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Craig medical, medimpex, and Q test standard curves. A) To allow quantification of cocaine and BE in unknown samples, standard curves were created. First, a series of cocaine standards (0, 3, 5, 10, and 30 ng/ml) were created and applied to test strips obtained from Craig Medical in triplicate. 20 hours after applying the standards to the strip, images of each strip were taken using a Dino-Lite microscope, quantified in ImageJ, and the results plotted on a curve using IGOR Pro 5.03. B) To determine if the test strips have the same sensitivity towards cocaine and BE, a series of BE standards (0, 0.003, 0.005, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.05, and 0.1 ng/ml) were created and applied to Craig Medical test strips in triplicate. Results were obtained and plotted as in a. Craig Medical Test strips were able to detect Be levels approximately 300 times lower than that of cocaine. C) Different brands may have different sensitivities to COC/BE. To test this, strips were obtained from Medimpex United, Inc. Four cocaine standards (0, 0.1, 0.5, and 5 ng/ml) were created and applied to test strips in triplicate. Results were quantified and plotted as in a. Medimpex test strips were approximately 30 times more sensitive to cocaine than the Craig Medical test strips. D) As in c, except using Q Test strips and seven cocaine standards (0, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, and 300 ng/ml). Results indicate that Craig Medical test strips are approximately 3 times more sensitive to cocaine than Q Test strips.
Source publication
Here we describe the first report of using low-cost cellular or web-based digital cameras to image and quantify standardized rapid immunoassay strips as a new point-of-care diagnostic and forensics tool with health applications. Quantitative ratiometric pixel density analysis (QRPDA) is an automated method requiring end-users to utilize inexpensive...
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Citations
... In addition, the results obtained are compatible with other studies that explore the image analysis to identify and/or quantify substances, pointed out in the review of Capitán-Vallvey et al. (2015) [16]. Cadle et al. (2010) [58] proposed a method to quantify cocaine and benzoylecgonine starting with the photographic register of commercial immunochromatographic examination tapes and obtained successful results regarding sensitivity, limit of detection and robustness. While that study focused on the evaluation of sensitivity, the study of this article focused on the optimization of Scott Test's selectiveness due to the known issue of false-positives in the context of forensic labs. ...
... In addition, the results obtained are compatible with other studies that explore the image analysis to identify and/or quantify substances, pointed out in the review of Capitán-Vallvey et al. (2015) [16]. Cadle et al. (2010) [58] proposed a method to quantify cocaine and benzoylecgonine starting with the photographic register of commercial immunochromatographic examination tapes and obtained successful results regarding sensitivity, limit of detection and robustness. While that study focused on the evaluation of sensitivity, the study of this article focused on the optimization of Scott Test's selectiveness due to the known issue of false-positives in the context of forensic labs. ...
Scott test is a simple, rapid, and low-cost preliminary test used extensively to suggest the presence of cocaine in drug seizures due to the development of a blue color. However, the presence of cutting agents can compromise the test result and may suggest the presence of cocaine when the drug is absent. This study evaluated the frequency of these results and the spectral behavior and color development of false positive substances. Furthermore, this study proposes the application of the partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) method associated with photographic images obtained by a smartphone camera to increase the selectivity of the Scott test. For the first time, a study considered a diverse set of 173 samples, 126 of them from police drug seizures. The multivariate model presented a 100% hit rate for both the set of training samples and the test set. Thus, zero false positive (classified as positive in the absence of cocaine) and false negative (negative in the presence of cocaine) rates were achieved. Therefore, the proposed methodological alternative is promising, simple, low-cost, portable, and considerably increases the assertiveness of the preliminary test for researching cocaine.
... [2,16] This tendency occurs because, nowadays, devices that capture and process digital images are in our pockets. The use of smartphones as analytical devices has been reported in many applications, including clinical, [17,18] forensic, [19,20] food, [21] and environmental [22] analysis. Recently, it was developed in Brazil, a smartphone application (Pho-toMetrix®) that allows the performing image acquisition and treatment of data obtained in the device itself. ...
In this paper, a colorimetric method for the detection of milk adulterants using smartphone image analysis is reported. This is based on the reactions to detect hydrogen peroxide, sodium hypochlorite, and starch in milk, where a color variation is observed for each substance. The image analysis was performed by using lab-made apps (PhotoMetrix®, and RedGIM®) based on partial least squares regression with the histograms of the red-green-blue images. The image histograms are automatically calculated using the smartphone camera and processed within the app. The results have shown the capability of this method to predict the concentration of the three adulterants, demonstrating the potential of the use of digital images and smartphone applications associated with chemometric tools. This method presents a fast, low-cost, and portable way to quantify adulterants in Cow milk.
... A mobile-based apparatus has been devised and demonstrated for the semi-quantitative measurement of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) using Mie-scattering optimized lateral flow assay [11]. Mobile phone based LFA readers were demonstrated for use in forensic and biological applications for detection of cocaine and benzoylecgonine [12]. Another research demonstrated the capability of a mobile-based rapid diagnostic test reader platform working with various lateral flow immuno-chromatographic assays to create diagnostic reports for qualitative analysis of the presence of malaria, tuberculosis or HIV [13]. ...
There is a vital need for portable and cost-effective point-of-care (PoC) testing technologies that provide reliable and rapid results. Lateral Flow Immunoassays (LFIA) are suitable PoC diagnostic tools with the potential for use in a wide variety of field applications ranging from uses in clinical diagnostics to aiding law enforcement. Quick and reliable diagnosis of non-communicable diseases (NCD) like diabetes is vital especially in developing countries like India where the burden of these diseases is very high and is increasing day by day. In this paper, we have presented the design of smartphone-based fully quantitative LFIA analyser, An automatic image processing algorithm is also described. A repeatability study was done with stable fluorescence reference cartridges. The Coefficient of Variation (CoV) for repeatability study was calculated and it was found to be good (<; 1.5%). The instrument was tested with blood samples to generate a calibration curve for Glycated Haemoglobin (HbA1c) with respect to standard lab instrument. Three different set of settings parameters were used in smartphone camera their calibration curve formed. All three curves were linearly correlated with R2-value greater than 0.985. Finally, the calibration curve was validated through three HbA1c blood sample tests- for each sample, CoV was less than 5%. The PhoneQuant analyser is the portable cost-effective solution to traditional bulky LFIA analysers and it has good potential to be deployed at physician's desk or for in-home PoC testing for quick and reliable diagnosis.
... Screening analysis of COC abuse are commonly immunochemical techniques, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent analysis (ELISAs), immunochromatographic test strips (ICS), microfluidic chip-based devices, or fluorescence polarization immunoassays (FPIAs) [8,10]. Oral fluid-based immunochromatographic test strips are rapid point-of-care devices for testing COC/BZE at a specific threshold level [8,10,[14][15][16]. They are based on a lateral flow membrane dipsticks with precoated dry immunoreagents that are activated by applying the fluid sample and move along the porous test strip by capillary forces. ...
... Screening analysis of COC abuse are commonly immunochemical techniques, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent analysis (ELISAs), immunochromatographic test strips (ICS), microfluidic chip-based devices, or fluorescence polarization immunoassays (FPIAs) [8,10]. Oral fluid-based immunochromatographic test strips are rapid point-of-care devices for testing COC/BZE at a specific threshold level [8,10,[14][15][16]. They are based on a lateral flow membrane dipsticks with precoated dry immunoreagents that are activated by applying the fluid sample and move along the porous test strip by capillary forces. ...
Cocaine is one of the most worldwide used illicit drugs. We report a magnetic particles-based enzyme-linked immunoassay (mpEIA) method for the rapid and sensitive determination of cocaine (COC) in saliva, urine and serum samples. Under optimized conditions, the limits of detections were 0.09 ng mL−1 (urine), 0.15 ng mL−1 (saliva), and 0.06 ng mL−1 COC (human serum). Sensitivities were in the range EC50 = 0.6–2.5 ng mL−1 COC. The cross-reactivity with the principal metabolite benzoylecgonine (BZE) was only 1.6%. Recovering percentages of doped samples (0, 10, 50, and 100 ng mL−1 of COC) ranged from about 86 to 111%. Some advantages of the developed mpEIA over conventional ELISA kits are faster incubations, improved reproducibility, and consumption of lower amounts of antibody and enzyme conjugates due to the use of magnetic beads. The reported method was validated following the guidelines on bioanalytical methods of the European Medicines Agency (2011). Unmetabolized COC detection has a great interest in pharmacological, pharmacokinetics, and toxicokinetics studies, and can be used to detect a very recent COC use (1–6 h.).
... Particularly interesting are mobile phones and tablets because of their combination of connectivity and their ability to take pictures with computational power, which has made it possible to develop new concepts that can be included in health information technology and telemedicine [7e11] and mobile health services [11,12] through on-site processing [13e16] and remote processing through data transfer to a centralized facility for archiving and analysis, e.g. quantitative 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 ratiometric pixel density Analysis (QRPDA) [17], mobile image ratiometry (MIR) [18] and rapid-diagnostic-test (RDT) [19] for the quantification of immunoassay test strips. ...
... Scanners are also used as a comparison tool, and therefore, some studies have been carried out using different image detectors to determine a comparative response between them. That is the case of [55] which compares a scanner and digital camera [17], which uses a webcam, mobile phone and scanner [84], which compares a CMOS mobile phone camera and scanner responses, and Wong et al. who compare smartphones and tablet computers, with a customdeveloped software application, working in greyscale mode with office scanners with consistent results [109]. ...
... Cell or mobile phones were initially only used to provide a way to easily collect, transmit, and organize data along with different analytical procedures, as is the case with lateral flow immunoassays. Cocaine and its major metabolite, benzoylecgonine, can be determined by imaging the lateral flow immunoassays that transmit the image on a phone camera to a central computer server, where a quantitative ratiometric pixel density analysis (QRPDA) is performed [17]. Digital cameras integrated into portable devices such as tablets and smartphones have been applied as true image analysers, because the built-in microprocessors can also be programmed to carry out the image processing necessary to determine the analyte concentration [84,134]. ...
Chemical analysis based on colour changes recorded with imaging devices is gaining increasing interest. This is due to its several significant advantages, such as simplicity of use, and the fact that it is easily combinable with portable and widely distributed imaging devices, resulting in friendly analytical procedures in many areas that demand out-of-lab applications for in situ and real-time monitoring. This tutorial review covers computer vision-based analytical (CVAC) procedures and systems from 2005 to 2015, a period of time when 87.5% of the papers on this topic were published. The background regarding colour spaces and recent analytical system architectures of interest in analytical chemistry is presented in the form of a tutorial. Moreover, issues regarding images, such as the influence of illuminants, and the most relevant techniques for processing and analysing digital images are addressed. Some of the most relevant applications are then detailed, highlighting their main characteristics. Finally, our opinion about future perspectives is discussed.
... There are a few articles that involve the use of mobile phones for quantitative analysis for assays and other trays for different types of experiments. There is a mobile phone based image acquisition and quantitative ratiometric method for detecting cocaine and benzoylecgonine for biological and forensic applications, which are used on standardized rapid immunoassay strips [1]. The report discusses materials, such as the type and resolution of the camera used and different lighting settings, and methods of image analysis of rapid test strips rather than actually developing a program and/or equipment that incorporates the findings into a final design. ...
Many cutting edge chemistry experiments for high throughput assays require measuring colored outputs from specially prepared samples. Absorbance from these samples is usually measured with a specialized piece of equipment that adds to the expense, time, and complexity of obtaining experimental results. To make these experiments more accessible, we looked at developing software to allow cell phones or consumer grade USB cameras to measure these experiments and quantify the intensity of the output.
What we have compiled thus far is research regarding several different color spaces and attempted analysis on the many channels of color spaces such as RGB, HSV, HSL, CIELab, CIELuv, XYZ, and YCrCb, that might be used to measure assay results. We concentrated on analyzing the channels and also manipulating the data to find a relationship between the computed color values and concentrations of dye in the assays. We also have created several programs that assist in extracting the channel values from the assays and to sort our results to make analysis easier.
... There are considerable growing applications of cell phone-based devices in bioanalytical sciences [4], i.e., immunoassays [5][6][7][8][9], lateral flow assays (LFA) [10][11][12][13][14][15], electrochemical sensing [16][17][18][19], surface plasmon resonance-based biosensing [20], microscopy [21][22][23][24][25], flow cytometry [26,27] and colorimetric detection [28]. This manuscript aims to provide a comprehensive review of commercially available SBDAs (Table 1) and their future impact on personalized healthcare monitoring and management. ...
Smartphone-based devices and applications (SBDAs) with cost effectiveness and remote sensing are the most promising and effective means of delivering mobile healthcare (mHealthcare). Several SBDAs have been commercialized for the personalized monitoring and/or management of basic physiological parameters, such as blood pressure, weight, body analysis, pulse rate, electrocardiograph, blood glucose, blood glucose saturation, sleeping and physical activity. With advances in Bluetooth technology, software, cloud computing and remote sensing, SBDAs provide real-time on-site analysis and telemedicine opportunities in remote areas. This scenario is of utmost importance for developing countries, where the number of smartphone users is about 70% of 6.8 billion cell phone subscribers worldwide with limited access to basic healthcare service. The technology platform facilitates patient-doctor communication and the patients to effectively manage and keep track of their medical conditions. Besides tremendous healthcare cost savings, SBDAs are very critical for the monitoring and effective management of emerging epidemics and food contamination outbreaks. The next decade will witness pioneering advances and increasing applications of SBDAs in this exponentially growing field of mHealthcare. This article provides a critical review of commercial SBDAs that are being widely used for personalized healthcare monitoring and management.
... It is undeniable that technology through new social media, social network sites, social informatics, and "social software" (an expression coined by Clay Shirky) 61 enables us to perform our job more quickly and with efficiency, and it is also true that mobile phone-based interventions are a useful medical aid. [62][63][64] On the other hand, mobile devices can have a dangerous impact on human health. 65 Further research is needed, above all academic and scholarly studies, to investigate more in depth the psychological aspects of nomophobia and to provide a standardized and operational definition of it. ...
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is considered to be the gold standard manual for assessing the psychiatric diseases and is currently in its fourth version (DSM-IV), while a fifth (DSM-V) has just been released in May 2013. The DSM-V Anxiety Work Group has put forward recommendations to modify the criteria for diagnosing specific phobias. In this manuscript, we propose to consider the inclusion of nomophobia in the DSM-V, and we make a comprehensive overview of the existing literature, discussing the clinical relevance of this pathology, its epidemiological features, the available psychometric scales, and the proposed treatment. Even though nomophobia has not been included in the DSM-V, much more attention is paid to the psychopathological effects of the new media, and the interest in this topic will increase in the near future, together with the attention and caution not to hypercodify as pathological normal behaviors.
... Initially, mobile phones with built-in cameras were used as imaging devices to collect and transmit digital data to an off-site laboratory or external computer, which processed the information and returned the analysis results to the phone. Thus, mobile phones have been used, for example, for biological and forensic applications (Cadle et al., 2010), telemedicine (Martinez et al., 2008), and for bad-smell monitoring of the living environment (Nakamoto et al., 2009). However, only recently, has a mobile phone been used for on-site data processing to determine specific analyte concentrations from single-use chemical reactive membranes considering hue changes from blue to magenta . ...
Soil colour has been determined in most cases by using Munsell soil-colour charts, sometimes with spectrometers, and occasionally with digital cameras. The objective here is to assess whether a mobile phone, which has all the requirements to capture and process digital images, might also be able to provide an objective evaluation of soil colour under controlled illumination. For this, we have developed an Android application that takes a picture of a soil sample, allowing the user to select the region of interest and then, after a RGB image-processing and a polynomial process transform between colour spaces, the Munsell (HVC) and CIE (XYZ) coordinates appear on the screen of mobile phone. In this way, a commercial HTC smartphone estimated the colour of 60 crumbled soil samples between 2.9YR and 2.3Y with a mean error of 3.75 ± 1.81 CIELAB units, taking as a reference the colour measurements performed with a spectroradiometer. The Munsell hue had the worst estimates (mean error of 2.72 ± 1.61 Munsell units) because of its geometric mismatch with the RGB colour space and for being defined to illuminant C, different of the D65 source under which the phone camera took the pictures. Because the measuring errors were lower than those described in the literature for the visual determination of soil colour, and the application also worked successfully in a different smartphone than the one used in its development, we think that current experimental results encourage the expectations of using smartphones in the field as soil-colour sensors.
