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Morphometric differences were investigated among five fish species of subfamily Barbinae from the Ganga river system through traditional morphometrics and the truss network system. Species taken into account were Puntius chola (Hamilton 1822), Puntius sophore (Hamilton 1822), Pethia ticto (Hamilton 1822), Pethia conchonius (Hamilton 1822) and Systo...
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... The "truss network technique" is a robust statistical analysis-based tool that is validated by landmarks and employed widely by numerous workers for species discrimination [7]. To generate the morphometric variables collected from digital photographs of specimens taken from the study areas, a truss network is constructed by linking the landmarks [8], with the help of these points, the individual fish body shape can be analyzed and PAST were the software platforms used in combination to extract the truss distances from the digital photos of the specimens [9,10]. Findings of multiple research indicate that the truss technique can be useful in resolving taxonomic uncertainty by measuring variations in shape. ...
India has a world's richest, most abundant and most promising inland fisheries resources with variety fishes in tributaries, streams, canals, lakes, ponds, and reservoirs. There are several significant river systems in India, including the Cauvery, Tapi, Narmada, Krishna, Indus, Brahmaputra, Ganga, Mahanadi, and Godavari which showing shrinkage of fish fauna because of environmental disturbance, human interference and human threats. In order to conserve the fish diversity, the molecular markers are helpful in determining genetic diversity, gene polymorphism and gene flows from generation to generation. The topic experienced a surge in interest due to the introduction of strong statistical analysis tools and the accessibility of DNA fingerprinting, DNA sequencing techniques and consequently population genetic studies. Some molecular markers, Microsatellite markers, RAPD, Allozymes and mitochondrial (cox1, cytob, ATPase6/8) implications have been discussed in this review which will provide an overview that have been used by scientists to studied population genetic structure and genetic variations at various levels.
... The first approach known as TM is the most primitive methodology where the actual body is used and distances between specific body parts are generated through digital callipers (Fig. 1). The TM method accounts for size and shape variations typically relied on the univariate or multivariate analysis of variables such as body measures, angles and ratios [13]. Though TM is still frequently used in many areas including taxonomic studies, the major shortcoming of this approach is the lack of ability to describe entire shape of an organism and the morphometric characters themselves are often treated as independent of one another, and may therefore co-vary. ...
... The TM method has been criticized also because it is concentrated along the body axis, with measurements only of the depth and head [14]. The second approach to study morphometrics is the TNS in which homologous landmarks are used to assess morphological variations by measuring distances between landmarks (Fig. 2) [12,13]. However, in this method, the trusses with serial linear measurements have limitations in multivariate analysis of shape [14]. ...
... The pace of morphometric-based data collection and analysis in fisheries research is greatly increased using information technology. A family of software tools has been designed in recent years for gathering and analyzing data on morphometric variations from images of specimens which are most commonly used in TNS and GM methods for digitizing landmarks, data acquisition, superimposition, multivariate statistical analysis and visualization of shape changes such as principal component analysis (PCA), discriminant function analysis (DFA; Fig. 3a), canonical variate analysis (CVA; Fig. 3b), cluster analysis (CA; Fig. 3c), deformation grids and wireframes (Fig. 3d) [5,13,18]. The PCA is used to detect outliers and to identify significant variables [15]. ...
Identification of species and its stocks within the natural populations is considered essential biodiversity variables (EBVs) for estimating variation in global fish diversity. Among all the tools, morphometrics is one of the most primitive and frequently employed methods to assess these EBVs. In the recent past, revolutionary developments were achieved in the field of morphometrics and with the gaining popularity and efficiency of genetic tools, various morphometric methods (traditional morphometrics, truss network system and geometric morphometrics) are now used in association with molecular markers for fish diversity assessment. This article briefly presents the applications and limitations of various morphometric methods and their prospects in quantifying fish diversity.
... This species is surfacepelagic, herbivore and shoaling in nature and is widely distributed throughout the Indian subcontinent, including India, Nepal, Afghanistan, China, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Myanmar, and Pakistan Sarkar et al., 2019). This is an economically important ornamental fish as well as food fish, and is also considered as a key target species in recreational fisheries and forms a major component of the tropical fish trade (Gupta et al., 2018). Nutritionally, it is an important source of protein, carbohydrates, and micronutrients, and it helps to prevent people in rural areas from being malnourished . ...
... Information on the morphometrics and other life history characteristics of P. sophore is essential to comprehend the existing stock structure in various habitats and to manage and conserve them sustainably in their native ecosystem (Hossain et al., 2009;Prajapati et al., 2022). Several authors have studied the life history traits including length-weight relationship, length frequency distribution, condition factor, sexual maturity and mortality parameters of this species (Reddy and Rao, 1992;Hossain et al., 2009Hossain et al., , 2012Hossain, 2010;Ahamed et al., 2012;Pal et al., 2013;Saroniya et al., 2013;Gupta et al., 2018;Ahirwal et al., 2022). Reddy and Rao (1992) and Hossain et al. (2018) have shown isometric to positive allometric growth of P. sophore in river, pond, lake, and wetland ecosystems. ...
The present study estimated the morphometric relationships between body and sagittal otolith of the economically and nutritionally important pool barb Puntius sophore (Hamilton, 1822). A total of 266 fish specimens were collected monthly from the Ganga and Punpun rivers of Bihar, India from September 2021 to March 2022 Length-weight relationships (LWRs), length frequency distribution, condition factor and otolith aspect ratio were assessed. The fish length and weight ranged from 5.57 to 11.17 cm and 1.18 to 18.98 g, respectively. The b value in LWRs (b>3) were estimated as 3.20 and 3.17 for Ganga and Punpun, respectively. Condition factors indicated optimal growth conditions for this species in both the rivers. The fish and otolith morphometrics showed a positive correlation, and the highest coefficient of determination (R 2) was observed between total fish length and otolith weight (R 2 = 0.942) followed by fish length and otolith length (R 2 =0.90). All of these relationships are significant to fisheries management and useful for future time series studies on food-feeding habits, stock structure, environmental change and resource conservation.
... Geographical barriers and different hydrological conditions play an important role in influencing gene flow among populations (Brian et al., 2006;Macholán, 2001). The differences in morphology are often caused by environmental conditions, genetic factors, natural selection and anthropogenic influence (Begg et al., 1999;Gupta et al., 2018;Mustikasari et al., 2020), so it is necessary to explore from many aspects, and these results need to be further verified by molecular genetic studies. ...
Chinese Gizzard Shad Clupanodon thrissa is an important migratory fisheries species in estuaries, mainly distributed in the northwest Pacific Ocean. In order to understand the genetic diversity and resource status of C. thrissa, a total of 398 specimens of C. thrissa were collected from 12 geographical populations in South China. Based on morphometry, mitochondrial genes Cyt b and D-loop and nuclear gene RAG1, genetic diversity and population genetic structure of C. thrissa were studied. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the morphology of different populations of C. thrissa. Cluster analysis showed that BH, HP and QZ populations in Guangxi basin were more closely related to MM and CZ populations in Guangdong, while ND population in Fujian basin was more closely related to the six populations in the Pearl River Basin. Except for the MM population, all populations had high haplotype diversity and low nucleotide diversity. The haplotype network and phylogenetic tree based on mitochondrial genes revealed that QZ, BH and HP populations showed obvious lineage branches. AMOVA analysis showed that the genetic variation among groups and within populations of C. thrissa was the main source of total variation. Pairwise FST values showed significant or highly significant genetic differentiation between ND, CZ, MM, BH, HP, QZ populations and other populations, respectively. However, the haplotype network and phylogenetic tree of nuclear genes did not show lineage branches corresponding to geographical location, and the genetic variation within populations was the main source of total variation in the AMOVA analysis. The inconsistent results of mitochondrial and nuclear gene may be related to their different evolutionary rates. This study provides important reference for the resource management and conservation of C. thrissa in South China.
... On the other hand, G. kashmirensis is placed distinctly from other fish species, which indicates that it differs in body profile and is characterized by a special set of features ( Figure 3A). The present study's results conform with the findings of other workers (Sarkar et al., 2012;Gupta et al., 2018;Dwivedi et al., 2020). ...
Traditionally, species of fish are identified based on morphological characteristics. Although these taxonomic descriptions are essential, there are cases where the morphological characters distinguishing these species show marginal differences. For instance, in the Poonch River in the Himalayas, there are 21 species, out of which some are morphologically similar, and the taxonomic distinction between these species is unclear. Therefore, in this study, we used sequences from two mitochondrial genes, Cytochrome b (Cyt b) and a larger ribosomal subunit (16S rRNA), as well as the morphological analysis to address any taxonomic ambiguities among the six fish species. Maximum Likelihood results revealed that all the species were clustered according to their families and genera. The phenotypic analysis also supported this statement, as all the species of different genera like Schizothorax, Tor, Garra, Traqilabeo, and Glyptothorax are grouped in their particular cluster, it shows that species of a separate class share a mutual morphological characteristic. While genetic analyses of these species suggest nucleotide diversity (p) and haplotype diversity, with Hd values as 0.644 for Cyt b and 0.899 for 16S rRNA, confirming the rich genetic diversity in the river. Overall, we recommend that the integrative approach in delimiting the fish species is more effective than the individual one and can be used to rapidly diagnose a species and understand the evolutionary relationship between the species.
... It is a valuable complement to molecular data, notably where the facilities for the latter technique are lacking. The GM uses a powerful landmark-supported tool, called 'truss network technique' that is efficient in detecting shape variation among groups through appropriate statistical analyses (Gupta et al. 2018). The system, incorporated through landmark points, is effective in capturing information on an organism's body shape and consequently, stock and species identification (Marini et al. 2017) as well as to elucidate taxonomic and phylogenetic relationships (Aktas et al. 2006;Rebello et al. 2014;Rajakumaran et al. 2014). ...
The taxonomic diversity of penaeid shrimps from the northwest coast of Peninsular Malaysia was investigated based on morphometric and molecular approaches. For geometric morphometrics (GM) approach, eighteen homologous landmarks were analyzed with principal component analysis (PCA) and canonical variate analysis (CVA) in Morpho J software. The morphological variations among species were attributed to body shape, rostrum, carapace head, and telson. The first four components accounted for 87.27% in the PCA, while for CVA, the first three components contributed to 78.47%. Although not absolute, there is a tendency for closely related species to cluster together. The CVA analyses clearly differentiated Metapenaeopsis stridulans, Megokris sedili, Metapenaeus brevicornis and Mierspenaeopsis sculptilis into discrete clusters, and highlighted the closeness of the groups; Mierspenaeopsis sculptilis - M. hardwickii, Penaeus merguiensis - P. semisulcatus, Metapenaeus affinis - M. dobsoni - M. ensis, and Penaeus monodon - P. pulchricaudatus. Molecular phylogeny among these species of penaeid shrimp were examined using mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene sequences. Geometric morphometric analyses revealed shape overlap among the 12 shrimp species, yet significant differences were also detected. The morphometric and molecular multispecies analyses were largely in agreement. The phylogenetic signal was assessed by mapping the morphometric data onto three phylogenetic trees (Neighbour Joining-NJ, Maximum Likelihood-ML, and Bayesian Inference-BI) generated from the partial mitochondrial COI on the same 12 species. Results revealed non-significance (no phylogenetic signal) for NJ but significant phylogenetic signals (evolutionary significance) for ML and BI, suggesting that the shape difference among the penaeid shrimp species investigated was related to their evolutionary history. The NJ tree is prone to errors when dealing with deeper divergence times, whereas ML and BI trees are ideal for phylogeny tree reconstruction, which applies a model of sequence evolution on the data.
... In addition, a high character variability corresponds to the important morphometric characteristics that determine species grouping (Boussou et al. 2010). Similar approach has been introduced, which applies this method for the identification of morphological variations and stock structures of the selected Tilapia fish (Samaradivakara et al. 2012), the Indian major carp, Labeo rohita (Mir et al. 2013) and the five fish species of subfamily Barbinae (Gupta et al. 2018). ...
... Mousavi-Sabet & Anvarifar 2013) and the five fish species from the subfamily Barbinae (Gupta et al. 2018). UPGMA is proven reliable in separating a studied population according to morphological characteristics. ...
Mudskippers (Oxudercidae) are euryhaline fish found in mudflats, sandy beaches, and mangrove swamps. Owing to the high abundances of mudskipper species in Peninsular Malaysia, the identification process is found challenging. The purpose of this study was to identify selected species of mudskipper from selected mangroves in Terengganu, east coast of Peninsular Malaysia according to morphometrical variations and development of key pictorial of mudskipper. A total of 63 mudskippers were collected using a fish net in Marang (n= 30) and Setiu (n= 33). Quantitative data on the morphometric characteristics of each individual were identified namely Periophthalmus gracilis, P. variabilis and P. argentilineatus. One-way analysis of variance showed significant differences (P<0.05) in 10 out of 16 morphometric characteristics among the three species. In the casewise statistics analysis, 92.1% of the mudskippers were correctly classified into their original groups on average. The canonical variate analysis (CVA) scatter plot showed the segregation of three identified mudskipper species into three distinct groups. In the cluster analysis, UPGMA dendrogram indicated the segregation of the three species into two distinct clades, and P. gracilis and P. variabilis were included in the sister group, whereas P. argentilineatus was in a separate clade. The development of the key pictorial of mudskippers showed that 10 species from five genera were successfully recognized and distinguished by comparing their body parts as key indications. This study will be helpful to researchers acquiring information for identifying mudskippers especially from the genus Periophthalmus.
... Studies on morphological differentiation of fish species in Indian waters have been commonly performed from the fish body using linear measurements, truss network and meristic data (Sreekanth et al. 2016;Gupta et al. 2018;Nama et al. 2022), as well as using otolith morphometries and shapes (Deepa et al. 2019;Hari et al. 2019). We could differentiate the species based on multidimensional variations in fish body and otolith shape with high classification success (Neves and Monteiro 2003;Granados-Amores et al. 2020;Da Silva et al. 2021;Yedier 2021;Yedier andBostanci 2021, 2022). ...
Morphology of the fish and otoliths are popularly used in the discrimination of species/stocks/populations and also to gather meaningful conclusions about their ecology. This approach is useful to enhance our understanding of the relationship between form and function in fishes when a direct assessment is impossible. Inter-species variation was analysed using geometric morphometric analysis for fish body shape, while morphometry and wavelet functions for sagittae morphology. A clear ecomorphological pattern in the body, as well as otolith shape, is evident among species as deeper inhabiting species possess a deeper body with oblong otoliths compared with shallower species that possess a more streamlined body with fusiform otoliths. We also observed that deeper species (P. obscura) possess bigger eyes for the optimum use of available light and bigger otoliths with higher otolith sensory area and otolith area ratio (S:O) for better sound reception capacities. Our hypothesis supports that the differences in fish morphological as well as sensorial traits (otoliths), which are closely related to their locomotion, foraging pattern and depth of habitation, lead to trophic segregation which in turn encourages their coexistence. This is the first work that discusses the relationship between body shape, otolith morphometry and morphology in deep-sea fishes and their ecomorphological interpretations.
... In both the ML and NJ methods for the ITS2 DNA sequence analyses, the bootstrap values were satisfactory. This genetic marker was able to distinguish the Pethia group as a monophyletic one, which was also found in the previous studies [32,10,[33][34][35]11]. Among the three Pethia species in the present study, P. ticto and P. gelius were found to be more closely related than they are to P. conchonius, and P. sophore was found to be more closely related to the Pethia group than P. chola. ...
The internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) nuclear DNA was sequenced for six species of barbin fishes from Assam in the North Eastern region of India. The variations in the sequences were investigated to estimate nucleotide composition, nucleotide diversity, transition-transversion bias, genetic distance, and phylogenetic relationship. From the sequence analysis, it was found that the average G + C content (64.8%) was more than A + T content (35.2%). The nucleotide diversity (Pi) was found to be 0.04737. The number of transition substitutions was more than transversion substitutions and the transition-transversion bias was 1.16. Overall mean genetic distance was found to be 0.050 with a range from 0.005716 (between Puntius sophore and Puntius chola) to 0.084536 (between Pethia gelius and Systomus sarana). The phylograms constructed by neighbor-joining and maximum likelihood methods resulted in a similar topology where the monophyly of the Pethia group was recovered which consists of P. gelius, Pethia ticto, and Pethia conchonius. The two Puntius species (P. sophore and P. chola) were not clustered together and S. sarana remained a distinct taxon. The results of the present study partially validated the utility of the ITS2 DNA sequence in genetic diversity and phylogenetic studies in the barbin fishes.
... Studies on morphological differentiation of fish species in Indian waters have been commonly performed from the fish body using linear measurements, truss network and meristic data (Sreekanth et al. 2016;Gupta et al. 2018;Nama et al. 2022), as well as using otolith morphometries and shapes (Deepa et al. 2019;Hari et al. 2019). We could differentiate the species based on multidimensional variations in fish body and otolith shape with high classification success (Neves and Monteiro 2003;Granados-Amores et al. 2020;Da Silva et al. 2021;Yedier 2021;Yedier andBostanci 2021, 2022). ...
Morphology of the fish and otoliths are popularly used in the discrimination of species/stocks/populations and also to gather meaningful conclusions about their ecology. This approach is useful to enhance our understanding of the relationship between form and function in fishes when a direct assessment is impossible. Inter-species variation was analysed using geometric morphometric analysis for fish body shape, while morphometry and wavelet functions for sagittae morphology. A clear ecomorphological pattern in the body, as well as otolith shape, is evident among species as deeper inhabiting species possess a deeper body with oblong otoliths compared with shallower species that possess a more streamlined body with fusiform otoliths. We also observed that deeper species (P. obscura) possess bigger eyes for the optimum use of available light and bigger otoliths with higher otolith sensory area and otolith area ratio (S:O) for better sound reception capacities. Our hypothesis supports that the differences in fish morphological as well as sensorial traits (otoliths), which are closely related to their locomotion, foraging pattern and depth of habitation, lead to trophic segregation which in turn encourages their coexistence. This is the first work that discusses the relationship between body shape, otolith morphometry and morphology in deep-sea fishes and their ecomorphological interpretations.
http://zoobank.org/lsid:zoobank.org:pub:663DD393-80B0-407D-907C-51E3F33ECCFB
