives and studies concerning lake and reservoir management that have been undertaken in Malaysia. It detailed the evolution of ILBM implementation in the country over more than a decade since its inception in 2...
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... With respect to floods, a number of specific studies were dedicated to the main impacts on DWSSs (from source to tap): quality degradation in both groundwater resources ( Joannou et al. 2019;Sweya & Wilkinson 2020) and artificial reservoirs (Chou & Wu 2010); damages to infrastructures (Arrighi et al. 2017) and treatment facilities (Barnes et al. 2012;See et al. 2017). Several studies evaluated earthquake's impacts on water supply systems (Mishra 2018;Bata et al. 2022;Pagano et al. 2022). ...
The available literature on natural hazard risk analysis focused on the implementation of water safety plans (WSPs) is surprisingly quite poor, despite the significant increase in the number and severity of disasters and adverse effects on drinking water supply systems generated by natural hazards. At the same time, WSPs that conveniently account for natural hazards with a comprehensive approach ‘from source to tap’ are still scarce as they typically occur at larger spatial scales and adequate prevention, mitigation and adaptation require efficient inter-institutional collaborations. The aim of this paper is to highlight the main bottlenecks for water utilities to include natural hazards in the development of their WSPs. The research adopted a stakeholders-oriented approach, involving a considerable number of water utilities (168), water sectoral agencies (15) and institutions (68) across the Adriatic-Ionian Region through a stepwise process that generated joint SWOT analysis, the development of a decision support system (DSS) focused on WSPs procedures and tabletop exercises. The final outcomes generated strategic documents (REWAS – Adrion Road map for resilient water supply) that highlighted the necessity for efficient cross-sectoral and inter-institutional cooperation in the development of well-founded and robust WSPs to address natural hazard risk analysis for water supply systems (DWSS).
... The main issue faced by flood victims when wanting to perform prayers, whether they are sheltering in evacuation centres or otherwise, is the lack of a clean source of water. Clean water is the main resource that humans need for daily use and to continue living (See et al., 2017). Therefore, water is included in the list of basic needs that should be provided to flood victims while stationed in temporary evacuation centres (Kitano et al., 2020;The Sphere Handbook 2018;Claire Smith et al., 2015;Somasundram et al., 2014;Havidan Rodriguez et al., 2007;Davis, 1977; Department of Social Welfare). ...
... SWRE 1998 was thus launched to strengthen the management of water resources in each Malaysian state, including Sabah (Sukereman et al., 2022). Subsequently, each state in Malaysia has its own water supply agency tasked with managing state water resources and ensuring that water is safe for all consumers -domestic and aquatic flora and fauna (See et al., 2017). While each of these consumer groups plays an integral role in the development of Sabah, human activities constitute the biggest detrimental impact on Sabah's water resources leading to the deterioration of the state's water quality and quantity. ...
... Despite the existence of these tools, there still existed various consequences due to not fully implementing legislative tools like SWRE 1998. Sabah needed to manage its water resources to ensure that its consumers had access to clean and safe water (See et al., 2017). This was not entirely the case. ...
... Approximately 97% of water demand is extracted from surface water, predominantly from river systems. Clean and sufficient water supply becoming a problem in the management of water resources during the flood event could be because the deterioration of surface water quality associated with accelerated soil erosion, landslide, and river bank erosion in the form of nonpoint source pollution can interfere with the drinking water treatment process (See et al. 2017). Other forms of nonpoint source pollution transported by overland flow could be due to the overflow of wastewater treatment ponds and the wash off of agricultural lands (Shields et al. 2008). ...
This paper reviewed the impacts of climate change on the management of the water sector in Malaysia discussing the current status of water resources, water service, and water-related disasters. The implementation of engineering practices was discussed to provide the detailed assessment of climate change impacts, risks, and adaptation for sustainable development. The narrative methods of reviewing the literatures were used to get an understanding on the engineering practices of water infrastructures, implication of the government policies, and several models as the main motivation behind the concept of integrated water resource management to contribute as part of the sustainable development goals to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all. The findings of this review highlighted the impacts of climate change on the rivers, sea, lakes, dams, and groundwater affecting the availability of water for domestic and industrial water supplies, irrigation, hydropower, and fisheries. The impacts of climate change on the water-related disasters have been indicated affecting drought-flood abrupt alternation and water pollution. Challenges of water management practices facing climate change should be aware of the updated intensity–duration–frequency curves, alternative sources of water, effective water demand management, efficiency of irrigation water, inter-basin water transfer, and nonrevenue water. The transferability of this review findings contribute to an engagement with the society and policy makers to mobilize for climate change adaptation in the water sector.
... In addition, it affects more highly populated modernised communities too, so journalists are more willing to report on such issues. Bacterial contamination is a long-standing problem affecting a minority of the population (Afroz & Rahman 2017;See et al. 2017), so may not be considered to be newsworthy. ...
Water access, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) data for Malaysia suggest that almost 100% of the population have access to basic sanitation and basic drinking water, but this data may not include marginalised communities and stateless individuals, indigenous or otherwise. The aim of this study was to evaluate WASH provision for residents of the Johor River Basin and evaluate the disparity in facilities between indigenous Orang Asli and more modernised communities. Questionnaires were distributed to eight communities. In total, 899 questionnaires were completed including 100 from indigenous communities and 799 from more modernised communities. Significant differences existed between communities with regard to education levels (p < 0.001), occupation (p < 0.001), household income (p < 0.001), type of toilet, sewage and sanitation facilities (p < 0.001) and perception of health risks and concerns (p < 0.001). There is a significant difference in access to water and sanitation facilities between indigenous and modernised communities. Further study is now required to understand behaviours and educate river-based communities on relevant potential health risks from water contamination in the Johor River Basin.
... Considering that disasters represent inherent failures in the ability of communities to supply FEWS, building bridges between science and practice would seem a viable pathway to address these real-world problems (Marshall et al., 2018). Notably, energy (Shinozuka and Chang, 2004;Tormos-Aponte et al., 2021) and water (Blake et al., 2012;See et al., 2017) are often absent or limited in availability around times of crisis. Depending on the structure of a local supply chain, food may quickly become limiting (Nozhati et al., 2019), contingent upon local approaches to disaster preparedness (Das, 2018). ...
The communities of Puerto Rico are highly vulnerable to climate change as the archipelago has experienced a multitude of compounding crises and extreme weather events in recent years. To address these issues, the research, analysis, and design of grand challenge solutions for disaster-prone regions like Puerto Rico can utilize collaborative transdisciplinary efforts. Local non-governmental and community-based organizations have a pivotal role in the reconstruction processes and the building of community and environmental resilience in underserved communities. This paper contributes an empirical case study of an online transdisciplinary collaboration between a group of academics and a Puerto Rican non-governmental organization, Caras con Causa. From participant observation, it includes a document analysis of meeting notes with cohort members who were involved in a collaborative National Science Foundation Project, The INFEWS-ER: A Virtual Resource Center Enabling Graduate Innovations at the Nexus of Food, Energy, and Water Systems, with Caras con Causa between October 2020 and April 2021. Caras con Causa focuses on uplifting Puerto Ricans by creating and administering environmental, educational, economic, and community programs, highlighting disaster relief and resilience to help Puerto Rican food, energy, and water systems. Eight key discussion themes emerged from the document analysis: team organization, collaboration with Caras con Causa, deliverables, team contributions, context understanding, participation outcomes, technology setup, and lessons learned. We analyze each of the emerging themes to explain how academics may use transdisciplinary skill sets in addition to standard disciplinary-based approaches or techniques to enhance the institutional capacity of a non-governmental organization doing community resilience work to benefit local food, energy, and water systems. While the learned lessons in this non-governmental organization-academic collaboration may be context-specific, we provide insights that may be generalizable to collaborations in comparable transdisciplinary settings.
... Flooding provides the ideal environment for bacterial proliferation due to temporary water accumulation, contamination of drinking water, which is a plausible route of transmission, and possible disruption of routine health facilities, leading to poor or delayed health services [61]. Water supply issues related to flooding, such as contamination of water resources, scarcity of safe drinking water, outbreaks of waterborne disease, and disruption of water treatment facilities, suggest that water supply management during flooding should be carried out efficiently and systematically to ensure adequate and safe water supply for flood victims [96]. ...
Flood risk has increased distressingly, and the incidence of waterborne diseases, such as diarrhoeal diseases from bacteria, has been reported to be high in flood-prone areas. This study aimed to evaluate the flood risk patterns and the plausible application of flow cytometry (FCM) as a method of assessment to understand the relationship between flooding and waterborne diseases in Malaysia. Thirty years of secondary hydrological data were analysed using chemometrics to determine the flood risk patterns. Water samples collected at Kuantan River were analysed using FCM for bacterial detection and live/dead discrimination. The water level variable had the strongest factor loading (0.98) and was selected for the Flood Risk Index (FRI) model, which revealed that 29.23% of the plotted data were high-risk, and 70.77% were moderate-risk. The viability pattern of live bacterial cells was more prominent during the monsoon season compared to the non-monsoon season. The live bacterial population concentration was significantly higher in the midstream (p < 0.05) during the monsoon season (p < 0.01). The flood risk patterns were successfully established based on the water level control limit. The viability of waterborne bacteria associated with the monsoon season was precisely determined using FCM. Effective flood risk management is mandatory to prevent outbreaks of waterborne diseases.
... Besides that, prolonged flooding will also disrupt and damage the water treatment facilities, and thus, longer maintenance time is needed to restore and repair the water supply facilities. Furthermore, road damage and high-water level are the main causes of clean water supply disruption as the roads in flooding areas have become inaccessible (See, Nayan, and Rahaman 2017). ...
During severe flood and natural disaster scenarios, electricity power becomes an essential and critical element to ensure the operation of medical services, equipment and communication systems as the power stations will most likely be shut down. Delivering power source and potable water to disaster areas becomes a major obstacle during severe flooding following the rise of water level causing road transportation becomes inaccessible. Therefore, an amphibian trailer equipped with a hybrid solar photovoltaic (PV) and an ultra-water filtration system is a good solution as it can be deployed or towed to the disaster areas by either a boat or a pickup truck. The amphibian trailer is equipped with a hybrid standalone solar PV system with battery storage and a generator set that can supply approximately 25 kWh of electric power per day. An ultra-water filtration system is also installed on the trailer, and it is powered by the hybrid solar PV system. Aluminium is used to construct the chassis of the trailer to ensure that the trailer is lightweight, strong, durable, and anti-corrosion. The wheeled trailer is integrated with a fiberglass floatable pontoon to allow it to operate on land and water. More importantly, the amphibious trailer can be relocated easily based on the situation and needs. This paper describes comprehensively the design and development process of the solar amphibious trailer.
... Flooding can affect well fields and result in pump failure and/or ingress of chemically/microbiologically contaminated flood water into damaged wells (Joannou et al. 2019;Sweya and Wilkinson 2020). It can cause damages also to the treatment component producing interruption of the treatment/water quality control (Hedera 1987;McCluskey 2001;Barnes et al. 2012;Koh et al. 2017). Lastly, flooding can affect the distribution system damaging the infrastructures leading to disruption of the supply service and contamination of the water resources (Arrighi et al. 2017;Joannou et al. 2019). ...
The assessment of flood impact on a Water Supply System (WSS) requires a comprehensive approach including several scales of analysis and models and should be managed in the Water Safety Plans (WSP), as recommended in the EU Water Directive 2020/2184. Flooding can affect the quality of groundwater and surface water resources and can cause supply service interruption due to damaged infrastructures. A complete approach to address flood impact on WSS is required but not yet available, while only specific aspects were investigated in details. This work introduces a comprehensive tool named WAter Safety Planning Procedures Decision Support System (WASPP–DSS) developed in the context of MUHA (Multihazard framework for Water Related risks management) project. The tool is mainly addressed to small water utilities (WU) for supporting WSP development and is based on two main premises: 1) a correct approach for WSS risk analysis requires a multi-hazard perspective encompassing all the system components and different hazards; 2) other institutions in addition to WUs have to be involved in WSS risk analyses to harmonize monitoring and response procedures. The tool is here applied on risks associated to flooding and demonstrated for three case studies. The WASPP–DSS, tested by eight WUs, was found a potentially valid support for small WUs that must start drafting the WSP in a comprehensive way and can provide a common shared scheme. Improvements are desirable, as including a specific section to consider the issue of loss of water resources from reservoirs due to overflow.
... Consequently, in remote areas emergency aid especially clean water supply comes late due to road damage (Othman & Hamid 2014). Moreover, the flood caused damage to water supply facilities such as water pumps and water treatment equipment due to power loss on the affected area (See et al. 2017). ...
Flood is among the natural disasters that commonly happened in Malaysia every year. During the flood, victims faced clean water shortages and deterioration of the environment resulting in long waiting times for aid to access. Hence, affordable and efficient filters are needed to supply clean water in the affected areas. Application of xylem tissue inside plant stem has the potential as a filter for water filtration. This research focuses on xylem tissue in Malaysian tropical plants from cassava stem. Cassava stems were prepared in a small-scale set-up as the xylem was used as a filter. Effects of cross-sectional area and hydrostatic pressure were analyzed and the results showed a directly proportional relationship with permeate flow rate. Upon filtration with red dye solution, total dye removal was achieved using a xylem with a minimal length of 3 cm and onwards. While for bacteria removal, E. coli bacteria have been removed when tested with a bacteria count plate. Thus, this study demonstrated the potential of the xylem tissue of the cassava plant as affordable and available natural raw materials to be used as water filters during an emergency.
