Table 2 - uploaded by Marion Fischer-Neumann
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Identification with Germany of Polish and Turkish new immigrants: Direct, indirect and total effects of time in Germany (unstandar- dised effects. for full models see Appendix A1, M1-5 and Appendix A2).
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We describe migrants' early patterns of identification with the receiving society and explain why these differ by migrants' origins. Using longitudinal data from a novel survey among recent immigrants from Poland and Turkey in Germany enables us to analyse the nexus between social assimilation, ethnic boundaries and identification more directly tha...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... indirect and total effects 11 are summarised in Table 2 (for full models see Appendix A1, M1-5 and Appendix A2). Overall, the total effect of Time in Germany confirms that over time, Turkish migrants' identification with Germany decreases significantly, while it increases substantially for Poles (see last row in columns 10 and 12 in Table 2). These effects are significantly different between both groups. ...
Context 2
... effects are significantly different between both groups. Furthermore, Table 2 reveals that over time, Turks and Poles cognitive assimilation increases, for Turks even stronger than for Poles. However, social assimilation increases only for Poles but not for Turks. ...
Context 3
... social assimilation increases only for Poles but not for Turks. Multivariate results confirm that both groups also show a different pattern in terms of their experiences of discrimination: over time, Turks perceive more group discrimination whereas this is not the case for Poles (see columns 2 and 4 in Table 2). ...
Context 4
... respect to the impact of migrants' early assimilation and their experiences of discrimination on their identification, the patterns looks again similar for both groups (see columns 6-9 in Table 2): Migrants' early cognitive assimilation is unre- lated (Poles) or weakly related (Turks) to their identification with Germany, whereas social assimilation enhances both groups' identification with the receiving context. Discrimination diminishes their identification with Germany but this effect is substantially larger for Turks than for Poles. ...
Context 5
... direct effects of time in Germany on identification are somewhat attenuated when taking the indicators of cognitive and social assimilation as well as ethnic boundaries into account (see second last row in columns 10 and 12 in Table 2). However, the relative size of the direct effect of time in Germany on identification with Germany remains quite large, especially for Turks (see columns 10 and 12 in Table 2). ...
Context 6
... direct effects of time in Germany on identification are somewhat attenuated when taking the indicators of cognitive and social assimilation as well as ethnic boundaries into account (see second last row in columns 10 and 12 in Table 2). However, the relative size of the direct effect of time in Germany on identification with Germany remains quite large, especially for Turks (see columns 10 and 12 in Table 2). This is partly related to the fact that the indirect effects of cognitive assimilation and discrimination point in opposite directions and counterbalance each other. ...
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In the present times, the discrimination experiences of various marginalized groups tend to be characterized by subtle acts of disrespect and intolerance in addition to the traditional and more blatant incidents of violence. One such newer manifestation is microaggression. This research explored the impact of frequency of experiencing invisibility...
Citations
... Ein ebenfalls wachsendes Forschungsfeld sind kulturelle Einstellungen und Werte, zum Beispiel zu Geschlechterrolleneinstellungen (Röder und Mühlau 2014), Homosexualität (Röder und Spierings 2022) oder vorehelicher Kohabitation (Kogan und Weißmann 2020). Identifikation mit der ethnischen Gruppe und mit dem Aufnahmeland sind ebenfalls Gegenstand empirischer Forschung (Diehl et al. 2016), mit besonderem Augenmerk auch auf eine mögliche Mehrfachidentifikation (Fleischmann und Verkuyten 2016). Es existiert darüber hinaus ein sehr großes Forschungsfeld zu den Einstellungen der Mehrheitsbevölkerung (Dražanová et al. 2024;Hainmueller und Hopkins 2014). ...
... In general, however, immigrant groups and ethnic minorities tend to value and affirm their distinctive characteristics (Verkuyten, 2007). For instance, initial identification with Germany is stronger among recent Turkish immigrants than among Poles, yet this affinity for German national identity diminishes over time for Turks while it grows for Poles, partly due to Turks' longer-term experiences of value incompatibilities and discrimination (Diehl et al., 2016). ...
This article investigates return and circular migration intentions among recent Turkish immigrants in Germany and the Netherlands using the “Socio-cultural Integration Processes among New Immigrants in Europe” (SCIP) study (N=1,816). Analyses using multinomial logistic regression indicate that future settlement intentions vary with the interplay of identification with home and host countries, intergroup contact with natives, co-ethnics, and other groups, and group discrimination. Findings reveal that home country identification, intersecting with group discrimination, is associated with a higher likelihood of preferring circular migration, amplified by contact with other groups. Conversely, host country identification, when combined with group discrimination, is linked to a higher likelihood of intending to return and a decreased likelihood of considering circular migration—a trend that strengthens with contact with co-ethnics. Notably, the association between contact with natives and future settlement intentions is not contingent on identification or discrimination, and each has distinct effects.
... A related explanation is that migrants who are socio-economically better off would have higher expectations from the residence country as a return on their (educational and economic) investments, resulting in disappointment and frustration when these expectations are not met (Verkuyten, 2016). The same reasoning also applies to migrants who obtained their highest education level in their origin country, where unmet expectations undermine their sense of belonging in the residence country (Diehl, Fischer-Neumann and Mühlau, 2016;Geurts, Davids and Spierings, 2021). ...
... In particular, we assess perceived discrimination of one's origin group as a proxy for these perceptions. 4 We already know that migrants' experiences of relative deprivation or unequal treatment of their group hamper their motivation and opportunities to feel part of the residence country (Verkuyten and Martinovic, 2012;Diehl, Fischer-Neumann and Mühlau, 2016;Fleischmann and Phalet, 2016). We in addition expect that such perceptions of origin group discrimination condition how migrants' socio-economic attainment and national belonging are related. ...
... Our second research aim was to assess whether perceived ethnic boundaries, indicated by perceptions of group discrimination, may help us situate the variable role of migrants' socio-economic attainment for national belonging. Our multi-group models replicate earlier findings that perceiving more group discrimination hampers migrants' national belonging (Diehl, Fischer-Neumann and Mühlau, 2016; Jasinskaja-Lahti et al., 2009), regardless of their socio-economic attainment. Moreover, we find some evidence that the association of socioeconomic attainment with national belonging can indeed be contingent on such perceptions of group discrimination. ...
When is migrants’ socio-economic attainment associated with enhanced national belonging to their residence country? Drawing on a large-scale survey, we compare migrants from the same 10 origin countries across Denmark, Germany, and the Netherlands. We exploit this double comparison across origin groups and residence countries to contextualize mixed findings of positive, negative, and null associations between migrants’ socio-economic attainment and national belonging in earlier research. We introduce the notion of ethnic boundaries to situate when migrants’ socio-economic attainment and belonging are positively or negatively associated. We examine how migrants’ socio-economic attainment interacts with contextual variation in ethnic boundaries and with individual-level variation in perceptions of ethnic boundaries based on perceived group discrimination. Multi-group structural equation models show that migrants’ socio-economic attainment is often decoupled from national belonging. However, they also reveal crucial contextual variation as same-origin migrants can succeed socio-economically with or without feeling belonging in different residence countries. At the individual level, perceived group discrimination conditions this association, so that socio-economic attainment translates into more national belonging only when perceptions of discrimination are low. Our comparative findings of contingent national belonging thereby challenge existing assumptions that associations between socio-economic attainment and national belonging are linear and that ethnic boundaries in European migration contexts are rigid.
... Ein ebenfalls wachsendes Forschungsfeld sind kulturelle Einstellungen und Werte, zum Beispiel zu Geschlechterrolleneinstellungen (Röder und Mühlau 2014), Homosexualität (Röder und Spierings 2022) oder vorehelicher Kohabitation (Kogan und Weißmann 2020). Identifikation mit der ethnischen Gruppe und mit dem Aufnahmeland sind ebenfalls Gegenstand empirischer Forschung (Diehl et al. 2016), mit besonderem Augenmerk auch auf eine mögliche Mehrfachidentifikation (Fleischmann und Verkuyten 2016). Es existiert darüber hinaus ein sehr großes Forschungsfeld zu den Einstellungen der Mehrheitsbevölkerung (Dražanová et al. 2024;Hainmueller und Hopkins 2014). ...
... Zusätzlich zeigt sich, dass nicht nur niedrig gebildete und junge Menschen sondern auch Zuwanderer*innen aus der Türkei mit mangelnder sozialer Einbindung kämpfen. Generell weisen in Österreich zahlreiche Studien darauf hin, dass türkische Zuwanderer*innen mit erheblichen Herausforderungen bei der Integration konfrontiert sind und generell eine vergleichsweise schwächere Identifikation mit der Aufnahmegesellschaft aufweisen (Diehl et al., 2016). Hier besteht bei geringer formaler Bildung die Gefahr einer sozialen Entfremdung, weil insbesondere bei Schulabbrecher*innen Tendenzen von Exklusion berichtet werden (Crul, 2018). ...
This edited volume offers researchers, educators and students of the social sciences insights into the long-term consequences of the historic COVID-19 crisis. It contains contributions based on the longitudinal study ‘Values in Crisis 2020–2022’, in whose surveys more than 2000 respondents took part, by over 20 authors located at Austrian universities and research institutions. The book illuminates various topics such as value orientations, future expectations and the well-being of Austrians during the pandemic. Empirical insights give an overview of social inequalities during the crisis, changes in the assessment of relevant spheres of life, conspiracy mentality and many other pressing issues in contemporary Austrian society.
... Thus, although Polish immigrants and their descendants are 'invisible' and have a reputation of assimilating and 'becoming German' quickly and unproblematically, there is reason to believe that, first, they have experienced stigmatisation and discrimination in Germany and, second, that these experiences of exclusion are related to their identitiesby, for instance, pushing them towards identification with Germany (Smechowski 2017) or weakening their identification with Germany (Diehl et al. 2016). Overall, there is little knowledge about the ethnic and national feelings of belonging and self-identifications of descendants of Polish immigrants, their experiences of exclusion and the ways in which these feelings and experiences are related. ...
... For example, migrant minority adolescents with many friends from within their ethnic group may also have many friends from the majority (or none or few from both groups), and those who frequently consume ethnic mass media may also be those with the highest usage of majority mass media. Thus, this conceptual approach of ethnic retention does not distinguish between discrete acculturation strategies (Berry 1997), as it does not consider the level of adoption of the culture of the majority population (see, e.g., Diehl et al. 2016 for a complementary perspective). ...
Data from 3 waves of the Children of Immigrants' Longitudinal Survey in 4 European countries (CILS4EU) were used to test for effects of academic trajectories on the development of ethnic retention. The large-scale comparative panel data for the transition at the end of lower secondary school provide answers to the following research questions: Is migrant youth with unmet educational aspirations especially vulnerable to ethnic retention? Is ethnic retention after failure of the academic career enhanced or buffered by societal conditions, i.e., does it vary with educational and social welfare systems? Ethnic retention was captured in 4 dimensions: social retention (ethnic friends), cultural retention (ethnic language use), religious retention (ethnic religiosity), and emotional retention (ethnic identification). Fixed-effects regressions with interaction terms tested the effects of academic track and aspirations in combination with reactive ethnicity and are tested separately for each country. As compared to Sweden, migrant minority youth in England and Germany are much more likely to develop ethnic emotions and practice a minority religion. However, in the fixed-effects analysis capturing within-individual changes, youth with increased educational aspirations but unfavorable career development did not differ substantially from the other career patterns, and if so, they showed lower levels of ethnic retention.
... For example, Muslim immigrant groups in Europe face bright boundaries (Alba 2005). Such boundaries are reflected in debates about the alleged unwillingness of Muslim groups to adapt (Diehl et al. 2016, p. 243), in prevailing unfavorable stereotypes and prejudices (Degner and Wentura 2010;Froehlich and Schulte 2019;Strabac and Listhaug 2008), and in discriminatory behaviors (Diehl et al. 2016;Zschirnt and Ruedin 2016). Individuals from social groups who encounter salient boundaries are more likely to perceive themselves as targets of dislike, rejection, and discrimination (Diehl et al. 2021). ...
Immigrants have been affected more than native-born ethnic majority populations by the negative economic consequences of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. This contribution examines whether they have also experienced higher levels of perceived job insecurity, reflected in a differential increase in financial concerns and the fear of job loss during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. This empirical study employs the SOEP-CoV survey, which assesses the socio-economic consequences of SARS-CoV-2. It is embedded in the ongoing German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP). We present OLS models to compare perceptions of job insecurity across groups, capturing the situation before and during the pandemic. The analyses reveal that first-generation immigrants reported more financial worries, and they perceived a higher chance of job loss than second-generation immigrants and the native-born ethnic majority. This difference in economic concerns emerged only in the pandemic. Despite covering a wide range of conditions signaling objective risk of job loss, as well as individuals’ means and resources for dealing with looming job loss, these disparities persisted in the empirical study. Considering group-membership-related feelings of acceptance and inclusion could provide a promising route for future inquiry that may allow the remaining gap in subjective job insecurity to be accounted for.
... Unfavorable stereotypes, as well as social distance between the majority populations and Turks and Muslims, are pronounced throughout Western Europe (Hagendoorn 1995;Kahraman and Knoblich 2000;Strabac and Listhaug 2008;Degner and Wentura 2010;Froehlich and Schulte 2019;Bonefeld and Karst 2020). Third, individuals of Turkish origin have been repeatedly shown to experience discrimination in a European context (Diehl, Fischer-Neumann, and Mühlau 2016;Zschirnt and Ruedin 2016). Against this backdrop, both accent-based productivity considerations and different forms of accent-based discrimination seem plausible for this group. ...
Based on a field experiment conducted in Germany between October 2014 and October 2015, this article focuses on the disadvantages associated with the presence of a foreign accent in the early hiring process, when applicants call in response to a job advertisement to ask whether the position is still available. We examine whether a foreign accent influences employers’ behaviors via productivity considerations and/or whether foreign-accented speech is related to statistical discrimination or tastes among employers or customers that translate into differential treatment. To address these processes, we supplement our field-experimental data with information on job and firm characteristics from the texts of vacancy announcements and advertising companies’ homepages, on labor supply from the Federal Employment Agency, and on anti-immigrant attitudes from the German General Social Survey. Results suggest that while calling with a Turkish name did not result in a lower rate of positive replies, this rate was reduced for candidates who called with a Turkish accent. Turkish-accented applicants were told more often than the advertised position was already filled. Our findings suggest that the difference in response rates was not due to productivity considerations related to how well individuals understood foreign-accented speakers. Instead, results support the notion that the observed disadvantages were linked to discrimination based on employers’ ethnic tastes. While we found no indications pointing to the relevance of customer tastes or statistical discrimination, we cannot rule out these processes altogether. Our findings demonstrate that language cues can be more relevant than applicants’ names in shaping employers’ initial responses. They, thereby, highlight the need to consider multiple ethnic cues and different stages of the hiring process.
... 164). Given that Polish migrants may identify more strongly with destination country with increased length of stay (Diehl, Fischer-Neumann, & M hlau, 2016), it may therefore be hypothesi ed that the negative association between length of stay and the likelihood of visiting doctors in Poland is (partly) attributable to differences in ethnic identification (Hypothesis 2). ...
An important aspect of the transnational lives of Polish migrants in the Netherlands is their frequent use of healthcare services in Poland. Transnational care use may be detrimental for the continuity and the quality of the care migrants receive. The current study aims to shed light on the antecedents of migrants' doctor visits in Poland. Drawing on a representative population-based sample of Polish migrants in the Netherlands (n = 1,082), logistic regression is used to assess whether length of stay in the Netherlands is negatively associated with the likelihood of doctor visits in Poland. The KHB decomposition method is used to determine the extent to which this potential association is mediated by three specific acculturation factors: ethnic identification, trust in the Dutch healthcare system and Dutch language proficiency. The models show that migrants who stayed in the Netherlands longer were less likely to visit doctors in Poland. Mediation analyses indicated that this effect was largely attributable to their greater Dutch language proficiency compared to their counterparts who arrived in the Netherlands more recently. Strong ethnic self-identification as Polish and lower trust in the Dutch healthcare system were also associated with a higher likelihood of visiting doctors in Poland. However, no significant mediation of the effect of length of stay via ethnic self-identification or Dutch language proficiency was found. The findings suggest that voluntary language programs may foster inclusion of Polish migrants in the Dutch healthcare system and reduce the need migrants perceive to seek care in their country of origin.
