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Macroalgae are invaluable constituents of marine forest environments and important sources of material for human needs. However, they are currently at risk of severe decline due to global warming and negative anthropogenic factors. Restoration efforts focus on beds where macroalgae previously existed, as well as the creation of new marine forests....
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... initial screening of titles and abstracts, informed by the inclusion and exclusion criteria in Table 2, led to the retention of literature relevant to the research questions and four themes. Additional articles were sourced from the authors' prior reading, cross-referencing, and snowballing from database-sourced articles. ...Similar publications
Mitigating carbon emissions through forest carbon sinks is one of the nature-based solutions to global warming. Forest ecosystems play a role as a carbon sink and an important source of bioenergy. China’s forest ecosystems have significantly contributed to mitigating carbon emissions. However, there are relatively limited quantitative studies on th...
Norway spruce (Picea abies) is a tree species with low resistance to wind storms and breakage from snow. In this study, we analyzed the microenvironmental impact on the survival rate (Sr), growth, and stability traits of 25-year-old narrow (pendula)- and normal-crowned (pyramidalis) spruce varieties in the Măneciu half-sib trial. The replication fa...
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... Considerable efforts have been made over the past few decades to investigate the effects of climate change on coastal and terrestrial vegetation. These studies were conducted to better understand how environmental changes (e.g., temperature) affect vegetation covers and distributions [1][2][3][4]. Significant efforts have also been made to explore the impacts of marine vegetation (e.g., seagrass, mangroves, salt marshes, kelp, and red algae) on the aquatic environment. Such studies have sought to better understand how marine vegetation regulates fluid flow patterns [5][6][7][8] and the transport of nutrients, pollutants, and sediments [9][10][11][12]. ...
Marine vegetation is increasingly viewed as a living shoreline that protects coastal communities and ecosystems from the damaging effects of wave energy. Many studies have explored the potential of marine vegetation in terms of reducing wave height, but more work is needed. Here, we used particle image velocimetry, fluid–structure interaction simulation, and multiple regression analysis to estimate the bending behaviors of flexible marine vegetation in water flow, and we predicted the wave height reduction in the downstream vegetation meadow. We considered different vegetation types and water flow velocities, constructed a total of 64 cases, and derived a multiple regression equation that simply estimates the vegetation bending height with a tolerance of ~10%. When the bending height rather than the vegetation height was applied, wave height reduction was alleviated by 1.08–9.23%. Thus, flexible vegetation reduced wave height by up to ~10% less than rigid vegetation in our investigation range. This implies that the impact of bending behavior becomes more pronounced with a larger vegetation meadow. The relative % decrease in wave height reduction was greater for fully submerged vegetation compared to partially submerged vegetation.
... The benthic habitat can be shallow or deep, full of food, or somewhat barren; the fact is that the diversity of benthic habitats, and of organisms that live associated with them, is very large. Macroalgae forests, rocky intertidal zones, sandy beaches, marshes, and even coral reefs are part of this vast habitat [54]. ...
... The studies within this cluster largely examine the potential benefits and detriments of seaweed to coral health, diversity, and ecosystem functionality [55][56][57]. b. Cluster 1: Solar Irradiation -Revolves around the impacts of sunlight on macroalgae physiology, specifically how differing light conditions affect photosynthesis, growth, and productivity [58][59][60]. ...
Seaweed research has gained substantial momentum in recent years, attracting the attention of researchers, academic institutions, industries, policymakers, and philanthropists to explore its potential applications and benefits. Despite the growing body of literature, there is a paucity of comprehensive scientometric analyses, highlighting the need for an in-depth investigation. In this study, we utilized CiteSpace to examine the global seaweed research landscape through the Web of Science Core Collection database, assessing publication trends, collaboration patterns, network structures, and co-citation analyses across 48,278 original works published since 1975. Our results demonstrate a diverse and active research community, with a multitude of authors and journals contributing to the advancement of seaweed science. Thematic co-citation cluster analysis identified three primary research areas: "Coral reef," "Solar radiation," and "Mycosporine-like amino acid," emphasizing the multidisciplinary nature of seaweed research. The increasing prominence of "Chemical composition" and "Antioxidant" keywords indicates a burgeoning interest in characterizing the nutritional value and health-promoting properties of seaweed. Timeline co-citation analysis unveils that recent research priorities have emerged around the themes of coral reefs, ocean acidification, and antioxidants, underlining the evolving focus and interdisciplinary approach of the field. Moreover, our analysis highlights the potential of seaweed as a functional food product, poised to contribute significantly to addressing global food security 2 and sustainability challenges. This study underscores the importance of bibliometric analysis in elucidating the global seaweed research landscape and emphasizes the need for sustained knowledge exchange and collaboration to drive the field forward. By revealing key findings and emerging trends, our research offers valuable insights for academics and stakeholders, fostering a more profound understanding of seaweed's potential and informing future research endeavors in this promising domain.
... The marine environment represents a significant source of plant diversity including aquatic vegetation, seagrasses, seaweeds, algae (intertidal microalgae and macroalgae), kelp forests, and shrubs [86]. This plant diversity is connected to the interactions and interconnections of various ecosystems grouped together, such as coral reefs, marshlands, tidal flats, mangrove swamps, beaches, and rocky shorelines, all of which have mutual effects. ...
A large volume of traditional crude oil is still transported through the ocean from production sites to utilization areas around the world. Unconventional petroleum products also cross pelagic natural habitats: for example, diluted bitumen from Canada's oil sands is transported through the Pacific coast to the USA and Asia. Oil and grease (O&G) concentrations in industrial wastewaters and the environment have been reported as rising, with increasing negative effects on the environment. The primary sources of O&G contaminations in aquatic and terrestrial environments are use of O&G in high-demand oil-processed foods, establishment and expansion of oil refinery and petrochemical plants around the world, and spills of O&G into environment during transportation. In most cases, O&G may be cleaned up by the environment's natural processes (such as photooxidation, biodegradation, and evaporation). The bulk oil is removed by naturally existing bacterial populations via one of the several oil weathering methods, which is why bioremediation has gained a lot of attention. Thus, with an ongoing need to evaluate the toxicological effects of chronic and disastrous petroleum spills on marine wildlife, several microorganisms capable of degrading O&G have been identified and may be potential candidates for bioaugmentation products. Therefore, this review focuses on the potential of using microbial candidates as an effective solution to remove the presence of O&G in various wastewaters and soil environments. The review also summarizes the current understanding of the extent and effects of O&G as well as hydrocarbon spills in aquatic and terrestrial environments, the function of microorganisms on degradation of these O&G, and current gaps in knowledge.
Graphical Abstract
... In the subtidal of the open coast the species present must be able to resist marine dynamics, but conditions are much more stable than in the intertidal or estuaries. In coastal lagoons the dynamism is lower than on the open coast; however, temperature variations can be very large [59]. Table 1 Non-native green seaweed species recorded in the Iberian Peninsula, Macaronesia and Mediterranean [19,21,23,129]. ...
The term “non-indigenous species” (NIS) describes creatures that have colonized previously unoccupied parts of the globe. They have enormous ecological and economic problems everywhere because of their expanding presence. The success of biological invaders in this setting has recently been a hot topic. Of the thousands of marine NIS that have been introduced all over the world, seaweeds (marine macroalgae) are a significant part. Global investigations conducted over the past ten years have identified >277 species of invasive seaweeds. More than 100 invasive species of seaweed have been found in Europe, and the northeastern Atlantic is especially renowned for harboring a large number of these species. The main NIS of seaweeds that can currently be found in the waters (Atlantic and Mediterranean) of the Iberian Peninsula (including the respective archipelagos) will be the topic of this revision, which will examine the processes of seaweed invasion from their introduction stage and introduction vectors to their invasive success. In order to demonstrate how these species, which are endangering the ecosystem, can be an excellent environmental resource of bioactive compounds with high industrial potential and high socioeconomic revenue, their environmental management of NIS as well as their potential uses as biofertilizers, bioactivities, feed, and food were also addressed.
... Seaweed cultivation presents significant environmental benefits by improving water quality through its capacity to absorb excess nutrients, such as N and P, thereby mitigating the risk of harmful algal blooms and fostering healthier aquatic ecosystems. Seaweeds also play a vital role in mitigating climate change by sequestering CO 2 from the atmosphere, helping to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and combat global warming [24,103]. ...
The environmental impact of drug manufacturing raises concerns about sustainability in healthcare. To address this, exploring alternative approaches to drug production is crucial. This review focuses on seaweed as a sustainable resource for greening drug manufacturing processes. Seaweed offers advantages such as renewability, abundance, and a positive environmental footprint. The review begins by providing an overview of sustainable drug manufacturing practices and the challenges faced in achieving sustainability. It then discusses seaweed as a sustainable resource, including cultivation techniques and environmental benefits. Seaweed has various applications in drug manufacturing, including extracting and purifying bioactive compounds with potential therapeutic properties. Seaweed’s role in developing green technologies, such as seaweed-based excipients, biodegradable packaging materials, and as a source of sustainable energy for drug manufacturing processes, is highlighted. The environmental and economic implications of incorporating seaweed-based solutions are discussed, emphasizing reduced carbon footprint and cost-effectiveness. Regulatory and industrial perspectives are addressed, examining challenges, and opportunities for implementing seaweed-based drug manufacturing. Collaboration between academia, industry, and regulatory bodies is crucial for successful integration. The review presents future directions and opportunities, including emerging trends and innovations in seaweed-based drug manufacturing, areas for further research, policy development, and industry engagement recommendations. Incorporating seaweed into drug production facilitates a reduction in environmental impact, promotes resource efficiency, and contributes to sustainable healthcare. This review showcases seaweed-based solutions as a means to foster a greener future for drug manufacturing, addressing environmental concerns, and promoting sustainability.
... Results from the present study demonstrate that the settlement and development of kelp across different coralline algal species is variable and not generalizable, which could have major implications for kelp forest recovery. That canopy kelps can still settle onto coralline algal species abundant in urchin barrens suggests that coralline algae do not have a strong negative impact on kelp forest recovery as previously thought, and removal of these species prior to kelp restoration efforts may not be necessary (e.g., Bulleri et al., 2002;Eger et al., 2022;Jung et al., 2022). Nevertheless, although canopy kelps are able to settle into both kelp forest and urchin-barren systems, survivability and spore supply to these sites are still important factors when considering recovery and maintenance of these ecosystem states. ...
... Nevertheless, although canopy kelps are able to settle into both kelp forest and urchin-barren systems, survivability and spore supply to these sites are still important factors when considering recovery and maintenance of these ecosystem states. For example, studies from the northwestern Atlantic Ocean have shown that re-establishment of kelp spores and recovery of kelp beds following reductions of urchins at several sites ranged from 18 months to 4 years depending on the proximity to the nearest reproductive kelp beds (Johnson & Mann, 1988;Keats et al., 1990). However, results presented here of greater kelp spore settlement on articulated coralline algae over bare rock, suggest that coralline algal communities may need to transition to a community resembling that observed in kelp forests with abundant articulated coralline species in order for subcanopy kelps to recruit back into the system. ...
Species interactions can influence key ecological processes that support community assembly and composition. For example, coralline algae encompass extensive diversity and may play a major role in regime shifts from kelp forests to urchin‐dominated barrens through their role in inducing invertebrate larval metamorphosis and influencing kelp spore settlement. In a series of laboratory experiments, we tested the hypothesis that different coralline communities facilitate the maintenance of either ecosystem state by either promoting or inhibiting early recruitment of kelps or urchins. Coralline algae significantly increased red urchin metamorphosis compared with a control, while they had varying effects on kelp settlement. Urchin metamorphosis and density of juvenile canopy kelps did not differ significantly across coralline species abundant in both kelp forests and urchin barrens, suggesting that recruitment of urchin and canopy kelps does not depend on specific corallines. Non‐calcified fleshy red algal crusts promoted the highest mean urchin metamorphosis percentage and showed some of the lowest canopy kelp settlement. In contrast, settlement of one subcanopy kelp species was reduced on crustose corallines, but elevated on articulated corallines, suggesting that articulated corallines, typically absent in urchin barrens, may need to recover before this subcanopy kelp could return. Coralline species differed in surface bacterial microbiome composition; however, urchin metamorphosis was not significantly different when microbiomes were removed with antibiotics. Our results clarify the role played by coralline algal species in kelp forest community assembly and could have important implications for kelp forest recovery.
... Therefore, to restore seaweed-dominated communities (e.g., marine forest), many countries are undertaking restoration projects (Eger et al. 2022). In Korea, the restoration of marine forests in natural bedrock is induced through the expansion of artificial habitats, and seaweeds are transplanted by installing artificial reefs at the boundary between bedrock and sediments (Jung et al. 2022). This study has great significance in that it provides quantitative photosynthetic TIC removal efficiency in an area where the sediment environment has been expanded to an artificial rock habitat for the first time in the world through the tent incubation experiments. ...
With increasing climate crisis concerns, interest in primary production of marine ecosystems is also increasing. Recently, artificial transplantation of canopy-forming seaweed has been carried out to increase coastal productivity, but the contribution of this strategy to inorganic carbon uptake has not been evaluated. Here, we estimated photosynthetic uptake of total inorganic carbon (TIC) by measuring the population and community productivity of artificial reefs (ARs) implanted with seaweed (dominated by Ecklonia cava) to determine TIC uptake efficiency of the transplanted seaweed and ecosystem respiration. The community-level of TIC uptake rate in the ARs ecosystem was measured using a 24-h tent incubation method in July and October 2021 in the East Sea of Korea. From these experiments, GCP and NCP (gross and net community production, respectively) ranged from 0.81–4.84 g C m⁻² day⁻¹ and from -2.08–1.91 g C m⁻² day⁻¹, respectively. We also measured photosynthesis-irradiance curves of E. cava (population level) to estimate individual inorganic carbon uptake rate in October 2021. GPP and NPP (gross and net primary productivity) were 132.47 and 6.83 mg C ind.⁻¹ day⁻¹, respectively. Based on these results, we estimated TIC uptake rates via photosynthesis of ARs seaweed beds at a community level. About 95% of GCP was allocated for E. cava respiration, but seaweed-associated respiration at different trophic levels (i.e., microbial and meiofauna/macrofauna respiration) was allocated an additional 20%, creating a net heterotrophic environment. Together, productivity differences at the population and community levels are key in explaining seaweed contribution to TIC uptake and respiration at the community level.
... The restoration or enhancement of marine afforestation by the creation of an artificial macroalgal habitat is normally carried out in South Korea, Japan, and the United States through the deployment of artificial reefs with attached macroalgae, commonly composed of kelps [12]. These artificial macroalgal reefs (AMRs) can play an important role in enhancing the recovery of abundance, density, and biodiversity in benthic invertebrates and nekton through macroalgal growth and the colonization of barren grounds or damaged macroalgal beds [13,14]. ...
... In response, the deployment of AMRs on Korean coasts to mitigate the massive losses of macroalgal habitats is being increasingly used. Restoration projects from the Korea Fisheries Resource Agency in South Korea have focused on the seedling transplantation of the kelp species Eisenia bicyclis, Ecklonia cava, Ecklonia stolonifera, and Sargassum to AMRs with sea urchin control on barren grounds [12,32]. In the present study, we analyzed the carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios of macroinvertebrate consumers and organic matter sources in a restored kelp community (a canopy-forming species, E. bicyclis) using transplants on artificial reefs off the eastern coast of the Korean peninsula and compared the isotope signatures with those in a nearby natural counterpart and a barren ground community. ...
Effective trophic assessment of restoration success after the creation of an artificial habitat is essential for ecological management. In this study, to evaluate the ecological trophic function of restored kelp beds of artificial macroalgal reefs (AMRs) attached with the kelp species Eisenia bicyclis, we compared carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios of organic matter sources and macrobenthic consumers and isotopic indices of functional feeding groups between artificial and reference (natural bed and barren ground, respectively) habitats. There were no significant differences in isotopic values of consumer feeding groups (except for carnivores) and their potential food sources between the artificial and natural sites, suggesting that resource diversity and resource use by consumers was similar across all sites. The isotopic data also exhibited similar or relatively higher trophic niches of feeding groups at the artificial site compared to those at the natural site, indicating that the artificial kelp bed can play important roles in similar ecological functions and services as a natural counterpart. In addition, the present study revealed that the isotopic ranges and niche indices of feeding groups were significantly wider at the artificial and natural kelp beds compared to those at the barren ground, suggesting the trophic importance of macroalgal-derived organic matter to consumer nutrition in coastal ecosystems. Overall, our results support the conclusion that the creation of an Eisenia bicyclis kelp bed by the AMRs may lead to the restoration success of the macroalgae habitat through the recovery of the ecological function of a natural food web structure.
... Jung et al. [3] review artificial seaweed reefs that support submerged aquatic vegetation beds and facilitate ocean macroalgal afforestation. They answer four research questions through their review pertaining to why artificial seaweed reefs must be established, why marine forests are required, why macroalgal forest must be restored, and why seaweed matter is under threat. ...
Human intervention is required to preserve wild animals due to human-induced problems such as climate change and altered habitats [...]
