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The skin is constantly exposed to external and internal factors that disturb its function. In this work, two nanosystems-levan nanoparticles and a surfactin-stabilized nanoemulsion were preserved (tested for microbial growth) and characterized (size, polydispersity, Zeta potential, and stability). The nanosystems were introduced in the model formul...
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... classic type emulsion oil in water (O/W), was chosen as the cosmetic matrix model, where the external phase is water and the internal (dispersed phase) is oil (Table 4). Whereas to test the compatibility of nanosystems with water formulations, recipes for serum (Table 5) and face tonic (Table 6) were prepared. Preparation: Phases A and B were heated separately to a temperature of 70-75 °C, which was followed by homogenization. ...Citations
... Therefore, nanodelivery systems have been the subject of great interest from the cosmetic industry [130], nonetheless, it should be noted that they offer some challenges when it comes to their use. The biggest challenge currently facing the application of nanotechnology for the transport of cosmetic ingredients is to reduce the size of the substances sufficiently to penetrate the skin, while maintaining their chemical properties, in a way that does not compromise their efficacy once delivered to the target site. ...
... Nanoemulsions are dispersions with small droplet size, about 100 nm, and like other emulsions, are formed by two immiscible phases (oil phase and aqueous phase) and one or more surfactants, which ensure the stability of the dispersion [130]. These nanodelivery systems have advantages over conventional emulsions, since, given the small size of their droplets, they more easily penetrate the skin. ...
Skin plays an essential role in our personal image and aesthetics as it is where the first signs of aging are visible. As a way to prevent and mitigate this natural physiological process and achieve a more youthful appearance, consumers are constantly looking for innovative options of anti-aging skincare products, including more effective and safer ingredients. Particularly, peptides are cosmetic ingredients present in anti-aging skincare formulations attending to their efficacy in reducing wrinkles and hyperpigmentation, and/or stimulating collagen production. Moreover, peptides are less irritating alternatives regarding conventional cosmetic ingredients against skin aging. However, despite these advantages, peptides have considerable difficulty to penetrate the stratum corneum, which hinders their bioactivity. This occurs attending to their high molecular weight, hydrophilic character, and high susceptibility to enzymatic degradation, requiring the application of formulation technologies to improve the stability and the release pattern of peptides through the skin. A detailed exposition focused on smart and multifunctional nanodelivery systems that have been used to encapsulate peptides on anti-aging skincare formulations is provided, within the scope of research and development for anti-aging skincare products. Briefly, it is demonstrated that these biomolecules are a reliable and outstanding alternative considering retinoids and sunscreens against skin aging.
... In line with the current natural cosmetic trends, levan emerges as a suitable candidate due to its beneficial properties. Levan has been proven to be safe for human fibroblast cells and erythrocytes, making it a favorable ingredient in cosmetics [29,95,96]. Moreover, levan stimulates the proliferation of human keratinocytes and fibroblasts. ...
... Notable differences in the surface morphology, free radical scavenging capacity and depth of penetration into the stratum corneum were observed between the two types of levan nanoparticles, indicating their potential applications in the cosmetics industry and pharmacy. So far, levan nanoparticles have been successfully implemented in cream, serum and tonic matrices, and their effectiveness has been confirmed in vivo [96]. ...
Polysaccharides are essential components with diverse functions in living organisms and find widespread applications in various industries. They serve as food additives, stabilizers, thickeners, and fat substitutes in the food industry, while also contributing to dietary fiber for improved digestion and gut health. Plant-based polysaccharides are utilized in paper, textiles, wound dressings, biodegradable packaging, and tissue regeneration. Polysaccharides play a crucial role in medicine, pharmacy, and cosmetology, as well as in the production of biofuels and biomaterials. Among microbial biopolymers, microbial levan, a fructose polysaccharide, holds significant promise due to its high productivity and chemical diversity. Levan exhibits a wide range of properties, including film-forming ability, biodegradability, non-toxicity, self-aggregation, encapsulation, controlled release capacity, water retention, immunomodulatory and prebiotic activity, antimicrobial and anticancer activity, as well as high biocompatibility. These exceptional properties position levan as an attractive candidate for nature-based materials in food production, modern cosmetology, medicine, and pharmacy. Advancing the understanding of microbial polymers and reducing production costs is crucial to the future development of these fields. By further exploring the potential of microbial biopolymers, particularly levan, we can unlock new opportunities for sustainable materials and innovative applications that benefit various industries and contribute to advancements in healthcare, environmental conservation, and biotechnology.
... A recent study published by Lewińska A. et al. [108] was dedicated to levan nanoparticles and a surfactin-stabilised nanoemulsion for topical administration. One of the major roles of dermal cosmetics is to induce and keep an appropriate hydration level. ...
Polysaccharides are the most abundant polymers in nature. They exhibit robust biocompatibility, reliable non-toxicity, and biodegradable character; thus, they are employed in multiple biomedical applications. The presence of chemically accessible functional groups on the backbone of biopolymers (amine, carboxyl, hydroxyl, etc.) makes them suitable materials for chemical modification or drug immobilisation. Among different drug delivery systems (DDSs), nanoparticles have been of great interest in scientific research in the last decades. In the following review, we want to address the issue of rational design of nanoparticle (NP)-based drug delivery systems in reference to the specificity of the medication administration route and resulting requirements. In the following sections, readers can find a comprehensive analysis of the articles published by authors with Polish affiliations in the last few years (2016–2023). The article emphasises NP administration routes and synthetic approaches, followed by in vitro and in vivo attempts toward pharmacokinetic (PK) studies. The ‘Future Prospects’ section was constructed to address the critical observations and gaps found in the screened studies, as well as to indicate good practices for polysaccharide-based nanoparticle preclinical evaluation.
... Its potential in cosmetic applications has already been demonstrated [16]. The polymer itself has antioxidant properties [22], is able to increase skin hydration [23,24] and is not toxic to human cells [16]. As a polymer, it can also reduce the irritating effects of other components, in particular those of surfactants [9]. ...
The study focused on the evaluation of the possibility of using a levan-rich digestate extract in the production of safe and functional body wash cosmetics. Model shower gels were designed and formulated on the basis of raw materials of natural origin. Prepared prototypes contained various extract concentrations (16.7; 33; 50%). A gel without extract was used as a reference. The samples were evaluated for their safety in use and functionality. The results showed that the use of high-concentration levan-rich digestate extract in a shower gel resulted in a significant reduction in the negative impact on the skin. For example, the zein value decreased by over 50% in relation to the preparation without the extract. An over 40% reduction in the emulsifying capacity of hydrophobic substances was also demonstrated, which reduces skin dryness after the washing process. However, the presence of the extract did not significantly affect the parameters related to functionality. Overall, it was indicated that levan-rich digestate extract can be successfully used as a valuable ingredient in natural cleansing cosmetics.
... In particular, levulinic acid is known to have excellent antibacterial, acne, and whitening effects, so levulinic acid found in safflower seeds can be used as cosmetic ingredients and antibacterial agents [38]. It stabilizes the formulations and emulsions and is used in cosmetics for its antiseptic properties and also acts as a skin conditioning agent [39]. It is predicted that SSE's functionality is attributable to levulinic acid and malic acid as the main substances, and SSE is expected to be effective when used as a cosmetic substance. ...
... [38]. It stabilizes the formulations and emulsions and is used in cosmetics for its antiseptic properties and also acts as a skin conditioning agent [39]. It is predicted that SSE's functionality is attributable to levulinic acid and malic acid as the main substances, and SSE is expected to be effective when used as a cosmetic substance. ...
In this study, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was applied to extract bioactive substances with skin-whitening, anti-wrinkle, and antioxidant effects from safflower seeds, and the extraction conditions were optimized by a central composite design. The independent variables, including extraction time (5.0~55.0 min), extraction temperature (26.0~94.0 °C), and ethanol concentration (0.0~100%), were optimized to increase tyrosinase activity inhibitory (TAI), collagenase activity inhibitory (CAI), and radical scavenging activity (RSA), which are indicators of skin-whitening, anti-wrinkle, and antioxidant effects. An extraction time of 26.4 min, extraction temperature of 52.1 °C, and ethanol concentration of 50.7% were found to be optimum conditions of UAE, under which TAI, CAI, and RSA were 53.3%, 91.5%, and 27.7%, respectively. The extract produced by UAE was analyzed by LC-MS/MS, and maleic acid and levulinic acid were identified as the main substances. Therefore, UAE is evaluated as an effective process to extract skin-whitening, anti-wrinkle, and antioxidant substances from safflower seeds at lower temperatures and shorter extraction times compared to the conventional extraction methods. Overall, safflower seeds extract can be used as a material for value-added cosmetics, including maleic acid and levulinic acid, which have bioactive functions.
... The impact of two selected nanoemulsions-E and G-was also evaluated in vivo. It has already been proven that nanoemulsions effectively penetrate agents upon skin tissue [18] and they can improve skin condition [35]. ...
Process approaches and intensification technological processes are integrated parts of available devices, which have a positive effect on the parameters of the obtained products. Nanoemulsions as delivery carriers are becoming more popular and there is a real need to increase the possibilities of formulation designing and engineering. Therefore, preparations of oil-in-water nanoemulsion with encapsulated cannabidiol (CBD) as oil phase were carried out in two ways: sonication method and two-stage high-pressure homogenization. The provided analysis showed spherical morphology and much larger sizes and polydispersity of nanoemulsions obtained by the sonication approach. The size of nanodroplets was from 216 nm up to 1418 nm for sonication, whereas for homogenization 128–880 nm. Additionally, it was observed that a proportionally higher percentage of surfactin resulted in a higher value of the Zeta potential. The formulations were found to be stable for at least 30 days. The in vitro experiments performed on human skin cell lines (HaCaT keratinocytes and normal dermal NHDF fibroblasts), and in vivo topical tests on probants established the biocompatibility of nanoemulsions with CBD. The last stage exhibits reduced discoloration and a higher degree of hydration by the selected systems with CBD and, thus indicating this nanoformulation as useful in cosmetics applications.
Surfactin is a natural surfactant almost exclusively produced by Bacillus species
with excellent physical- chemical, and biological properties. Among innovative
applications, surfactin has been recently used as an ingredient in formulations.
The antibacterial and anti- acne activities, as well as the anti- wrinkle, moisturiz
ing, and cleansing features, are some of the reasons this lipopeptide is used in cos
metics. Considering the importance of biosurfactants in the world economy and
sustainability, their potential properties for cosmetic and dermatological prod
ucts, and the importance of patents for technological advancement in a circular
bioeconomy system, the present study aims to review all patents involving sur
factin as an ingredient in cosmetic formulas. This review was conducted through
Espacenet, wherein patents containing the terms “cosmetic” and “surfactin” in
their titles, abstracts, or claims were examined. Those patents that detailed a spe
cific surfactin dosage within their formulations were selected for analysis. All
patents, irrespective of their publication date, from October 1989 to December
2022, were considered. Additionally, a comprehensive search was performed in
the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases, spanning from their inception until the
year 2023. This complementary search aimed to enrich the understanding de
rived from patents, with a specific emphasis on surfactin, encompassing its asso
ciated advantages, efficacy, mechanisms of action on the skin, as well as aspects
related to sustainability and its merits in cosmetic formulations. From the 105
patents analysed, 75% belong to Japan (54), China (14), and Korea (9). Most of
them were submitted by Asian companies such as Showa Denko (15), Kaneka
(11) and Kao Corporation (5). The formulations described are mainly emulsions,
skincare, cleansing, and haircare, and the surfactin dose does not exceed 5%.
Surfactin appears in different types of formulas worldwide and has a high ten
dency to be used. Surfactin and other biosurfactants are a promising alternative to
chemical ingredients in cosmetic formulations, guaranteeing skin health benefits
and minimizing the impact on the environment.
The effectiveness cream nanobetacorotene (nanosuspension) had been evaluated. This research aims to ensure which one between nanobetacarotene that was better to be produced as a cream after 28 -day observation. The manufacture of nanoparticles is carried out by the ionic gelation low energy method. The characteristics of the nanoparticles tested include particle size and distribution, zeta potential, nanoparticle morphology, encapsulation efficiency The prepared concentrations betacarotene were 0.1%, 0.3%, and 0.5% with in based cream. Cream tested included pH, homogeneity, spreadly, and testing of irritation during 28 days observation: Nanoparticle preparation produces nano suspension in the form of a clear, some -sticky, and odorless solution. The morphology of particle nanoparticles is in the form of square, rectangular and some around shapes, the average value of particle size 187.5 nm; PI 0,288; potential zeta 10 mV; and encapsulation efficiency was 90%. Findings indicate that 0.5 % of nanobetacarotene were more favorable effective formulated cream. None irritating to arm respondent up to 28 days observation.
Surfactin, a group of cyclic lipopeptides produced by Bacillus subtilis, possesses surfactant properties and is a promising natural and biologically active compound. In this study, we present a comprehensive characterization of surfactin, including its production, chromatographic separation into pure homologues (C12, C13, C14, C15), and investigation of their physicochemical properties. We determined adsorption isotherms and interpreted them using the Gibbs adsorption equation, revealing that the C15 homologue exhibited the strongest surface tension reduction (27.5 mN/m), while surface activity decreased with decreasing carbon chain length (32.2 mN/m for C12). Critical micelle concentration (CMC) were also determined, showing a decrease in CMC values from 0.35 mM for C12 to 0.08 mM for C15. We employed dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and density functional theory (DFT) calculations to estimate the size of micellar aggregates, which increased with longer carbon chains, ranging from 4.7 nm for C12 to 5.7 nm for C15. Furthermore, aggregation numbers were determined, revealing the number of molecules in a micelle. Contact angles and emulsification indexes (E24) were measured to assess the functional properties of the homologues, showing that wettability increased with chain length up to C14, which is intriguing as C14 is the most abundant homologue. Our findings highlight the relationship between the structure and properties of surfactin, providing valuable insights for understanding its biological significance and potential applications in various industries. Moreover, the methodology developed in this study can be readily applied to other cyclic lipopeptides, facilitating a better understanding of their structure-properties relationship.
The implementation of sustainable development goals in the cosmetics industry is focused primarily on the phase of product design and the formulation of fully functional cosmetics based on raw materials of natural origin. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the feasibility of using a surfactin-rich digestate extract—a raw material of biotechnological origin—as an ingredient in cleansing cosmetics. A composition was designed, and shower gels based on the digestate extract were formulated. In the next stage of the study, the prototypical products were subjected to a quality assessment with an emphasis on the properties determining their functionality and safety of use by consumers. The shower gels formulated with raw materials of natural origin with the addition of the surfactin-rich extract show acceptable functional properties including viscosity, foaming ability and fat emulsification properties. Importantly, the use of the digestate extract was found to significantly improve the safety in use of the evaluated cosmetic prototypes. This finding is corroborated by a significant decrease in the zein value, which is a measure of the irritant effect of cosmetic formulations. A slight decrease in the ability to emulsify fats found for the tested prototypes confirmed their appropriate functionality and mild effect on the skin. Through the use of the surfactin-rich digestate extract, the cosmetics acquired a natural color derived from the extract. Colorimetric analysis shows that the color changes in the samples should be noticeable even by inexperienced observers.
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