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In vivo evaluation of entomopathogenic fungi (B. bassiana, M. anisopliae, and Metarhizium sp. Me351) on the disease severity index in cucumber roots inoculated with R. solani after 60 days of growth under greenhouse conditions at 25°C. Different letters above bars indicate statistically significant differences between treatments within the experiments (p ≤ 0.01) according to Duncan’s multiple range tests
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Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium spp. are entomopathogenic fungi with potential applications beyond insect pest control, including plant disease suppression, plant growth promotion, and rhizosphere colonization. This study investigated the plant growth-promoting characteristics and extracellular enzyme activities of Metarhizium spp. and B. bassia...
Citations
... Furthermore, the widespread use of pesticides, including fungicides, can pose significant health risks to humans through exposure via contaminated food, water, and air. These concerns underscore the need for a more integrated approach to disease management, emphasizing sustainable practices that minimize reliance on chemical inputs (Matyjaszczyk 2024;Rhouma et al. 2024). ...
... Gliocladium virens as BCA produced many kinds of antibiotics comprised gliovirin, viridiol, viridin, gliotoxin, and valinotrocin, and heptelidic acid (Agarwal et al. 2011). Rhouma et al. (2024) indicated that different fungal pathogens controlled by the antibiotic gliotoxin. T. harzianum strains produced antibiotics, such as azaphilone, 8-dihydroxy-3-methyl-anthraquinone, harzianolide, butenolide, 1-hydroxy-3-methylan-thraquinone, harzianopyridone having antibiotic activity against Pythium irregulare, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, and Rhizoctonia solani (Rhouma et al. 2024). ...
... Rhouma et al. (2024) indicated that different fungal pathogens controlled by the antibiotic gliotoxin. T. harzianum strains produced antibiotics, such as azaphilone, 8-dihydroxy-3-methyl-anthraquinone, harzianolide, butenolide, 1-hydroxy-3-methylan-thraquinone, harzianopyridone having antibiotic activity against Pythium irregulare, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, and Rhizoctonia solani (Rhouma et al. 2024). ...
Microbial inoculants, single or consortia, are groups of microorganisms or their product that can be directly applied in soil or in plant. They have a positive impact on both soil and plant by restoring soil fertility and improving plant performance. Bacteria and fungi are essential components of plant ecosystems. These microbes include different kinds of groups as follows: plant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPMs), biological control agents (BCAs), and symbiosis (SM). Many mechanisms of these microbes can service plants for growing and protection against biotic and abiotic stress by producing antimicrobial, mycoparasitism, biostimulation, and other useful compounds. Biostimulation is one of the measures that help plants to confront different stress and boost the growth. Biostimulants gained increasing attention as an alternative to chemical fertilizers and pesticides, due to their ability to promote plant growth, enhance nutrient uptake, and improve plant defense against stresses both biotic and abiotic. This current review aims to fill the gap in the current knowledge by citing the various aspects of biostimulants by PGPM and BCAs that comprise action mechanisms, application modes, types of microorganisms, and their influences on the management of plant diseases as well as plant vigor. It is relevant to determine the challenges and opportunities associated with the wide and commercial application of microbial inoculants to be a valuable alternative in sustainable agriculture.
Ubiquitous endophytic fungi, residing asymptomatically within plant tissues, harbor immense potential as biocontrol agents against diverse phytopathogens. This biodiversity exhibits multiple antifungal mechanisms, including direct inhibition through the production of lipopeptides, antibiotics, and lytic enzymes. Endophytes prevent colonization and establishment by competitively depriving pathogens of essential nutrients and space. Furthermore, they engage in active parasitism, directly consuming pathogen cells, and utilize siderophore production to sequester iron crucial for pathogen growth. Notably, endophytes trigger induced systemic resistance within the host plant, enabling broader protection against pathogens. This review comprehensively explores the potential of endophytic fungi as biocontrol agents, delving into their biology, isolation, identification, and antifungal activity. It highlights the secondary metabolites that are produced by endophytic fungi and their defensive responses against phytopathogens. Additionally, the review briefly discusses techniques employed to study these microbial interactions within host plants. By unraveling the intricacies of these mechanisms, researchers pave the way for optimizing endophytic fungi as eco-friendly and sustainable alternatives to traditional chemical fungicides, ultimately promoting sustainable plant disease management.
