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Significant achievements have been made in the development of next-generation filtration and separation membranes using graphene materials; graphene-based membranes are promising in many areas, such as membrane separation, water desalination, proton conductors, and energy storage and conversion. In recent years, based on the excellent barrier and p...
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Solar steam generation, as a high efficient photo-thermal conversion pattern, has widespread applications, including in wastewater treatment, seawater desalination, and clean water production. However, the lower steam generation efficiency impedes its development. In present study, graphene with better thermal conductivity and light absorption was...
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... Because of this, photocatalytic membranes have been the subject of interest in wastewater treatment research. These membranes, when combined with photocatalytic materials such as graphene, titanium dioxide, or other semiconductors, can offer significant benefits, among which they stand out: they can help in the physical separation of contaminants before applying the photocatalytic process (Cheng et al. 2017), the porous structure of some membranes can increase the contact surface between water and the photocatalytic material, by immobilizing the photocatalytic material on the membrane, the loss of catalyst can be reduced compared to other methods. Coupling nanocomposites with photocatalytic responses that allow the degradation or removal of organic contaminants (such as dyes) compared to conventional filtration produces much more efficient membranes. ...
The complete information on graphene-based materials, various types of metal oxides, and their composites is primarily discussed in the introduction section of this chapter. Initially, this chapter describes the effect of graphene-based materials and metal oxide composites on the enhancement of their properties for the photocatalytic degradation of water pollutants. The strategies to improve the properties of composites are also introduced. Since metal oxides, such as titanium oxide, zinc oxide, and bismuth oxide are mostly used in photocatalytic processes, a comprehensive study on the graphene composites with these metal oxides is reviewed. Moreover, other promising metal oxides are introduced for the photocatalytic application. During the discussion of these compounds, the optoelectronic properties and their influence on the photodegradation of organic compounds such as dyes, pharmaceutical compounds, and other dangerous compounds are included in detail. Then, the more relevant methods, mainly mechanical grinding, sonication, and chemical routes, for the synthesis of the composites are explained briefly. At the end of the chapter, a future perspective of this study is presented where the summary of the chapter and different emerging perspectives are presented. Understanding this research can provide brief information about graphene-based materials and their composites, which could be useful for experimental work.
... The presence of these functionals group provides GO with good hydrophilicity and tuneable properties that favour the synthesis of polymeric membrane especially in water treatment and purification related process [49]. The positive impact of GO in membrane fabrication process has received tremendous interest from the researchers globally and there are lots of available review papers discussing on the encouraging performance of GO in membrane technology [50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58]. These review papers discussed on the recent development of GO based membrane, morphology and structural properties, modification and performance strategies, applications and preparation of GO based membrane. ...
Nanohybrid based polymeric membranes technology for water purification and separation have grown over the years associated to its advancement in the past decades and remarkable impact to the membrane characteristics and performance is encouraging. In this chapter, the progress of the nanohybrid based polymeric membranes for water-based application was divided into two major sections namely membrane technology and nanohybrid polymeric membranes. The membrane technology discussed on the pressure driven membrane process, membrane configuration, membrane fabrication, membrane materials and types of membranes while the latter part discussed on graphene oxide based and non-graphene nanohybrid based polymeric membrane for water purification and separation.
... Spraying method includes the use of an airbrush to spray a solution containing the fillers to a preheated substrate, leaving membranes modified with the fillers after solvent evaporation (Cheng et al., 2017). The spray gun serves to disperse and form fine droplets of the spray solution. ...
The thermal transfer between individual body and the surroundings occurs by several paths such as radiation, evaporation, conduction, and convection. Thermal management is related with the heat transfer between the human body and the surroundings which aims to keep the body temperature in the comfort range either via preserving or emitting the body heat. The essential duty of clothing is to contribute to the thermal balance of the human body by regulating the heat and moisture transfer. In the case of poorly controlled body heat, health problems such as hyperthermia and heatstroke along with environmental problems due to higher energy consumption can occur. Recently, research has been focused on advanced textiles with novel approaches on materials synthesis and structure design which can provide thermal comfort together with energy-saving. This review article focuses on the innovative strategies basically on the passive textile models for improved thermal conductivity. We will discuss both the fabrication techniques and the inclusion of carbon-based and boron-based fillers to form nano-hybrid textile solutions which are used to improve the thermal conductivity of the materials.
... Though membrane-less MEC reduces the capital cost, other factors like pH and methanogens limit pure hydrogen production. Thus, researchers are now moving towards the production of (bio)hythane (a mixture of methane and hydrogen) from wastewater and its utilization in current natural gasoperated engines (Huang et al. 2017). ...
In the global economy, agriculture is the chief contributor in terms of biomass
production. At present, recycling and reprocessing of agriculture wastes for bio-fuel and
energy production has become a gradually significant development area, having greater
prospective. India is an agro-based economy which generates about 400 million tonnes of
agriculture/forest wastes. The technologies for successful conversion of agricultural
wastes provide a new venture for production of augmented products such as feed, fodder,
food, organic/bio-products and bio-fuel/energy. Ball milling and chemical activation
techniques are used for conversion of wastes like coconut husk, cocoa pod, calabash and
palm midrib for producing activated carbons. Such activated carbons are used in
superconductors and batteries. Processes like pyrolysis liquefaction, gasification,
combustion, and fermentation, has been used for conversion of agro-wastes into heat,
electricity, fuels, ethanol and methanol respectively. Circular economy approach could be
used for producing value added products by processing agro-wastes into bio-plastics, bio-
energy, bio-fertilizer and bio-chemicals. For instance, succinic acid and glucose are
produced from food/agro-wastes via fermentation. Bio-refinery systems are used for
recycling rice husks for producing synthetic lubricants. Molding, pulping and hydro-
separation methods are used for production of sound proof systems, absorbent materials,
thermal insulators and packaging materials by recycling sugarcane bagasse, kenaf fibers etc. In recent years, research focused on utilization and management of agricultural
wastes has led to improving and providing healthy environment by reducing resource
exploitation, climate management and providing social and economic benefits.In long
term, the refinement in agro-waste management systems could provide new insight in the
development of novel advantageous materials of industrial importance including people
from rural areas, research institutes on a cost-allocation basis consequently leading to a
sustainable growth. This chapter provides different aspects being carried out in the field
of agriculture waste management.
... In this technique, a film-forming material needs to be uniformly dispersed in the solvent and further deposited on the substrate under vacuum filtration condition to enable the flux of solvent molecules ( Figure 8). Although it is an easy operation, vacuum filtration possesses limitations regarding the production of large-area membranes [82]. ...
Porous hydrophobic ceramic membranes have been increasingly applied in advanced membrane-based separation processes such as Direct Contact Membrane Distillation (DCMD) due to their higher chemical and mechanical resistances. The development of novel ceramic membranes enhanced with porosity is based on conventional techniques such as extrusion and tape casting, and unique processing such as dry-wet spinning and vacuum filtration. The relationships between shaping and surface hydrophobization related to the membrane structure, properties and performance of the ceramic membrane applied to DCMD are explained in this work. The manufacturing technique influences the membrane characteristics, and consequently the permeability in DCMD. Recent research is focused on manufacturing high porous hollow fibre ceramic membranes by dry-wet spinning. In contrast to the grafting of alkylsilanes, the chemical vapour deposition process has been applied as an effective surface modifying technique to enhance membrane hydrophobicity. Ceramic membranes are mostly applied to desalination in DCMD and have been little researched concerning the unique properties they can offer, such as superhydrophobicity and use in a harsh environment. In addition to the review of manufacturing techniques, polymer-derived ceramic (PDC) is proposed as a one-step ceramic membrane processing route for DCMD. Although only a handful of works addressed the use of PDC membranes applied to DCMD, the great potential of these materials is forecast.
... More recently, attention has moved to nano-material-based membranes, often incorporating 1D 14,15 , or more relevant here, 2D materials such as graphene and graphene oxide (GO) [16][17][18][19][20][21][22] or even 2D polymers 23 , for use in OPEN www.nature.com/scientificreports/ filtration. ...
The development of low-cost ultrafiltration membranes with relatively high flow rate and selectivity is an important goal which could improve access to clean water in the developing world. Here we demonstrate a method to infuse mixtures of graphene nanosheets and Teflon nanoparticles into ultra-cheap glass fibre membranes. Annealing the resultant composites leads to coalescence of the Teflon, resulting in very stable membranes with significantly enhanced mechanical properties. In filtration tests, while adding ~ 10 wt% graphene/Teflon to the glass fibre membrane decreased the flow rate by × 100, the selectivity improved by × 10³ compared to the neat glass fibre membrane. This combination of selectively and flow rate was significantly better than any commercial membrane tested under similar circumstances. We found these membranes could remove > 99.99% of 25–250 nm diameter SiC nanoparticles dispersed in ethanol, transmitting only particles with diameters < 40 nm, performance which is superior to commercial alumina membranes. Field trials on dirty canal water showed these composite membranes to remove aluminium to a level × 10 below the EU limit for drinking water and reduce iron and bacteria contents to below detectable levels.
... Wet coating by solution processing is the most conventional method to coat pristine air filter media with anti-viral material (Nguyen et al., 2012;Lou et al., 2014;Hu et al., 2015;Zhong et al., 2015;Cheng et al., 2017). In this method, the filter media needs to be soaked in a solution with a large amount of dispersed anti-viral material. ...
... Graphene-based materials functionalized with carboxylate groups, hydroxyl groups, nanoparticles and polymers have been synthesized by various kinds of non-covalent interactions [21][22][23][24][25][26]. More significantly, controllable interlayer spacing of GBMs offers a straightforward approach to adjust ion transport and selective ion retention [27][28][29]. ...
To obtain nanofiltration membranes with high-performance in desalination and water purification, membranes of graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and GO/polyacrylamide (PAM) are prepared by a vacuum filtration method. This method is conducted in aqueous solution without any organic solvents. The graphene-based membranes (GBMs) are characterized by UV–visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The hydrophilicity of GBMs is also evaluated by contact angle measurement. The interlayer spacing of GO membrane (0.85 nm), GO/PAM membrane (0.68 nm) and rGO membrane (0.36 nm) are measured by X-ray diffraction. The performance of the GBMs is evaluated on a dead-end filtration device. The water flux and retention of rhodamine B of the membranes are 399.04 L m⁻² h⁻¹ bar⁻¹ and 85.03% (GO), 188.89 L m⁻² h⁻¹ bar⁻¹ and 95.43% (GO/PAM), 85.85 L m⁻² h⁻¹ bar⁻¹ and 97.06% (rGO), respectively. The GO/PAM membrane has the best comprehensive separation performance because of its proper interlayer spacing. GO/PAM membranes provide potential advantages in the design of high-performance membranes for molecular separation and water purification.