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The cyber world provides new information and online social activities. However, frequent social activities and inappropriate physical and mental behaviors (e.g., cyber bullying, cyber pornography, and Internet fraud) may affect physical and mental health of individuals. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of cyber bullying, cybe...
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Introduction: The World Health Organization (WHO) in 2019 determined that Internet Gaming Disorders (IGD) were included as mental health disorders. Among adolescents, excessive online gaming has become a lifestyle and is associated with psychological symptoms (psychopathological symptoms and life satisfaction), social health (social interactions) a...
Citations
... Four different studies were conducted in Taiwan: longitudinal research on high school students from Taipei City and New Taipei City (Chang et al., 2016), a large national survey covering students from 150 Taiwanese high schools (Yu & Chao, 2016), and two studies that used data from the Taiwan Youth Project, which is a longitudinal survey with a multistage cluster sampling design to survey 7th and 9th graders among schools in northern Taiwan (Tsai et al., 2018). Data from two studies in the USA came from the National Study of Youth and Religion, which is a nationally representative telephone survey of 3290 U.S. teenagers in three waves (Rasmussen & Bierman, 2016. ...
... They used the word "Xian Zni Ji" in Taiwanese to refer specifically to sexually explicit content (e.g., sexual intercourse and nudity). Other studies did not describe their conception of SEIM (Efrati & Amichai-Hamburger, 2019;Nelson et al., 2019;Ma et al., 2016;Ma, 2019;Overbeek et al., 2018;Rasmussen & Bierman, 2018;Rivera et al., 2016;Tsai et al., 2018;Yu & Chao, 2016). ...
... Lin et al. (2020) asked about six modalities of SEIM (websites, magazines, comic books, novels, films, and others) to score the number of modalities exposure (0 = no exposure, 6 = used all six modalities). Three studies did not specify the way they evaluated the frequency of SEIM use Martellozzo et al., 2020;Yu & Chao, 2016). ...
The advent of the Internet has made pornography more accessible to many people, including teenagers. This systematic review aimed to synthesize data on factors associated with the consumption of sexually explicit internet materials (SEIM) among adolescents. A total of 753 records in Scopus, Embase, MEDLINE/PubMed, and PsycINFO databases were sorted. Forty-eight quantitative survey studies that presented original empirical results and addressed SEIM use among adolescents were included for data extraction, quality analysis, and synthesis. The prevalence of SEIM use varied substantially between studies due to inconsistencies between the operationalization methods used to assess the theoretical construct of SEIM, the period of use (days, months, years), and the age of the participants. SEIM use was highly related to being a boy and having an independent relational style. It was moderately associated with more sexual agency and hyperfemininity for girls and associated with small-to-moderate effect size, with more willingness to engage in casual sex. Sexual performance orientation, sexual permissiveness, bullying behavior, and Internet addiction might be associated with SEIM consumption, although the effect size of these associations was not calculated. Among developmental predictors with high and medium effect sizes, greater use of SEIM in adolescents was associated with being older or reaching puberty. Peer pressure or striving for peer popularity can account for boys’ greater exposure to SEIM. The results described show the importance of standardizing the evaluation of SEIM use. Literacy in the use of pornography among teenagers is essential to prevent the possible negative impacts of SEIM consumption.
... Besides, experts have estimated that 90 percent of online content could be AI-generated by the end of 2026 (Bajarin, 2023). Malicious users may intentionally query text-to-image services to generate and distribute toxic content, such as pornography and violence, which can lead to highly negative impacts (Munro, 2011;Yu & Chao, 2016;Chen et al., 2020). ...
Text-based image generation models, such as Stable Diffusion and DALL-E 3, hold significant potential in content creation and publishing workflows, making them the focus in recent years. Despite their remarkable capability to generate diverse and vivid images, considerable efforts are being made to prevent the generation of harmful content, such as abusive, violent, or pornographic material. To assess the safety of existing models, we introduce a novel jailbreaking method called Chain-of-Jailbreak (CoJ) attack, which compromises image generation models through a step-by-step editing process. Specifically, for malicious queries that cannot bypass the safeguards with a single prompt, we intentionally decompose the query into multiple sub-queries. The image generation models are then prompted to generate and iteratively edit images based on these sub-queries. To evaluate the effectiveness of our CoJ attack method, we constructed a comprehensive dataset, CoJ-Bench, encompassing nine safety scenarios, three types of editing operations, and three editing elements. Experiments on four widely-used image generation services provided by GPT-4V, GPT-4o, Gemini 1.5 and Gemini 1.5 Pro, demonstrate that our CoJ attack method can successfully bypass the safeguards of models for over 60% cases, which significantly outperforms other jailbreaking methods (i.e., 14%). Further, to enhance these models' safety against our CoJ attack method, we also propose an effective prompting-based method, Think Twice Prompting, that can successfully defend over 95% of CoJ attack. We release our dataset and code to facilitate the AI safety research.
... (1) a cles referring to child sexual abuse (18 ) (2) a cles focusing on sex and/or internet child pornography offenders (7) A factor predicting less pornography consumption is positive youth development [17], which includes cognitive competence, moral competence, self-efficiency and beliefs in the future. Additionally, those who felt less autonomous consumed pornography more frequently [49]. ...
... Another study found that people with younger peers consumed pornography more often [31]. In addition, girls who assumed that their female peers watch pornography [49] and adolescents who were less socially integrated consumed pornography more frequently [30]. ...
... They also suggested that cyberbullying victimization mediates the linkages between social networking sites usage and mental health issues such as psychological distress and suicide attempts. Yu and Chao (2016) suggested that internet addiction significantly moderates the relationship between cyberbullying, cyber-pornography, and mental health. They suggested that parents and academics regulate the digital behavior of adolescents and guide them to use the internet better. ...
Purpose
Cyberbullying has attracted the world's attention, and therefore researchers across the world have contributed to the literature on cyberbullying and mental health. Amongst others, they have conducted bibliometric analyses and associated cyberbullying with various factors but have not determined the impact of cyberbullying on people's mental health. Hence, the aim of this study was to conduct bibliometric analyses of cyberbullying and mental health to analyze the academic performance of the literature on impact of cyberbullying on people's mental health; and to propose future research avenues to make further contributions to this field of study.
Methodology
Spreadsheets and VOSviewer were used to conduct the bibliometric analysis. The data were extracted from the SCOPUS database which provided an extensive collection of data and journals.
Findings
Having explored the top active countries publishing on the impact of cyberbullying on people's mental health and the academic performance of such research articles by means of a qualitative bibliometric analysis, the results revealed that this research topic is still to be researched extensively. The study also suggests countries/regions where this research topic can be explored further, as well as possible journals for publication of research results, and further studies to be conducted.
Discussion
The literature presents a fragmented view on the impact of cyberbullying on people's mental health. Studies on cyberbullying are limited for the reasons as discussed in this article. Hence, bibliometric analysis was conducted to analyze the performance of academic literature on the impact of cyberbullying on people's mental health; the academic performance of research articles on cyberbullying and mental health; and to make proposals toward a future research agenda.
... Malicious advertisements for illegal purposes also remain a global burden, accounting for up to 85% of daily message traffic [10]. Pornography may cause significant undesirable effects on both the physical and psychological health of children [81]. Statistics showed that adult content sites accounted for 0.67% of all website categories accessed by Latin American children from May 2019 to May 2020 [11]. ...
The exponential growth of social media platforms, such as Facebook and TikTok, has revolutionized communication and content publication in human society. Users on these platforms can publish multimedia content that delivers information via the combination of text, audio, images, and video. Meanwhile, the multimedia content release facility has been increasingly exploited to propagate toxic content, such as hate speech, malicious advertisements, and pornography. To this end, content moderation software has been widely deployed on these platforms to detect and blocks toxic content. However, due to the complexity of content moderation models and the difficulty of understanding information across multiple modalities, existing content moderation software can fail to detect toxic content, which often leads to extremely negative impacts. We introduce Semantic Fusion, a general, effective methodology for validating multimedia content moderation software. Our key idea is to fuse two or more existing single-modal inputs (e.g., a textual sentence and an image) into a new input that combines the semantics of its ancestors in a novel manner and has toxic nature by construction. This fused input is then used for validating multimedia content moderation software. We realized Semantic Fusion as DUO, a practical content moderation software testing tool. In our evaluation, we employ DUO to test five commercial content moderation software and two state-of-the-art models against three kinds of toxic content. The results show that DUO achieves up to 100% error finding rate (EFR) when testing moderation software. In addition, we leverage the test cases generated by DUO to retrain the two models we explored, which largely improves model robustness while maintaining the accuracy on the original test set.
... Concerning risks for adolescent mental health conditions, most stakeholders including adolescents perceived that increased device or internet use, accessing pornographic material, academic stress, as well as supernatural causes, contributed. Literature supports the findings that unhealthy internet use can lead to addictions and can negatively impact physical and mental wellbeing (Camilleri et al., 2020;Chao et al., 2020;Pal Singh Balhara et al., 2019;Yu & Chao, 2016). These findings mirror that of Choudhry et al. in their meta-synthesis (Choudhry et al., 2016). ...
Background: Almost half of all mental health disorders begin before the age of 14. However, several barriers exist to seeking help for mental health conditions among adolescents in the Indian context. The present study aimed at exploring multi-stakeholder perspectives on adolescent mental health and help-seeking behavior as well as referral.
Methods: Our study adopted a qualitative design with focus group discussions (FGDs) and in-depth interviews (IDIs) conducted over a span of one year among 70 participants using purposive sampling. Participants included parents of adolescents, adolescents aged 14–16 years, high school teachers, and mental health professionals (MHP) and a pediatrician. The study was conducted in selected educational blocks of Udupi taluk. Parental written informed consent and assent from adolescents were obtained. Data was transcribed and thematic analysis was performed using Atlas.ti (version 8) to identify codes and code families following which themes were identified.
Results: Our findings elicited community-held beliefs and attitudes indicating pathways and barriers to seeking care. Participants perceived that increased device use, accessing pornographic material, experiencing bullying, academic stress and negative perceptions surrounding mental health with the addition of magico-religious beliefs contributed to delayed help-seeking. Barriers to help-seeking included stigmatizing cultural perceptions. A considerable proportion of families found traditional healing more acceptable in the community.
Conclusions: Stigma related to mental health continues to be one of the major barriers to early intervention. School counselors, teachers and even religious leaders in the community were found as effective liaisons in providing referrals to MHP. Recommendations for future studies and the way forward are discussed.
... According to the China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC) survey, the number of adolescent internet users (10 to 19 years old) was approximately 141.9 million in June 2022, constituting nearly 13.5% of total internet users in China (CNNIC, 2022). The high internet popularity rate brings adolescents a series of Internet misconduct (e.g., cyber pornography, cyberbullying) (Wang et al., 2021b;Yu & Chao, 2016). As one of the Internet-related problematic behaviors, Internet addiction (IA) is characterized by excessive and unlimited usage of the Internet (Young, 1998), which is highly prevalent among various age groups, especially adolescents (Lam, 2014). ...
The primary aim of the current study was to probe the longitudinal relationships between family dysfunction (FD) and adolescent Internet addiction (IA), as well as the group difference between only child and non-only child. Data were from a three-wave longitudinal data of 1301 Chinese adolescents, collected when adolescents were at Grade 7, Grade 8, and Grade 9. FD and IA were assessed via adolescent self-reported questionaries of Chinese Family Assessment Instrument and Internet Addiction Test. Cross-lagged panel model was constructed to estimate possible associations between FD and adolescent IA after controlling for demographic variables. Our results suggest that adolescents might get stuck in a vicious cycle of dysfunctional family and addictive Internet use: adolescents who lived in a dysfunctional family showed increased risk in IA in the subsequent year; in turn, adolescent IA further increased the possibility of FD. Moreover, multigroup comparison analysis revealed that the vicious cycle between FD and adolescent IA could be applied to both the only child and the non-only child. The findings may enrich the application of the Developmental Contextualism Theory and contribute to the identification of the starting points for intervention strategies of adolescent IA.
... Pornographic websites may cause harm to the psychological wellbeing of a child [2]. The number of users visiting pornographic websites increases and it is evident that it causes pornographic website servers requires a higher bandwidth to accommodate the heavy traffic [3]. With the increasing number of pornographic contents on the internet, the republic of the Philippines passed a law that protects children from pornographic content. ...
Almost everyone is using the internet that includes children from 5 years old to 18 years old. Pornographic websites are a threat to the development of a child. Classification of web pages using domains and other approaches has been the trend due to the performance it is offering compared to content-based detection. Domain-based detection has been problematic in detecting pornographic libraries. This study utilizes a chrome plugin that parses all images and deploys nude classifier models in a REST endpoint. The chrome plugin image parser was tested with 2100 pornographic web pages. The javascript execution performance was collected using chrome devTools. The average performance of the chrome plugin to finish parsing all the images is 3 to 5 minutes. The image classifier used in this study is nudenet which works both on the video and image classification. Nudenet is a pre-trained nude classifier that detects sexual organs and nude objects using deep learning. In this study, we define image descriptors as image sources, titles, tags, Html siblings, and sources. A Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier was created to classify image titles, image filenames, Text HTML siblings, and sources if they are pornographic in nature. A total of 7230 image descriptors. The Term Frequency – Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF) was used as a vectorizer to convert text data to vectors. The SVM classifier has an accuracy of 76%. Parsing image descriptors performs faster than parsing all images and body HTML text. This study shows an experimental and partial result for Child Sexual Exploitation Material (CSEM) tagging on web pages.
... Results from the cross-sectional studies confirm that there is a correlation between cyberbullying and IUD that may be mediated by a variety of factors; however, caution is required when treating results from cross-sectional surveys as indicative of causality, regardless of the statistical method that is employed to assess the data. In this instance, there are conflicting reports that are treated as conclusive findings despite the inability to assess directionality: depending on the viewpoint of the authors, IUD was either reported as being associated with cyberbullying [39, 40, 45, 47-49, 51, 52, 54, 55, 60, 61, 62••, 63, 66], moderating cyberbullying [42], mediating cyberbullying [57], predicting cyberbullying victimization [53,65], or being predicted by cyberbullying [65]. ...
Purpose of Review
The purpose of this review is to critically assess the published studies on the relationship between cyberbullying and internet use disorder (IUD), and propose directions for further study.
Recent Findings
There were only four prospective studies out of thirty-two reviewed studies conducted since 2004, with only one prospective study conducted during the past 5 years. The field of study has been stagnant during the past 5 years with the vast majority of studies conducted on primary or secondary education and failing to address cyberbullying and IUD in social media and online gaming.
Summary
Cyberbullying and IUD have been described since the nineties, yet there are still significant issues with their definition and research. Lately, both these problematic behaviors are sharing the same environments in social media and online gaming. This critical appraisal of published research examined thirty-two published peer-reviewed studies carried out since 2004. Findings indicate a number of significant issues including an overreliance on cross-sectional study design, near-exclusive focus on primary and secondary education students, widespread employment of unstandardized measures for cyberbullying and IUD, and lack of assessment for objective measures of psychological distress. Directions for future research are offered.
... Different forms of IA were captured in the instruments used across these studies. These included excessive screen time (Busch et al., 2013;Kircaburun & Baştuğ, 2016;Nartgün & Cicioğlu, 2015;Tsimtsiou et al., 2018;Yu & Chao, 2016); extensive or risky social ...
... networking (Gámez-Guadix et al., 2016;Yu & Chao, 2016;Yudes-Gómez et al., 2018;Zsila et al., 2018); compulsive video game playing (Busch et al., 2013;Rasmussen et al., 2015;Šincek et al., 2017;Tsimtsiou et al., 2018); high viewing rates of pornography/violence (Chang et al., 2015;Handono et al., 2019;Tsimtsiou et al., 2018); and excessive shopping/spending (Yu & Chao, 2016). Most studies did not tease out the form of IA that was associated with bullying (Chang et al., 2015;Nasaescu et al., 2018). ...
... networking (Gámez-Guadix et al., 2016;Yu & Chao, 2016;Yudes-Gómez et al., 2018;Zsila et al., 2018); compulsive video game playing (Busch et al., 2013;Rasmussen et al., 2015;Šincek et al., 2017;Tsimtsiou et al., 2018); high viewing rates of pornography/violence (Chang et al., 2015;Handono et al., 2019;Tsimtsiou et al., 2018); and excessive shopping/spending (Yu & Chao, 2016). Most studies did not tease out the form of IA that was associated with bullying (Chang et al., 2015;Nasaescu et al., 2018). ...
Youth bullying is a global public health problem; Internet addiction is on the rise globally among youths. Because the linkage between these behaviors has not been clearly explicated, this integrative review evaluated the relevant empirical evidence. A search of five electronic databases identified 2,761 original citations published between January 2000 and May 2019. After further abstract screening and detailed evaluation of 262 full-text articles, the final sample consisted of 14 prospective descriptive studies representing 10 countries. Review results clearly established that the relationship between bullying and Internet addiction is firmly supported; less is known as to the contribution of gender, age, and other demographic variables, their impact on health outcomes, problematic behaviors, and the role of parental mediation. Inconsistent definitions and instrumentation and lack of sophisticated study designs limited the synthesis of findings. Future research is needed to explicate these relationships, so data-driven interventions can be developed.
