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The popularity and high price of durian make quality control in terms of ripeness very important, which in turn depends heavily on harvesting at an appropriate maturity stage. To date, reports on data-driven methods for maturity prediction are scarce, with many rather focusing on ripeness prediction. Herein, we report the first disclosure of key mo...
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Five new spiro[indoline-3,3′-indolizine]s have been synthesized with high regio- and stereospecificity in one-pot three-component reactions between a substituted indole-2,3-dione, (S)-pipecolic acid and trans-3-benzoylacrylic acid, and subsequently characterized using a combination of elemental analysis, IR and ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy, ma...
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... This finding supports the claim that adding auxin to MS media caused callus growth on durian leaf explants [26]. To promote callus formation, auxin must be present in high concentrations and auxin will stimulate callus formation and inhibit morphogenesis at this high concentration [8,27,28]. ...
Backgroud: Durian (Durio zibethinus Murray), A tropical fruit with high nutritional and commercial value, is widely cultivated in Southeast Asia. Unfortunately, growing durian is fraught with difficulties. Propagation is the traditional method for conserving plants. This method does have some drawbacks, one of which is that the original tree may suffer as a result. Therefore, a contemporary method for growing durian plants is plant tissue culture. Aim: The objective of this research is creating a premise for the development of durian high-value varieties by biotechnology, specifically setting up the first step closer to develop durian somatic cell formation protocol in vitro. Methodology: Effects of media MS on shoot culture and Kinetin and 2.4D on callus formation and growth. Experiments were designed by randomized complete block (RCB). Results: There are not significant difference between two treatments of 0.1 mg/L BAP (6-benzylaminopurine) added to 1/3xMS and free hormone medium, in an effort to preserve high-value durian varieties. There is research on formating callus from young leaves of durian affected by Kinetin and 2.4D. The outcomes demonstrated that MS medium supplemented with 3 mg/L 2.4D had an impact on the formation of callus on leaves. The combination of 1.0 mg/L Kinetin + 4.0 mg/L 2.4D make a significant to induce callus growth and callus area. Callus was white color, fresh and soft. Conclusion: the combination of Kinetin + 2.4D was finding the best combination to maintain the survival of callus induction and growth; coconut water treatment was highly effective in sustaining fresh callus.
... The TLC procedure described by Charoensumran et al. (2021) was employed with slight modifications to detect the presence of quercetin and other chemical components in the whole extract of D. zibethinus fruit rinds and its fraction (F1-F4). Standard quercetin was dissolved in 70% EtOH at a concentration of 100 μg mL À1 and used as a reference standard for comparison with the tested samples. ...
... The chemical components of the D. zibethinus fruit rind whole extract and fractions were identified by comparing the retention factor (Rf) of the samples with standard. The Rf value of each spot was calculated as follows (Charoensumran et al., 2021): ...
Durian fruit rinds (Durio zibethinus) have increasingly attracted scientific interest due to their potent bioactive metabolites. In the present study, a comprehensive approach combining chromatographic techniques and bioassays was employed to elucidate the phytochemical constituents present in durian fruit rinds and their corresponding bioactivities. The crude ethanolic extract (CEE) and its fractions obtained through silica gel column chromatography (F1, F2, F3, and F4) were qualitatively and quantitatively analysed for their flavonoid profiles using thin‐layer chromatography, high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). Among the tested samples, fraction F2 exhibited the highest total flavonoid content (179.55 mg QE/g DW). TLC and HPLC analyses showed the presence of quercetin in all tested samples, with its content ranking in the order of F2 > F3 > F1 > F4 > CEE. The fractions exhibited inhibitory effects on albumin denaturation, protease activity, lipoxygenase (LOX), heat‐induced haemolysis, and xanthine oxidase (XO), surpassing those of the crude extract. These observed bioactivities correlated with the distribution of flavonoids and quercetin content in the samples. LC/MS analysis further showed the presence of flavonoids‐chalcone, flavonols, terpenoids, stilbene glycosides, anthocyanins, phenolics, and amino acids in fraction F2. These results determine the phytochemical profiles, anti‐inflammatory, and anti‐XO activities of bioactive fraction obtained from durian fruit rinds.
... Lowfield NMR is a fast and non-destructive measurement technique (Ezeanaka et al., 2019), which can reflect the moisture fugacity from microscopic point of view. Although it cannot achieve the function of high-resolution analysis and detection, it has the advantages of being inexpensive and does not require a highly non-uniform magnetic field and a large number of coil shielding, which has attracted wide attention from scholars in the field of food science research, and have been applied to the moisture content of agricultural products (Taghizadeh et al., 2009;Li et al., 2010), water distribution (Bertram et al., 2004;Han et al., 2004;Garnczarska et al., 2007;Hong et al., 2009), water activity (Pitombo and Lima, 2003a;Mao et al., 2020), and even used in agricultural production maturity (Charoensumran et al., 2021;Hu et al., 2020;Gao et al., 2020), drying moisture diffusion (Anisimov, 2021;Yao et al., 2022). Among them, by analyzing the difference of spin-spin relaxation time T2 of hydrogen protons of water molecules, for example, the shorter the spin relaxation time the weaker the activity of water and the longer the relaxation time the stronger the activity of water, it is easy to distinguish the water which is easy to flow loss and the water which is tightly bound by physical and chemical interactions (Sekiyama et al., 2012), so the spin-spin relaxation time T2 of hydrogen protons is used as an index for moisture content prediction and moisture activity evaluation (Mcconville and poo, 2001). ...
The tobacco waste generated from the tobacco agriculture and industry, including the discarded stem and leaf, often needs dehydration pretreatment before thermal conversion utilization. In order to study the water activity and migration of tobacco waste during the pretreatment process, TG-NMR (Thermogravimetric Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) was used to obtain the drying curves and LF-NMR (Low Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) T2 inversion spectrum at each stage of tobacco drying. Meanwhile, the variation pattern of pore distribution during the dehydration process of two types of tobacco waste has been obtained. Combined with the pore distribution changes, a possible spatial migration mode of water was proposed. The change of adsorption energy of water during tobacco drying was calculated, and verified the above hypothesis. This study results provide reference for the optimization of dehydration pretreatment process for different tobacco waste in order to reduce energy consumption during recycling of tobacco biomass.
... This technique shows a rate of 74%. X-rays and Nuclear Magnetic Resonant (NMR) were also applied to detect rotten flesh in mangosteen and durian fruit [14], [15] [16]. The transparent fruit detection technique is also carried out using microwaves which work at a frequency of 2.45 GHz. ...
One of the most important agricultural commodities exported from Indonesia is mangosteen. Mangosteens are not always fruits without flaws, in any case. To categorize the quality of mangosteen fruits, farmers employ human eyesight. As a result, this data can be unreliable and erroneous after harvesting. Both internal and exterior flaws are possible. Some spots include improper form, a hardening pericarp, yellow gumming, or transparent flesh. Often, the longest part, the translucent skin, might be difficult to see. Treatment for these disorders must be non-invasive and nondestructive. In this essay, a double-ring microstrip resonator modification is suggested and examined. The mangosteen fruits were measured using the resonator and divided into three groups. Ordinary, transparent flesh and yellow gumming are the classifications. 1.4 GHz is the resonator's operating frequency. By detecting the return loss value and the S21 value at a frequency between 100 MHz and 3 GHz, the sensor ascertains the dielectric value of each mangosteen fruit. At frequencies of 1.15 GHz-1.28 GHz and 1.42 GHz-1.52 GHz, and with dielectric constants between 2.98 and 3.28, there is a variation in permittivity values between the categories of regular, clear, and yellow mangosteen.
... Harvesting durian fruits at the correct maturing stage is a crucial factor for its marketability. It can be accomplished by employing a non-destructive method of analysing peduncle liquid for the presence of markers such as sucrose, asparagine, arginine and pipecolic acid for estimating the right stage for harvest [108]. In citrus, TFs such as MYB21 along with C2H2, Dof family and some GATA family were found to be regulating the sugar metabolism and quinic acid, and citric acid production [91]. ...
The breeding of tropical fruit trees for improving fruit traits is complicated, due to the long juvenile phase, generation cycle, parthenocarpy, polyploidy, polyembryony, heterozygosity and biotic and abiotic factors, as well as a lack of good genomic resources. Many molecular techniques have recently evolved to assist and hasten conventional breeding efforts. Molecular markers linked to fruit development and fruit quality traits such as fruit shape, size, texture, aroma, peel and pulp colour were identified in tropical fruit crops, facilitating Marker-assisted breeding (MAB). An increase in the availability of genome sequences of tropical fruits further aided in the discovery of SNP variants/Indels, QTLs and genes that can ascertain the genetic determinants of fruit characters. Through multi-omics approaches such as genomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics and proteomics, the identification and quantification of transcripts, including non-coding RNAs, involved in sugar metabolism, fruit development and ripening, shelf life, and the biotic and abiotic stress that impacts fruit quality were made possible. Utilizing genomic assisted breeding methods such as genome wide association (GWAS), genomic selection (GS) and genetic modifications using CRISPR/Cas9 and transgenics has paved the way to studying gene function and developing cultivars with desirable fruit traits by overcoming long breeding cycles. Such comprehensive multi-omics approaches related to fruit characters in tropical fruits and their applications in breeding strategies and crop improvement are reviewed, discussed and presented here.
... Durian (Durio zibethinus) is known as the king of fruit in Southeast Asia (Bampenrat et al., 2020), and is one of the most economically important export fruits in Thailand (Charoensumran et al., 2021). However, a major problem affecting durian plantations in Thailand is stem rot disease. ...
Pipecolic acid (Pip) and N-hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP) have been found to accumulate during the ripening of multiple types of fruits; however, the function and mechanism of pipecolate pathway in fruits remain unclear. Here study was conducted on fruits produced by the model plant tomato, wherein the NHP biosynthesis-related genes, Slald1 and Slfmo1, were mutated. The results showed that the fruits of both the Slald1 and the Slfmo1 mutants exhibited a delayed onset of ripening, decreased fruit size, nutrition and flavor. Exogenous treatment with Pip and NHP promoted fruit ripening and improved fruit quality. Transcriptomic analysis combined with weighted gene co-expression network analysis revealed that the genes involved in the biosynthesis of amino acids, carbon metabolism, photosynthesis, starch and sucrose metabolism, flavonoid biosynthesis, and plant hormone signal transduction were affected by SlFMO1 gene mutation. Transcription factor prediction analysis revealed that the NAC and AP2/ERF-ERF family members are notably involved in the regulation pathway. Overall, our results suggest that the pipecolate biosynthesis pathway is involved in the simultaneous regulation of fruit ripening and quality and indicate that a regulatory mechanism at the transcriptional level exists. However, possible roles of endogenously synthesized Pip and NHP in these processes remain to be determined. The biosynthesis pathway genes SlALD1 and SlFMO1 may be potential breeding targets for promoting fruit ripening and improving fruit quality with concomitant yield increases.
Colletotrichum is one of the most important plant pathogenic genera affecting different plant species, particularly tropical and subtropical crops and fruits. Species of the genus can cause many diseases, including fruit rots, crown rots, stem end rots, and anthracnose. The objective of the present study was to identify the Colletotrichum species associated with durian fruit rots in northern Thailand. Based on morphological study and phylogenetic analyses of five loci (internal transcribed spacer (ITS), actin (ACT), chitin synthase 1 (CHS-1), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), and ß-tubulin (TUB2)), four species belonging to three complexes were identified and described. Colletotrichum durionigenum is introduced as a new species, and C. gigasporum, C. pandanicola, and C. truncatum are described and illustrated as new host records.
