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Context 1
... predictor variables are confidence solving mathematics problems (confid), worry (worry), and finally mathematics intrinsic value (int.val). Possible relationships among variables are illustrated by Figure 1. ...
Context 2
... Venn diagram illustrating commonality analysis in Figure 1 serves as a model for the comparison of data examined in the present paper. The data was collected in a southeastern state and represents 287 sixth grade students' scores on three measures, the Space Relations portion of the Differential Aptitude Test (Bennett, Seashore, & Wesman, 1973), the Geometry Content Knowledge test (Carroll, 1998), and the Mathematics Attitude Scale (Gierl & Bisanz, 1997). ...
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... and the explained variance .10 [47,56]. Based on this criterion, despite being statistically significant (Wilk's λ = .928, ...
Background:
While literature includes a number of studies about burnout in teaching, investigations on teaching field-specific perspective remain limited. Research is needed to improve practical implications based on structured theoretical models and methodological basis that focusses on the unique environment of PE teaching field and causal factors behind burnout.
Objective:
The present study aimed to examine burnout among physical education (PE) teachers based on the job demands-resources (J-DR) model.
Methods:
A sequential explanatory mixed design was conducted in the study. 173 teachers replied to questionnaires, of which 14 teachers thereafter participated in semi-structured interviews. Demographic information form, Maslach Burnout Inventory, and J-DR scale for PE teachers were used, as well as an interview form. 173 teachers were first asked to report demographic information, and score Maslach Burnout Inventory and J-DR scale. Then a subsample group (n = 14) was identified/sampled for a semi-structured interview. Canonical correlation and constant comparative analysis were used to unpack the data.
Results:
Teachers' states of burnout varied, and physical, organisational, and socio-cultural resources were closely related with burnout levels. Demands that cause pressure on burnout were determined as paperwork and bureaucracy, student-related factors, and pandemic-related experiences. In addition to supporting the general model, specific J-DR factors for PE teaching were observed that is linked with burnout.
Conclusion:
J-DR factors that might lead to negative conditions in the teaching environment should be considered, and field-specific factors should be focused on through arrangements to increase teaching efficiency and improve the quality of PE teachers' professional life.
... It generates variance explained by each set of the measured independent variables and the common contribution of two or more sets of the independent variables jointly. The difference between these two analyses is that RDA assumes linear relations between multiple dependent variables and multiple independent variables, while CCA is more suitable for the relationship between multiple dependent and multiple independent variables that is unimodal [49,50]. Multivariate analyses have been broadly used to calculate the percentages of freshwater indicator variances explained by environmental factors at different spatial scales [9,51,52]. ...
Disentangling the effects of natural factors and human disturbances on freshwater systems is essential for understanding the distributions and composition of biological communities and their relationship with physicochemical and biological factors. As the spatial extent of ecological investigations increases from local to global scales, efforts to account for the increasing influence of natural factors become more important. This article synthesizes the current knowledge and commonly used approaches for disentangling these effects on aquatic systems. New understanding has been facilitated by the availability of large-scale geospatial landscape databases that facilitate regional analyses and classifications in conjunction with novel approaches to identify reference conditions and statistical partitioning analyses. This synthesis begins with a summary of how natural factors and human disturbances interactively affect aquatic systems. It then provides an overview of why it is essential to separate the effects of natural factors and human disturbances and a description of examples of landscape databases that make the separation of natural and human factors feasible. It last synthesizes currently-used common approaches for separating the effects of natural factors from human disturbances. Our synthesis assembles representative approaches to disentangling human disturbances in one place to provide new insights that stimulate integrated uses of multiple approaches and the development of new approaches so that management actions can be taken to protect and restore aquatic ecosystem health.
... We found it creates more challenges than insight in commonality analysis, as the visualisations and interpretations become opaque when exploring that many predictors. For example, whereas a three-cue model produces seven variance components in the commonality analysis results, a four predictor model produces 15 components: four components representing unique variance, six representing common variance between two variable pairings, four representing common variance between three variable pairings and one that represents the variance common to all variables in the model (Capraro & Capraro, 2001). ...
Audiences, juries, and critics continually evaluate performers based on their interpretations of familiar classics. Yet formally assessing the perceptual consequences of interpretive decisions is challenging – particularly with respect to how they shape emotional messages. Here, we explore the issue through comparison of emotion ratings (using scales of arousal and valence) for excerpts of all 48 pieces from Bach’s Well-Tempered Clavier. In this series of studies, participants evaluated one of seven interpretations by highly regarded pianists. This work offers the novel ability to simultaneously explore (1) how different interpretations by expert pianists shape emotional messages, (2) the degree to which structural and interpretative elements shape the clarity of emotional messages, and (3) how interpretative differences affect the strength of specific features or cues to convey musical emotion.
... These results were visualized with EulerAPE (Micallef and Rodgers, 2014), which can be used to plot overlapping ellipses proportional to the variance partition of the total explained variance (Groen et al., 2018). Although in principle, negative variance can reflect informative relationships among predictors (Capraro and Capraro, 2001), in the present context these values were typically so small they are negligible (e.g., À0.1% of the total explained variance). They were therefore excluded from the visualization. ...
Some of the most impressive functional specialization in the human brain is found in occipitotemporal cortex (OTC), where several areas exhibit selectivity for a small number of visual categories, such as faces and bodies, and spatially cluster based on stimulus animacy. Previous studies suggest this animacy organization reflects the representation of an intuitive taxonomic hierarchy, distinct from the presence of face- and body-selective areas in OTC. Using human fMRI, we investigated the independent contribution of these two factors - the face-body division and taxonomic hierarchy - in accounting for the animacy organization of OTC, and whether they might also be reflected in the architecture of several deep neural networks that have not been explicitly trained to differentiate taxonomic relations. We found that graded visual selectivity, based on animal resemblance to human faces and bodies, masquerades as an apparent animacy continuum, which suggests that taxonomy is not a separate factor underlying the organization of the ventral visual pathway.Significance StatementPortions of visual cortex are specialized to represent whether types of objects are animate in the sense of being capable of self-movement. Two factors have been proposed as accounting for this animacy organization: representations of faces and bodies or an intuitive taxonomic continuum of humans and animals. We performed an experiment to assess the independent contribution of both of these factors. We found that graded visual representations, based on animal resemblance to human faces and bodies, masquerade as an apparent animacy continuum, suggesting that taxonomy is not a separate factor underlying the organization of areas in visual cortex.
... For example, even a variable without any association may receive a large weight if it explains error variance in other variables completely independent of maltreatment (cf. Suppression Effect in Capraro and Capraro [4]). Thus, considering importance maps cannot remedy the problem outlined above. ...
... Also, canonical correlation values less than .30 are not interpreted as the variance explained by variable pairs is below 10% (Capraro & Capraro, 2001). Therefore, the findings of the first canonical variable pair were interpreted, and the findings of the second canonical variable pair were not interpreted. ...
The current study aims to determine whether there is a relationship between transformational leadership and teachers' motivation and whether this relationship if any, differs significantly based on various demographic variables. Within the framework of this aim, two scales were applied to 418 teachers working at primary, middle, and high schools in Istanbul. The data collection tools used in the study are the "Multidimensional Work Motivational Scale" developed by Gagné et al. (2010), and the "Transformational Leadership Scale" developed by Brestrich (2000). During the analysis of the data collected through scales, mean, frequency, and descriptive values such as standard deviation were used as well as independent groups t-test, multivariate variance analysis (MANOVA), and canonical correlation analysis. The results showed that as teachers perceive their principals as transformational leaders, their motivation including their inner motivation decreases. Besides, teachers' perceptions of the transformational leadership skills of the principals change according to time of working in their current school, education levels and gender. It was also explored that the motivation status of female teachers was higher than male teachers.
... The effects of L1 and L2 phonological awareness on English word reading Commonality analyses were used to calculate commonality coefficients to examine the unique and common contributions of Arabic and English phonological awareness to English word reading (Capraro & Capraro, 2001;Ray-Mukherjee et al., 2014). The commonality coefficients for the unique variance explained by phonological awareness in each language as well as the shared variance for phonological awareness across languages is calculated (see Table 6). ...
Word reading is a fundamental skill in reading and one of the building blocks of reading comprehension. Theories have posited that for second language (L2) learners, word reading skills are related if the children have sufficient experience in the L2 and are literate in the first language (L1). The L1 and L2 reading, phonological awareness skills, and morphological awareness skills of Syrian refugee children who speak Arabic and English were measured. These children were recent immigrants with limited L2 skills and varying levels of L1 education that was often not commensurate with their ages. Within- and across-language skills were examined in 96 children, ages 6 to 13 years. Results showed that phonological awareness and morphological awareness were strong within-language variables related to reading. Additionally, Arabic phonological awareness and morphological processing were strongly related to English word reading. Commonality analyses for variables within constructs (e.g., phonological awareness, morphological awareness) but across languages (Arabic and English) in relation to English word reading showed that in addition to unique variance contributed by the variables, there was a high degree of overlapping variance.
... These coefficients are analogous to beta weights in multiple regression. Importantly, discrepancies between these indicators are informative of multicollinearity and suppressor effects (Capraro & Capraro, 2001;Kuylen & Verhallen, 1981;Nimon et al., 2010). Thus, variables with high loadings but low weights may be indicative of multicollinearity, i.e., variance in these variables has been explained by other variables in the function coefficients. ...
... Furthermore, high weights do not necessarily mean that there is a high contribution of that trait to the prediction of prosocial behaviour. Variables with high weights but low loadings have been suggested as suppressors in linear equations (Capraro & Capraro, 2001;Nimon et al., 2010), meaning that traits showing such a pattern would not be directly related to prosocial behaviour, but rather they would be subtracting irrelevant variance of other traits in the affective/psychiatric CV to increase their predictive power in relation to the prosocial behaviour CV. ...
Prosocial behaviours-actions that benefit others-fundamentally shape our interpersonal interactions. Psychiatric disorders have been suggested to be related to prosocial disturbances, which may underlie many of their social impairments. However, broader affective traits, present in different degrees in both psychiatric and healthy populations, have also been linked to variability in prosociality. Therefore, it is unclear to what extent prosocial variability is explained by specific psychiatric disorders relative to broad affective traits. Using a computational, transdiagnostic approach in two online studies, we found that participants who reported being more affectively reactive across a broad cluster of traits manifested greater frequencies of prosocial actions in two different contexts: they reported being more averse to harming others for profit, and they were more willing to exert effort to benefit others. These findings help illuminate the profile of prosociality across psychiatric conditions as well as the architecture of prosocial behaviour in healthy individuals.
... In our study, we adopted bootstrap estimation (10,000 iterations) to calculate the standard error of each partition, and the percentile-based 95% two-tailed confidence intervals produced by the bootstrap estimation were used to determine the significance of each partition. It is worth noting that, unlike unique partitions, the common partitions may assume both positive and negative values, with the latter allowing us to recognize the presence of suppressor predictor variables (Pedzahur, 1997;Capraro and Capraro, 2001;Kraha et al., 2012). The commonality analysis was calculated using the R software (www.R-project.org) with the "yhat" package . ...
... Here, ''shared'' variance between predictors (overlapping regions in Figure 2) represent the variance those variables have in common with the dependent variable (Ray-Mukherjee et al., 2014). The presence of negative commonalities occurs when correlations among predictor variables have opposite signs (Pedhazur, 1997), or in the case that a variable confounds the explained variance of another variable in the model (Capraro & Capraro, 2001), such as a suppressor variable. Suppressor variables remove error variance in other predictors. ...
... Suppressor variables remove error variance in other predictors. As a result, the variable ''suppresses'' irrelevant variance and increases the predictive ability of the other predictor and regression model overall (Cohen & Cohen, 1983;Capraro & Capraro, 2001). Cue contributions. ...
... Some researchers interpret negative commonalities as indicating confounding suppression effects (Beaton, 1973), whereas others postulate this suggests the predictor of interest has no influence (Frederick, 1999). Capraro and Capraro (2001) caution the interpretation of negative values for variance common to all predictors: they argue a negative commonality value for all cues combined suggests an inverse relationship to the dependent variable, in contrast to the direct relationships found for individual predictors. As this represents the first application of commonality analysis to the study of music, for our purposes we believe it best to follow the latter approach and focus on cues with positive values. ...
Composers convey emotion through music by co-varying structural cues. Although the complex interplay provides a rich listening experience, this creates challenges for understanding the contributions of individual cues. Here we investigate how three specific cues (attack rate, mode, and pitch height) work together to convey emotion in Bach's Well Tempered-Clavier (WTC). In three experiments, we explore responses to (1) eight-measure excerpts and (2) musically “resolved” excerpts, and (3) investigate the role of different standard dimensional scales of emotion. In each experiment, thirty nonmusician participants rated perceived emotion along scales of valence and intensity (Experiments 1 & 2) or valence and arousal (Experiment 3) for 48 pieces in the WTC. Responses indicate listeners used attack rate, Mode, and pitch height to make judgements of valence, but only attack rate for intensity/arousal. Commonality analyses revealed mode predicted the most variance for valence ratings, followed by attack rate, with pitch height contributing minimally. In Experiment 2 mode increased in predictive power compared to Experiment 1. For Experiment 3, using “arousal” instead of “intensity” showed similar results to Experiment 1. We discuss how these results complement and extend previous findings of studies with tightly controlled stimuli, providing additional perspective on complex issues of interpersonal communication.
