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Influence of cyclophosphamide on the cecal microbiota of mice. (A) The Venn diagram; (B) the PCA analysis of operational taxonomic units; (C) heat map of 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis of cecal content at the genus level. Z denotes the control (normal) group just treated with vehicle, and M is the cyclophosphamide-induced (intraperitoneal injection of 80 mg/kg) group.
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A single-band protein (HEP3) was isolated from Hericium erinaceus using a chemical separation combined with pharmacodynamic evaluation methods. This protein exhibited immunomodulatory activity in lipopolysaccharide-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages by decreasing the overproduction of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6, and downreg...
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Patients with metastatic triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) have a poor prognosis, so new therapies or drug combinations that achieve more effective and durable responses are urgently needed. Here, a combination therapy using cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) and low doses of cyclophosphamide (CPA) is developed with remarkable synergistic efficacy again...
Citations
... It is believed that Hericium erinaceus has several potential medicinal properties. Although research continues, these are some of the potential medicinal uses of Hericium erinaceus [34][35][36][37][38]: ...
The Lion's Mane mushroom, which has the scientific name Hericium erinaceus, can be defined as a medicinal fungus type. For very long time, it has been utilized in the conventional medicine in Asia for a variety of purposes. In the past few years, there had been a great deal of interest directed towards potential benefits to the health, which could be provided by this unique type of mushroom in particular, when it comes to the treatment of various diseases. The concentration will be focused on examining the way that Hericium erinaceus as well as its bioactive elements could be utilized for therapeutic purposes within the area od disease control. This review states the possible Hericium erinaceus advantages in cases that are related to some health issues, such as metabolic problems, gastrointestinal diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and immune system problems. In addition to that, the present paper discusses the work that is used for providing the therapeutic effects. It is stated that some of the characteristics of the Hericium erinaceus include having anti-inflammatory, neuro-protective, anti-oxidant, and immune-modulatory effects. Even though more studies are needed for detailed understanding of all the mechanisms that are involved in its activities, presenting evidences that strongly suggest possible Hericium erinaceus uses as one of the natural cures for a variety of illnesses, it is known as well in some cases as lion's mane mushroom, which fungus type that comes with extensive history and many potential advantages. As a result of its distinctive morphology, including bio-active compounds, in addition to its conventional uses have combined to the generation of much interest in a variety of areas. More research is needed for full understanding of the way that it works for the therapeutic applications and its potential implementations in the area of nutrition, cooking, and medicine. The cultivation of Hericium erinaceus might be viewed as an activity of conservation and business production.
... The intestinal flora, which consists of billions of bacteria, is crucial for digestive wellness. Furthermore, intestinal flora sustain immune hemostasis by controlling the immune tolerance of the body and regulate the defensive mechanisms of lymphocyte (T& B) cells [66]. Prior studies indicate that CTX disrupts the intestinal barrier immune system, which affects the dynamic nature of intestinal microbial populations. ...
... Alistipes may aid in lowering intestinal inflammation and accelerating intestinal development [74]. LPS was identified as an inflammatory stimulant and was primarily released by Bacteroidetes and Desulfovibrio [66]. In this study on the genus level, the comparative abundance of Lachnospiracea (NK4A136_group), Alistipes, and Prevotellaceae (UGG-001) was evaluated, and the Bacteroidetes ratio declined in the OPH-treated versus CTX-model. ...
Cyclophosphamide (CTX) is an anticancer medication that suppresses host immunity as well as adversely affects mucosal inflammation and gut microflora dysbiosis. The gut microflora is recognized as a substantial factor in host metabolism and immunological homeostasis. To improve immunity and inhibit cytotoxic and homeostatic imbalances triggered by CTX, it is essential to monitor immunoregulators. In this research, we assessed the impact of Octopus peptide hydrolysate (OPH) on immune modulation, intestinal integrity, and gut microbial composition in CTX-induced immune-deficient mice. The results revealed that OPH increased body weight, and immunological organ indices, and improved the histological changes in the colon, thymus, and spleen. The OPH stimulated the secretion of cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) and antibodies (IgM and IgA) while reducing the ratio of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and diamine oxidase (DAO) in the serum. OPH further enhanced goblet cell and mucus production, upregulated the expression of gut tight-junction proteins (Occludin, Zonula Occludin-1, Mucin-2, and Claudin-1), and activated the TLR4/NF-κB cascade (p-IκBα, P65/p-p65). In addition, OPH treatment declined the Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio, enhanced the relative ratio of Alistipes/Lachnospiraceae, and reversed the ecological equilibrium of the gut microflora. The findings revealed that OPH serves as a prebiotic to prevent CTX-mediated disruption in the intestinal barrier and boosts gut mucosal immunity by attenuating gut microflora imbalance, implying that OPH could be used as an immunological ingredient in nutritious foods to regulate the immune system and protect the gut from inflammatory diseases.
... Coffee consumption has also been found to have a beneficial effect on the immune system, aligning with the properties of both species of mushrooms-C. militaris and H. erinaceus [10,14,19]. Coffee consumption has also been found to have a beneficial effect on the immune system, aligning with the properties of both species of mushrooms-C. ...
... Coffee consumption has also been found to have a beneficial effect on the immune system, aligning with the properties of both species of mushrooms-C. militaris and H. erinaceus [10,14,19]. ...
Drinking coffee is a daily routine for many people. Supplement manufacturers have proposed adding powdered Cordyceps militaris, known for its ergogenic and immunostimulating properties, and Hericium erinaceus, known for its nerve growth factor (NGF)-stimulating properties, to coffee. The aim of this work was to compare the bioactive substances in three types of coffee: machine-brewed, instant, and traditionally brewed, prepared with the addition of H. erinaceus and C. militaris fruiting bodies. The analysis of bioactive substances was performed using AAS and RP-HPLC methods. Among the control samples of coffee, traditionally brewed coffee was the best source of bioelements. Considering the mushroom species tested, the best additional source of Mg, Zn, Cu, Na, K, and Ca was C. militaris. A slightly higher Fe content was determined for H. erinaceus. With the addition of C. militaris, the amounts of 4-feruloylquinic acid (18.6 mg/200 mL) and 3,5-di-caffeoylquinic acid (3.76 mg/200 mL) also increased. In conclusion, the C. militaris species has been proven to be a better source of bioactive substances as a coffee additive in the daily diet. The combination of brewed coffee and the tested mushrooms seems to be the most beneficial in terms of health-promoting effects.
... Another mechanism whereby H. erinaceus extracts from fruiting bodies or mycelia may promote beneficial effects in the gut might be through the modulation of gut microbiota, which seems to play a crucial role in the development and progression of IBD, as well as in the treatment of several gastrointestinal pathological conditions, including IBD (33) Mounting evidence suggests that H. erinaceus extract is capable of favouring a healthy phenotype of the gut microbiota, both quantitatively and qualitatively by selecting certain beneficial bacterial strains at the expense of pathogenic strains (8,(34)(35)(36). Xie et al. (36) studied the effect of fourteen days administration of 1 g of H. erinaceus powder containing polysaccharides, peptides, crude fat, and trace elements in 13 healthy young volunteers and showed an increase in the alpha diversity of the gut microbiota with an increase in Bifidobacterium and Bacteroides, an increase in short-chain fatty acid (SCFAs) production, and a reduction in the relative abundance of pathogenic bacteria (Streptococcus thermophilus, Roseburia intestinalis, Bacteroides caccae, and Anaerostipes hadrus). ...
In this review we focused on the putative therapeutic effect of Hericium erinaceus extract in the treatment of pathologic conditions of the lower urinary tract in which intestinal inflammation may play a role. To this aim we reviewed the available evidence on pelvic cross-organ sensitization as a possible mechanism through which intestinal inflammation and dysbiosis may affect the lower urinary tract. Also, we reviewed the clinical and experimental evidence supporting the role of Hericium erinaceus extract as an anti-inflammatory agent highlighting the role of a number of putative mediators and mechanisms which might make this nutraceutical suitable for the management of 'difficult to treat' lower urinary tract disorders.
... The potential regulation effects of EMPs of different origin on gut microbiota was shown, e.g., decreased Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and enriched faecal microbiota diversity (Zhao et al., 2019). The effect of H. erinaeus on microbiota was previously tested in vitro (Mitsou et al., 2020), using animal models (Diling et al., 2017;Yang et al., 2021), and to our knowledge in only one short-term pilot clinical study (Xie et al., 2021). As shown by Xie et al. (2021), short-term supplementation of H. erinaeus increased the alpha diversity and relative abundance of the SCFAs producing bacteria, and downregulated some pathobionts. ...
... The main active fractions of Hericium erinaceus are the protein and the polysaccharide fractions. Protein HEP3 has immunomodulatory activity by decreasing the overproduction of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 and downregulating the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and nuclear factor-κB p65 (Diling et al. 2017). The beta-glucans in Hericium erinaceus are insoluble and indigestible polysaccharides, making it a prebiotic ingredient. ...
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional gastrointestinal condition. Probiotics and other nutraceutical compounds can have specific indications in the context of IBS. A retrospective analysis was conducted on 123 IBS patients in order to evaluate the effects of an oral probiotic-based dietary supplement (Colicron, one cps/day for 4 wk) on stool consistency and pain intensity. Different time points were defined as follows: baseline (T0), 2 wk of treatment (T2), and 4 wk of treatment (T4). Stool consistency was assessed by using the Bristol Stool Scale. Pain intensity was evaluated by the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Patients who were initially categorized as normal retained regular bowel movements throughout the study. Both patients with constipation and diarrhea showed an improvement in the Bristol Stool Scale. The score increased from 1.5 ± 0.5 to 3.3 ± 0.7 (p < 0.001) and decreased from 6.5 ± 0.7 to 4.3 ± 0.9 (p < 0.001) at T4, respectively, compared to T0. The VAS score for pain in the pooled IBS patients improved from 6.7 ± 2.2 to 2.8 ± 1.9 at T0 vs T4 (p < 0.001), with a similar trend also observed when patients were categorized based on stool consistency: normal (from 5.2 ± 1.9 to 2.9 ± 1.7), constipation (from 7.5 ± 1.3 to 3.2 ± 2.2), and diarrhea (6.7 ± 2.3 to 2.5 ± 1.9) (p < 0.001).Colicron could be useful in symptom relief, reducing abdominal pain and improving stool consistency of IBS patients. However, further controlled clinical trials are needed to confirm these preliminary findings.
... A blind, randomized, cross-diet intervention trial of 20 healthy adult men showed that substituting red and overprocessed meat with Fusarium-containing meat substitutes (fungal proteins) reduced fecal genotoxicity and genotoxin excretion, and enhanced the abundance of health-friendly microbiome genera (Lactobacilli, Roseburia, and Akkermansia) in the gut [90]. Diling et al. isolated a single-band protein from Hericium erinaceus that regulated the composition and metabolism of cyclophosphamide-induced gut microbiota in mice, activated T-cell proliferation and differentiation, and played a role in an antibiotic overdose inflammatory bowel disease model [91]. Thus, fungal proteins might be a beneficial alternative to meat in terms of gut health and colorectal cancer prevention. ...
From the preparation of bread, cheese, beer, and condiments to vegetarian meat products, fungi play a leading role in the food fermentation industry. With the shortage of global protein resources and the decrease in cultivated land, fungal protein has received much attention for its sustainability. Fungi are high in protein, rich in amino acids, low in fat, and almost cholesterol-free. These properties mean they could be used as a promising supplement for animal and plant proteins. The selection of strains and the fermentation process dominate the flavor and quality of fungal-protein-based products. In terms of function, fungal proteins exhibit better digestive properties, can regulate blood lipid and cholesterol levels, improve immunity, and promote gut health. However, consumer acceptance of fungal proteins is low due to their flavor and safety. Thus, this review puts forward prospects in terms of these issues.
... A single protein, called HEP3, isolated from this mushroom and administered to rats treated with trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) to induce experimental colitis similar to inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), was capable of restoring the microbiota diversity in the treated rats (Diling et al., 2017). In a chronic pancreatitis mice model, the compromised microbiota profile was partially restored by Chaga (Inonotus obliquus) mushroom's polysaccharides administration, which was able to increase microbiota diversity and richness and also improve mouse clinical conditions (Hu et al., 2017). ...
In-vitro-developed microbial biofilms are reported to restore degraded agroecosystems via reinstating soil-plant-animal-microbial networks by supplying a mixture of diverse biochemicals that act as network components. Here we hypothesize that the same approach can be used to revitalize the gut microbiota altered due to modern lifestyle and dietary patterns. We tested biochemicals exuded by a developed fungal-bacterial biofilm (BFEx) on the dormancy-breaking of five test gut microbes. The growth and development of the microbes were evaluated in a simulated gut environment with eight different dietary patterns consisting of low and high levels of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and fiber. In addition, the BFEx was tested for cytotoxic activity. Results revealed that the BFEx promoted the growth and possibly dormancy-breaking of all the tested gut microbes. However, these observations were made only in mixed cultures suggesting that there is a need for the interaction of diverse microbes in order to achieve a beneficial outcome from the BFEx. Further, the BFEx showed no cytotoxicity. In conclusion, this biofilm-based method seems a better solution than that of diet-based interventions for achieving healthy gut microbiota as the latter option does not restrict peoples' dietary preferences. The next step would be to evaluate this microbial intervention in animals and humans.
... It is gradually coming to light that mushrooms are a promising source of new proteins and peptides [43]. Chen et al. reported that a single-band protein (HEP3) isolated from H. erinaceus by chemical separation combined with pharmacodynamic evaluation, which exhibited immunomodulatory activity both in macrophages and mice [44]. The research group recently further evaluated the auxiliary antitumor activity of immunomodulatory proteins from H. erinaceus [45]. ...
... Therefore, inhibiting the production of βA or preventing the aggregation of βA into amyloid plaques has been considered to be an ideal preventive and therapeutic target for AD [67]. Mori et al. [89] showed that H. erinaceus [90], and act as an inhibitor of β-secretase (also known as BACE1) to reduce the formation of βA plaques [44]. In addition, H. erinaceus and its active components can reduce the formation of βA plaques by increasing the level and activity of insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) [71]. ...
... While experimental evidence suggests that H. erinaceus is an effective natural anti-inflammatory agent, studies on its effects in IBD patients are lacking. Diling et al. conducted a pre-clinical study in a colitis (2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-based) mouse model, showing an increase of interleukin (IL)-10 levels and a reduction of TNF-a levels after fourteen days of treatment with extracts of H. erinaceus with suppression of NF-kB p65 (6). A few other preclinical experiments in mouse IBD models have shown similar results, focusing mainly on polysaccharide extracts (i.e., EP-1) of H. erinaceus (7,8). ...
... H. erinaceus can promote a shift in the microbiota toward an increased abundance of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria and a relative reduction in pathobionts. Because of these properties, it has often been referred to as a prebiotic or probiotic (6,10,32,33). ...
Hericium erinaceus, berberine, and quercetin are effective in experimental colitis. It is unknown whether they can ameliorate inflammatory bowel diseases in humans. This ex vivo study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory potential of a nutraceutical compound of HBQ-Complex® (H. erinaceus, berberine, and quercetin), biotin, and niacin in inflammatory bowel disease patients. Tissue specimens were obtained either from Normal-Appearing Mucosa (NAM) or from Inflamed Mucosa (IM) in 20 patients with inflammatory bowel disease. mRNA and protein expression of COX-2, IL-10, and TNF-α were determined in NAM and IM biopsy samples (T0). IM samples were then incubated in HBQ-Complex® (with the addition of niacin and biotin), and COX-2, IL-10, and TNF-α tissue levels were evaluated at 120 minutes (T1) and 180 minutes (T2). Incubation with this compound resulted in a progressive decrease in gene and protein COX-2 and TNF-α expression at T1/T2 in the IM. IL-10 showed an opposite trend, with a progressive increase of mRNA and protein expression over the same time window. HBQ-Complex® (with the addition of niacin and biotin) decreased the expression of proinflammatory cytokines at the mRNA and protein levels in IBD tissue. On the contrary, mRNA and protein expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 showed a progressive increase.
