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Introduced species of Solanum. Solanum aculeatissimum Jacq. A habit (Bidault et al. 3627, Gabon) B detail view of a flower (Bidault et al. 3627, Gabon) C detail view of a fruit (Bidault et al. 3627, Gabon). Solanum aethiopicum L. D detail view of a flower (field photograph, unvouchered, in cultivation at Radboud University, Nijmegen) E detail view of fruits (field photograph, unvouchered, in cultivation at the Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne). Solanum capsicoides All. F detail view of a flower (Coronado González 5457, Nicaragua) G detail view of a fruit (Coronado González 5457, Nicaragua). Solanum chrysotrichum Schltdl. H detail of a fertile branch (field photograph, unvouchered, India). Photograph credits: A–C E. Bidault D, E, H S. Knapp F, G I. Coronado González.
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The Leptostemonum Clade, or the “spiny solanums”, is the most species-rich monophyletic clade of the large cosmopolitan genus Solanum (Solanaceae) and represents almost half the species diversity of the genus. Species diversity in the clade is highest in the Americas, but significant clusters of endemic taxa occur in the Eastern Hemisphere. We pres...
Citations
... This clade has more than 578 currently recognized species (Gagnon et al., 2022), mainly native to the New World (Levin et al., 2006) and numerous wild species from the Old World also (Kaushik et al., 2016). Compared to African spiny Solanums, recently, more Asian type Solanum studies have been on either taxonomic Mutegi et al., 2015;Aubriot et al., 2016;Aubriot and Knapp, 2022) or on morphological (Ranaweera et al., 2021) and molecular characterization (Miyatake et al., 2019;Yang et al., 2023). ...
Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is a widely cultivated vegetable in India with enormous variability. Recent molecular techniques revealed three closely related but distinct Solanum species (S. melongena, S. incanum and S. insanum), with the Indian subcontinent being a domesticated centre. Spontaneous hybridization between S. insanum and S. melongena has led to the formation of naturally introgressed lines and limited studies are available to differentiate these genotypes using morphological key traits. Current study aimed to delineate naturally introgressed genotypes of Indian eggplant collections using morphological key traits for plant genetic resources (PGR) management and assess available genetic diversity. The study characterized a collection of 157 eggplant germplasm at ICAR-NBPGR, Regional Station, Kerala, and identified 30 naturally introgressed, 10 wild progenitors and 117 cultivated eggplants. The key morphological traits are prickliness (stem, petiole, calyx and pedicle), leaf base shape, fruit shape and size. Other fruit traits such as length, breadth and mesocarp texture could also provide some clues for delineating introgressed genotypes from S. insanum and S. melongena. Basic statistical analysis of six quantitative traits of 157 eggplant genotypes revealed the presence of considerable amount of variation (CV%) in which fruit length/breadth ratio showed higher variation (73.87) followed by fruit length (54.73) and average fruit weight (53.5). The frequency distribution of 14 qualitative traits revealed the presence of all character states among them. Key traits identified under study could provide clues to identify individual plants at field level to plant taxonomist/explorers and also to aid gene bank curators for PGR management.
... Famili Solanaceae memiliki 1.300 genus yang terdistribusi didaerah sub tropis dan tropis (Aubriot & Knapp, 2022). Indonesia genus dari famili Solanaceae yang dimanfaatkan sebagai sumber pangan dan obat, antara lain Solanum, Capsicum dan Physalis (Azzikri et al., 2020;Krisnawati et al., 2019). ...
The Solanaceae family has 1,300 genera distributed in the sub-tropics and tropics. In Indonesia, the genus of the Solanaceae family is used as a source of food and medicine. Solanaceae as plants used for food, medicine and health care, require a precise and accurate identification process. Automatic plant identification can use visual morphological characteristics. Environmental conditions such as extreme temperatures, drought, and water stress cause plants to adapt. The adaptation process can induce morphological changes, this study aims to study the morphological characters of solanaceae in the karst area, the hills of the menorah samigaluh Yogyakarta. The data collection method uses Visual Encounter Census (VES) by purposive sampling. Data analysis was carried out in a qualitative descriptive manner. The results obtained three genera, and 7 species (Solanum melongena, Solanum torvum, Solanum lycopersicum, Solanum diphyllum, Capsicum annuum, Capsicum frutescens, and Physalis angulata). There are 23 morphological characters used as a reference in identifying species of Solanaceae members.
... Leaf grows up to 20 cm in length and 4 -12 cm in width. (Aubriot and Knapp, 2022;Subasinghe et al., 2003). ...
Solanum melongena var. insanum known as Elabatu is a popular vegetable and a functional food consumed in Sri Lanka and it has two main cultivars bearing small and large size fruits. The fruit comprises of both edible and inedible portions and the consumer pays for both at the time of purchase. Therefore, this study was conducted to fit multiple regression models for size attributes and edible portion (EP) of Elabatu fruits as it is important to breeders as well as consumers. Small fruits with green stripes (Cultivar 1) and large fruits with white/purple stripes (Cultivar 2) were used in this study. Mass, smallest diameter, largest diameter, largest to smallest diameter ratio (LS ratio), percentage of edible portion to total fruit mass (EP %) and the mass of edible portion were measured. A sample of 195 fruits was used from each cultivar and data were fitted to multiple regression models. The best fitting models selected based on R2 and least AIC values for cultivar 1 and cultivar 2 were 𝒀 = 𝜷𝟏𝑿𝟏+ 𝜷𝟑𝑿𝟑+ 𝜷4𝑿4+𝜷5𝑿5 – 𝜺 and 𝒀 = 𝜷𝟑𝑿𝟑 – 𝜷5𝑿5 + 𝜺, respectively.Further, results revealed that the EP displays significant positive correlations (p < 0.0001) with LD, Mass, % of EP, and SD in both cultivars. In contrast to that, LS Ratio shows a significant negative correlation in Cultivar 1 (r = -0.207, p = 0.0037) and a significant positive correlation in Cultivar 2 (r = 0.232, p = 0.0009). Notably, Cultivar 2 shows stronger overall correlation coefficients.
... The stamens of members of the Morelloid clade are mostly equal to very slightly unequal in size and length. In those taxa with slightly unequal stamens the basal-most filament appears to be somewhat longer, but this has not been assessed quantitatively as is the case in other Solanum species Aubriot and Knapp 2022). The differences in length are so small that they are unlikely to influence pollinator behaviour as is the case for strongly enantiostylous solanums (e g., S. rostratum Dunal of the Androceras clade; see Bowers 1975;Vallejo-Marín 2022). ...
The Morelloid clade, also known as the black nightshades or “Maurella” (Morella), is one of the 10 major clades within the mega-diverse genus Solanum L. The clade is most diverse in the central to southern Andes, but species occur around the tropics and subtropics, some extending well into the temperate zone. Plants of the group vary from herbs to short-lived perennials to perennial shrubs that are distinctly woody at the base, they have small mostly white or purplish white flowers and small juicy berries. Due to the complex morphological variation and weedy nature of these plants, coupled with the large number of published synonyms (especially for European taxa), our understanding of species limits and diversity in the Morelloid clade has lagged behind that of other clades in Solanum . Here we provide the last in a three-part series of monographic treatments of the morelloid solanums (see PhytoKeys Vols. 106, 125), treating the 62 species occurring in South America. This region is by far the most diverse in the clade, both in terms of species number and morphological diversity. We provide complete synonymy, nomenclatural details, including lecto- and neotypifications where needed, common names and uses, morphological descriptions, illustrations to aid identification both in herbaria and in the field, and distribution maps for all native, non-cultivated species. We include a key to all species, a synoptic character list for the species treated here and links to synoptic online keys for all species of the Morelloid clade. Preliminary conservation assessments following IUCN guidelines are also provided for all native species.
... In this study, for the first time, eggplant lines with introgressions from the wild relative S. incanum were evaluated for their performance under water stress conditions. This species is naturally distributed from North Africa and the Middle East to Pakistan, where it is often found in arid climates (Aubriot and Knapp, 2022). ...
As access to irrigation water becomes increasingly limited, introgression of relevant genomic regions from drought-tolerant wild genotypes is a promising breeding strategy for crop plants. In this study, nine eggplant (Solanum melongena) introgression lines (ILs) covering altogether 71.6% of the genome of the donor wild relative parent S. incanum were evaluated for drought tolerance under water stress conditions. Plants at the five true leaves stage were irrigated at either 100% (control) or 30% (water stress) field capacity for 14 days, and growth and biochemical traits were measured. Reduced irrigation resulted in decreased growth and increased levels of stress markers such as proline and malondialdehyde. Most ILs had lower growth and biomass production than the cultivated parent under both conditions. However, the wild alleles for two QTLs related to stem and root dry weight (dwt8 and dwr6%) conferred improved tolerance to water stress. In addition, several S. incanum alleles had a positive effect on important traits that may improve yield under drought conditions, such as leaf water content (lwc12%), water use efficiency (wue1%) and chlorophyll content (chl2 and chl8%). Fine-mapping of the QTLs for tolerance and reducing linkage drag with regions affecting growth will be crucial for significantly improving eggplant drought tolerance through introgression breeding.
The genus Lycianthes (Dunal) Hassl. (Solanaceae) has in the past been treated as a section of the large genus Solanum L. but is more closely related to Capsicum L. Outside of the Americas, where the highest species diversity occurs, the genus is found in tropical and subtropical habitats from India to Japan and the Philippines, including the islands of Indonesia, New Guinea and the Solomons. The 19 species from Australia, New Guinea and the Pacific were treated in ‘PhytoKeys 209’. Here I treat the remaining 10 species occurring across Asia; including two native species, L. biflora (Lour.) Bitter and L. oliveriana (Lauterb. & K.Schum) Bitter, and one cultivated species, L. rantonnetii (Carrière) Bitter that were also included in the earlier work. The Asian species treated here occupy a wide range of forested and disturbed habitats and are diverse in habit, ranging from epiphytic vines to small or medium sized trees, shrubs or creeping herbs. Many of the species are weedy plants of highly disturbed habitats and are best characterised as “ochlospecies”, with complex polymorphic variation. Lycianthes rantonnetii, a species native to southern South America, is recorded as cultivated in India and Pakistan, but may be more widespread than collections indicate. The history of taxonomic treatments of Lycianthes in Asia is discussed, along with details of morphology found in all species. All species are treated in full, with complete morphological descriptions, including synonymy, lecto- or neotypifications, discussions of ecology and vernacular names, distribution maps and preliminary conservation assessments (for all except the cultivated L. rantonnetii). Searchable lists of all specimens examined are presented as Suppl. materials 1, 2.
Critical and updated alien species inventories are crucial to properly manage and contrast biological invasions. After six years, a second update to the inventory of the vascular flora alien to Italy is presented. It provides details on the occurrence at administrative regional level and, for the first time, floristic data for San Marino. The checklist includes 1,782 taxa (1,673 species, 28 subspecies, 69 hybrids, and 12 cultivar groups not attributable to a specific binomial), distributed in 786 genera and 159 families; 2 taxa are lycophytes, 13 ferns and fern allies, 37 gymnosperms, and 1,730 angiosperms. Among these, 154 taxa are archaeophytes and 1,628 neophytes. The alien taxa currently established in Italy are 899 (649 naturalized and 250 invasive), while 796 taxa are casual aliens, 1 are not assessed, 38 have not been confirmed in recent times, 4 are considered extinct or possibly extinct in the country, 40 are doubtfully occurring in Italy, 4 are of unknown regional distribution, and 110 are reported by mistake and to be excluded at national level. This checklist allows to establish an up-to-date number (10,023) of taxa currently constituting the whole (either native or alien) Italian flora.
The genus Lycianthes (Dunal) Hassl. (Solanaceae) has in the past been treated as a section of the large genus Solanum L., but is more closely related to Capsicum L. The eighteen species of Lycianthes occurring in Australia, New Guinea (defined as the island of New Guinea, comprising Papua New Guinea [incl. Bougainville] and the Indonesian provinces of Papua Barat and Papua, plus the surrounding islands connected during the last glacial maximum) and the Pacific Islands are here treated in full, with complete descriptions, including synonymy, typifications and synonyms, distribution maps and illustrations. The history of taxonomic treatment of the genus in the region is also discussed. These taxa occupy a diverse range of forested habitats, and are in diverse in habit, from small shrubs to large canopy lianas to epiphytic shrubs. They are for the most part rarely collected, and many are endemic (14 of the 18 species treated here). Australia has a single endemic Lycianthes species ( L. shanesii (F.Muell.) A.R.Bean). Nine species are found in both Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, one in Indonesia only, four in Papua New Guinea only, and L. vitiensis (Seem). A.R.Bean is known from Bougainville (Papua New Guinea) and the south Pacific as far east as Samoa. Lycianthes lucens S.Knapp sp. nov. is described from the islands of Lihir, New Ireland and the Louisiade Archipelago of Papua New Guinea. The cultivated L. rantonnetii (Carrière) Bitter is also treated in full, in this region known currently only from Australia; it is native to southern South America. Preliminary conservation assessments are presented for all species except the cultivated L. rantonnetii .
