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Image from Sant'Elia's 'Città Nuova'. Grandiose structures frame the future city once again (http://www.essential-architecture.com/STYLE/STY-069.htm).
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Despite the ongoing discussion of the recent years, there is no agreed definition of a ‘smart city’, while strategic planning in this field is still largely unexplored. Inspired by this, the purpose of this paper was to identify the forces shaping the smart city conception and, by doing so, to begin replacing the currently abstract image of what it...
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... ideas about speed, violence, machinery, industry, the car, the airplane and the industrial city - namely all that which represented the technological triumph of humanity over nature. In 1913, the Italian futurist A. Sant'Elia, architect and prominent member of the Futurist group, started work on his large project for the 'Città Nuova' (New City, Fig. 2). Sant'Elia imagined the city as an efficient, fast-paced machine. He visualized it as highly industrialized and mechanized, comprising vast skyscrapers, grandiose multi-level traffic routes, bridges and aerial ...
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International development cooperation projects are used today as a key vehicle to deliver support to initiatives that aim for planned social change in developing countries, including the development of institutions and administration. In this context there are special demands on project approaches and it is pertinent to ask whether current practice...
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... Despite the conflicting views in smart city planning (Kummitha & Crutzen, 2017), derived from the complexity of the very concept of the smart city, some common conclusions in literature can be found. These include the need for an integrated smart city strategy which goes beyond technology and promotes a broad collaborative model through participative processes, a top-down coordination, better information and knowledge for decision-making and the stimulus for innovation processes (Alizadeh, 2021;Angelidou, 2014Angelidou, , 2015Angelidou, , 2017Ben Letaifa, 2015;Borsekova & Nijkamp, 2018;Fernandez-Anez et al., 2018;Komninos, 2015;Bolici & Mora, 2015;Mora et al., 2019). ...
The impact of technology on tourist cities and destinations has led to the emergence of renewed management approaches that seek to adapt the planning processes to new challenges and opportunities derived from the smart scenario. The smart city and smart tourist destination approaches are aimed at improving efficiency in management , the quality of life of the residents and the tourist experiences. However, little is known about how these ideas are being translated into real policies and whether they are having a real impact. The objective of this paper is to understand how the smart approach is being deployed in the planning processes of Spanish tourist cities and destinations, and its implications in terms of the governance, sustainability and data-driven public management. The planning instruments that guide the smart strategies of different Spanish cities are identified and analysed. This is complemented with a questionnaire administered among managers of the smart city and smart destination initiatives. The findings reveal the diversity of smart initiatives, their benefits and limitations. The results contribute to generating a necessary debate on the implications of the smart discourse for urban and tourism planning and enrich the international debate around this approach.
... By the 1990s visions of smart city were growing in the scientific and planning literature with several terms such as "wired cities," "cyber cities," and "virtual cities," becoming popular [15]. The expansion of the world wide web (www.) ...
The idea for this book emerged from a previous book by two of the coauthors (Srikanta Patnaik, Siddhartha Sen, and Magdi S. Mahmoud, editors, 2020. Smart Village Technology: Concepts and Developments. Springer: Cham, Switzerland. Springer Series in Modeling and Optimization in Science and Technologies) and ongoing research of all the authors on smart cities and communities. While the aforementioned book was also from a transdisciplinary perspective and brought together scholars from engineering, public health, architecture, social, and behavioral sciences to discuss some of the technological and managerial issues associated with smart villages, we felt that there was a need to explore these issues in the context of Smart Cities and Communities. We were cognizant of the fact that while the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) is overarching in most or all aspects of Smart City and Smart Community initiatives, ICT systems or advanced computing capacities alone cannot make a city “smart” or a smart community. To achieve ideal “smartness,” ICT systems can only be complementary to human capital or human organization. To successfully implement Smart City objectives, we need to focus more on “Smart Community” goals—social inclusion, social justice, citizen participation, and empowerment of minorities and the poor. These goals cannot be achieved without bringing the “human” angle into the realm of Smart and Smart Community City strategies. Smart City and Smart Community goals must also find ways to bring citizens together, enable communications between multiple actors and organizations, enable efficient participation from urban citizens and stakeholders, and engage citizens in meaningful ways in the decision-making process about urban functions. While a huge amount of literature—scholarly articles, books, reports— has emerged recently exploring the topic of the Smart City from various disciplinary backgrounds, only a few explore and compare the distinctive approaches adopted for implementing Smart City or Smart Community goals in the Global North and Global South.We contend that the Smart City and Smart Community challenges are distinctly different for the Global North and Global South. Hence, there can never be a ubiquitous model of a Smart City or a Smart Community. Given the above situation, we set about getting together scholars from various fields such as engineering, information science, architecture, urban planning, public policy, geography, and social and behavioral sciences as well as practitioners to explore Smart Cities and Smart Communities from citizens’ empowerment perspectives and investigate how the models of “smartness” can be achieved through intelligent technologies from various stories and cases representing the Global North as well as the Global South. We hope that this transdisciplinary book has achieved this lofty goal. We set out to bring forth a scholarly transdisciplinary book that would be of value to various fields such as engineering, information science, architecture, urban planning, public policy, geography, and social and behavioral sciences. However, we tried to avoid technical jargon to make the book accessible to practicing regional planners, politicians, policy makers, Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs) and Community-Based Organization (CBOs) officials, journalists, and informed general readers.
... 5G, with its advanced features, as discussed in the previous section, meets the demands of smart city services and applications. The 5G capabilities that enable large-scale IoT implementation for smart cities are [21][22][23]: ...
... Designation based on 5G ensures that smaller cells and reliable channel estimation leads to a minimum power consumption for all involved devices. Table 1 provides selected examples of services upon various domains of the smart world that 5G-enabled smart cities can support [21][22][23]. ...
As the recent COVID-19 pandemic has aptly demonstrated, emergency scenarios concerning public health and safety may require citizens to remain at home even as patients, potentially in the context of a municipal or national lockdown. Homestay patients may require real-time monitoring, which will offer not only communication but also empirical data and will contribute to developing their personalized electronic health record in knowledge bases. Our paper features an extensive RF coverage design for such a municipally deployed and administered 5G-enabled smart city network, supporting a broadband monitoring service. The antenna deployment for the outdoor urban topology is analytically described (for the downlink channel), and the intrinsic indoor propagation characteristics are considered for the uplink channel. A digital baseband signaling scheme is assumed on the basis of a user-customized health-related monitoring service. Path loss and fading calculations consider the potential worst-case propagation conditions so that the RF coverage will be reliable, leading to a resilient city-wide municipal network.
... Even when faced with challenges like interoperability and compatibility, smart cities have demonstrated the power of technology to redefine and reconfigure the relations within and between people, their communities, governments, and the urban environment (Townsend, 2013;Anthopoulos, 2017;Evans et al., 2019). As cities continue to evolve in the face of rapid urbanization, climate change, resource scarcity, globalization, and their intensifying inter-city competition (Angelidou, 2015), neither striving for technocratic dominance nor disposing all technologies are optimal solutions (Kitchin, 2016). It is more convincing that human-cyber-physical interactions will hold value and evolve, leading to a stable symbiotic relationship between technology and cities. ...
... Empowered by the decreasing entry costs, increasing government support and economic opportunities, the proliferation of various smart city solutions across scales has led to an ever-growing digital ecosystem (Angelidou, 2015;van Winden and van den Buuse, 2017;Rech et al., 2018;Komninos et al., 2019). These digital solutions often capitalize on knowledge management processes such as collecting public information to address specific issues (Angelidou, 2015). ...
... Empowered by the decreasing entry costs, increasing government support and economic opportunities, the proliferation of various smart city solutions across scales has led to an ever-growing digital ecosystem (Angelidou, 2015;van Winden and van den Buuse, 2017;Rech et al., 2018;Komninos et al., 2019). These digital solutions often capitalize on knowledge management processes such as collecting public information to address specific issues (Angelidou, 2015). Regardless, many are not able to interoperate with other solutions, which has resulted in often unsuccessful developments (Kitchin, 2014;Hollands, 2015;Marvin et al., 2015;Van et al., 2015). ...
Today, technological developments are ever-growing yet fragmented. Alongside inconsistent digital approaches and attitudes across city administrations, such developments have made it difficult to reap the benefits of city digital twins. Bringing together experiences from five research projects, this paper discusses these digital twins based on two digital integration methodologies-systems and semantic integration. We revisit the nature of the underlying technologies, and their implications for interoperability and compatibility in the context of planning processes and smart urbanism. Semantic approaches present a new opportunity for bidirectional data flows that can inform both governance processes and technological systems to co-create, cross-pollinate, and support optimal outcomes. Building on this opportunity, we suggest that considering the technological dimension as a new addition to the trifecta of economic, environmental, and social sustainability goals that guide planning processes, can aid governments to address this conundrum of fragmentation, interoperability, and compatibility. Policy Significance Statement As cities across the globe aspire to become smarter, the rapid pace of siloed technological developments and their growing complexities and pitfalls have become too significant for city administrations and politicians to ignore. This is exacerbated by the novel developments of city digital twins based on a diversity of software and technologies. We scrutinize a variety of digital twins to discern opportunities to address interoperability and compatibility. In overcoming technological lock-ins driven by business interests, we conclude that software developments need to pay greater attention to practical realities. We contend that city administrations would also have to step up to spearhead, rather than sway toward these technologies for their processes.
... SC discourses range from seeking a common definition of smart cities (Dameri, 2013;Hollands, 2008;Husár et al., 2017) to establishing an applicable conceptual framework (Badii et al., 2017;Chourabi et al., 2012;Korachi & Bounabat, 2018;Mosannenzadeh & Vettorato, 2014;Silva et al., 2018). Tech industries and businesses offer numerous options for SC architecture (Deloitte, 2015;Falconer & Mitchell, 2012;Van den Buuse & Kolk, 2019), while local governments anticipate the adoption of technological solutions for existing urban problems (Angelidou, 2015;Cosgrave et al., 2014;Desdemoustier et al., 2019), envisioning a "smart" future city. ...
The Smart City (SC) constitutes an imagined future city that achieves improved public service efficiency through technological development. However, the answers to how a smart city approach can contribute to urban sustainability still need to be clarified. Therefore, this study examines smart city development as a solution for urban challenges by comparing smart city services in two countries, Korea and Japan. Smart city initiatives and plans from local governments were collected from 16 cities in Korea and 20 cities in Japan. At the same time, major urban issues for both countries are identified in physical, economic, social, and environmental dimensions. The linkage between urban challenges and smart city services is visualized with a network graph. The results show that the majority of the services are relevant to spatial and environmental urban challenges. Also, the use of big data and AI is dominant. Smart city approaches can help local governments to overcome the lack of resources in the era of population decline and aging society and enhance urban safety issues.
... A position supported by [125] who argues, that this access gap has the potential to further widen and reenforce income gaps for some segments of the population, and between the wealthy and poorer populations in smart urban environments. Yet to date, governments have become increasingly reliant on technology vendors and consultancies (e.g., IBM, CISCO, and KPMG etc.), who have a growing appetite for active involvement in a sector that they perceive to be growing rapidly, and that offers huge financial potential for them [126,127]. ...
... When considering smart cities and corporations, commentators [126,127] argue that these private actors (i.e., IBM, CISCO, and KPMG etc.), often promote and overemphasise the role and importance of ICT, data and software technology(ies), to make urban environment(s) smarter through the creation of smart city(ies). However, these solution(s) do not necessarily equate to a reduction in and or resolution of the challenges associated with broader urban inequality problems. ...
The UN predicts that by 2050, 72% of the world’s population will be urban dwellers, a global migration and human shift that will ultimately lead to a significant social, economic and environmental transformation of urban environments. Not surprisingly, such a prediction has led to an increased interest in the growth of smart city(ies). Literature suggests that these ecosystems, that is smart city(ies), increase productivity and grow social, human and economic capital, and have the potential to reduce inequality(ies) amongst its citizens. This chapter will argue, that such expectations of inequality reduction, may not be the case. That current technocentric approaches fail to address urban problems associated with inequality, including urban sprawl, poverty, higher rates of unemployment, growing urban costs, and housing affordability. Recommendations will be made for the use of alternative mechanisms in the design of these ecosystems, to achieve the ultimate goal of reduced inequality, while simultaneously creating more liveable, vibrant and social, economic and sustainable city(ies) and community(ies) of the future.
... Sustainable cities aim at achieving a balance between the needs of social, economic, and environmental urban development in order to ensure that no burdens are left to future generations (Hiremath et al. 2013;Squires 2013). Smart cities rely on innovations in information and communication technology (ICT) and their potentials to optimize citizen's lives through the intelligent management and linking of urban infrastructures of various kinds (Angelidou 2015;Townsend 2013). Both concepts represent a positive vision of an urban future; however, the (possible) relations between them need to be better understood (Ahvenniemi et al. 2017;Bibri and Krogstie 2017;Bifulco et al. 2016;Höjer and Wangel 2014;Kunzmann 2014). ...
... Defining what smartness means and what constitutes a smart city is more difficult than defining sustainability and the sustainable city. Indeed, a commonly accepted definition does (still) not exist for a smart city (Ahvenniemi et al. 2017;Angelidou 2015;Bibri and Krogstie 2017;Hollands 2008). Vanolo (2016: 27) summarized that, currently, the most common understanding of a smart city "relies on the implicit assumption that urban infrastructures and everyday life are optimized and 'greened' through technologies provided by ICT-companies." ...
... Indeed, the sustainable and the smart cities aim at no less than a "better" life in the city of tomorrow. However, beyond this understandable criticism, it needs to be emphasized that sustainability can be explained in one or two sentences or with the help of a simple illustration such as a triangle, while there is still no commonly accepted definition of a smart city (Ahvenniemi et al. 2017;Angelidou 2015;Bibri and Krogstie 2017;Hollands 2008). The classic sustainability definition formulated in the Brundtland Report in 1987 (WCED 1987: 42) -"Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs"can basically be translated into all aspects of human life, the system of a city included. ...
Both the smart and the sustainable cities represent a positive vision of future urban development. This chapter analyzes and discusses definitions and notions of both concepts, as well as their emergence, establishment, and development. Both concepts share similarities, such as the far-reaching and integrative claim to bring positive change to cities or the notion to operationalize the
terms sustainable and smart by defining subcategories. However, the differences between both concepts far outweigh the similarities. Indeed, sustainability and the sustainable city, on the one hand, and the smart city, on the other hand, are distinctly different in terms of their development history, the main driving forces behind, and the theoretical scope. The understanding of (urban) sustainability was strongly influenced and brought forward by the ideas and commitments of intellectuals, leading politicians, and environmental movements, whereas multinational technology companies mainly coined the development of the smart city concept. Besides, the significantly more comprehensively defined term sustainability had a consistent underlying idea from the beginning onward, whereas the
smart city concept still lacks terminological and content-related clarity as well as a generally accepted definition.
... Closer to urban policy topics, some critiques arise about the very meaning of the "smart" aspect and the important societal issues it may be hiding (Roche 2017). Some have attempted to operationalize and give further focus to the concept of smart city (Caragliu et al. 2011;Batty et al. 2012;Roche 2014Roche , 2015, others have critically assessed the smart city paradigm and, for example, warned about preferring a city label without clear policy goals (Hollands 2008), about an overemphasis of the technological over the sustainable (Yigitcanlar et al. 2019), about the influence of large corporates and service supply industries (Söderström et al. 2014, Angelidou 2015Hollands 2015) over public objectives or citizen participation, or about ethical and power issues and risks with personal data (Zuboff 2019). We observe a lot of discussions about smartness with no convergence. ...
We argue that there is no one-fits-all “smart city” recipe to address the sustainability and socio-economic challenges of our ever-urbanizing world. If smartness is the ability to deliver useful information to citizens and urban actors in order to adapt their behaviors and policies dynamically and interactively in view of a particular social, economic or environmental objectives, we here suggest that each city should not prioritize the same type of information and infrastructure. Because large cities are often seen as centers of innovation and modernity, it is very tempting for urban investors to propose, and for policy makers to follow these investment paths and develop information systems irrespective of the characteristics and size of the city. This potential mismatch may limit the uptake or the most relevant and useful information needed for a city to develop more sustainably and equally. We suggest that smart cities cannot ignore scaling effects nor the evident deviations to these laws. We hence propose to cross tabulate a smart city typology of infrastructure and information with a set of urban archetypes based on key dimensions of cities, including their spatial forms and extents but also their relative positioning within their regional setting, within the urban hierarchy and within their path-dependent trajectories. We see this cross-tabulation as a first step to anchor (big) data realities and smart city practices in geographic knowledge and urban complexity theory. We advocate that tailor-made smart city policies are necessary to monitor and manage cities given their geodiversity.KeywordsUrban diversityMulti-scalar typologyPath dependent urban trajectoriesTailor-made adaptive pathway
... Urban agglomerations and buildings have played an essential part in human civilization, advancement of life, and economic development (Angelidou, 2015;Choi, 2009;Fang & Yu, 2017). The United Nations (UN) predicts that 60% of the world population will live in cities by 2030 (Cer on-Palma et al., 2012). ...
Jordanians live in compact cities with limited green spaces causing several environmental problems that deteriorate the urban quality of life. Many reports and studies demonstrate the benefits of urban green infrastructure (UGI) in overcoming environmental deterioration in compacted cities. Nevertheless, Urban Green Infrastructure is still lagging in many Arab countries, and Jordan is no exception. UGI refers to a strategically planned network of connected greenspace in urban areas, such as green walls, green roofs, urban trees, and hedges. This study employs the concept of UGI with a particular focus on green walls and roofs. Therefore, this research aims to investigate and determine the key barriers that impede the implementation of UGI in Jordan through qualitative and quantitative analysis. The qualitative study aims to elaborate on root causes that hinder the application of UGI. The quantitative part of the study employs a questionnaire survey to rank the significance of each barrier. This study finds that the shortage of irrigation water and the absence of incentive programs by local authorities were the top two barriers that impede the application of UGI in Jordan.
... birokrasi. Transformasi ini membuka pintu interaksi antara pemerintah dan masyarakat yang menjadi kunci utama pelayanan publik online (Angelidou 2015). Upaya transformasi Sistem Pemerintahan Berbasis Elektronik (SPBE) dikukuhkan dengan Perpres RI Nomor 95 tahun 2018 tentang Sistem Pemerintahan Berbasis Elektronik yang menjelaskan bahwa untuk mewujudkan tata kelola pemerintahan yang bersih, efektif, transparan, dan akuntabel serta pelayanan publik yang berkualitas dan terpercaya diperlukan SPBE. ...
Data Bappenas menunjukan rendahnya skor pelayanan publik pada tubuh pemerintahan. Kondisi ini mengharuskan adanya perbaikan kualitas pelayanan publik. Perbaikan dapat dilakukan salah satunya melalui aspek kemudahan pengaduan masyarakat. Layanan pengaduan masyarakat dinilai signifikan dalam memperbaiki kualitas pelayanan, yang disebabkan dapat secara langsung merespon kebutuhan dan keluhan yang dirasakan oleh masyarakat (bottom up). Merespon urgensi pelayanan pengaduan masyarakat, pemerintah Kota Surakarta saat ini telah mengadopsi Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi (TIK) dalam penyelenggaraan kegiatan pemerintahan. Maka dibuatlah inovasi pelayanan pengaduan dengan mengintegrasikan TIK yang dinamakan Unit Layanan Aduan Surakarta (ULAS) sehingga membuka kemudahan akses bagi masyarakat untuk berinteraksi dengan pemerintah secara langsung. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara kesiapan masyarakat menggunakan TIK, partisipasi penggunaan teknologi terhadap ketercapaian pelayanan publik yang efektif. Digunakan Theory Acceptance Model (TAM) dan teori partisipasi untuk mengkaji penelitian ini. Pengaplikasian TAM untuk menganalisis kesiapan memanfaatkan dan penerimaan terhadap teknologi. Sedangkan teori partisipasi menganalisis tingkat keterlibatan pengambilan keputusan yang mempengaruhi kepuasan penggunaan teknologi. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan jenis penelitian eksplanatori dan menggunakan metode survei, yaitu jenis penelitian untuk menguji hubungan antar variabel yang dihipotesiskan dengan cara menyebarkan kuesioner. Hasil yang diperoleh adalah terdapat hubungan tidak murni antara kesiapan masyarakat memanfaatkan TIK dengan ketercapaian pelayanan publik yang efektif yaitu sebesar 0,211 terkategori rendah. Maknanya, harus melalui variabel partisipasi penggunaan teknologi sebagai faktor uji variabel intervening. Akan tetapi, terdapat hubungan bersama-sama antara kesiapan masyarakat memanfaatkan TIK, partisipasi penggunaan teknologi, ketercapaian pelayanan publik yang efektif. Hasil ini sesuai dengan teori TAM milik Fred Davis dan teori partisipasi milik Everett Rogers.
