TABLE 2 - uploaded by Denis J Murphy
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In recent years, the oil palm sector has witnessed a period of historically high prices with buoyant global demand and high levels of production driven largely by economic development in major Asian countries such as India and China. However, the oil palm sector is also confronted by many important challenges that require attention. Such challenges...
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... its higher productivity and lower price, it is not surprising that palm oil overtook soyabean oil as the major global vegetable oil in 2007 and that it is increasingly sought after as the edible oil of choice by developing countries throughout the world. As shown in Table 2, palm oil production in Indonesia and Malaysia has risen steadily in response to global demand in recent years and this process shows no sign of stopping in the short-to medium-term future. Before 2005, Malaysia was the major global palm oil producer but since then it has been overtaken by Indonesia. ...
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Oil palm, Elaeis guineensis , is by far the most important global oil crop, supplying about 40% of all traded vegetable oil. Palm oils are key dietary components consumed daily by over three billion people, mostly in Asia, and also have a wide range of important non-food uses including in cleansing and sanitizing products.
Main body
Oil...
Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is an important and ancient oilseed crop. Sesame seed coat color is related to biochemical functions involved in protein and oil metabolism, and antioxidant content. Because of its complication, the genetic basis of sesame seed coat color remains poorly understood. To elucidate the factors affecting the genetic architect...
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... Oil palm cultivation is a vast global industry worth over USD 50 billion annually. Colombia currently has 595,722 cultivated hectares, is the fourth in world production, and is the first palm oil producer in the American continent [1,2]. ...
Colombia currently has 595,722 oil palm-cultivated hectares, but production is declining due to phytophagous insects feeding mainly on the leaves; one of them, Durrantia arcanella, is a recurring pest in the northern palm zone of Colombia, for which we do not have all the essential information. Therefore, it was proposed to determine its biology, foliar consumption rate, population fluctuation, and relationship with climatic variables and to identify its main natural enemies in the department of Cesar. The life cycle under laboratory conditions, including adult longevity, was 48.0 ± 10.1 days, the egg stage lasted 8.0 ± 0.7 days, the larva stage lasted 24.2 ± 6.2 days, the pre-pupa stage lasted 1.5 ± 0.5 days, the pupa stage lasted 7.1 ± 0.9 and the adult had a longevity of 7.2 ± 2.0 days. At the end of the larval period, it was determined that they individually consumed 8.2 ± 5.3 cm2 of leaflets. Correlation was found between D. arcanella population dynamics and climatic factors such as temperature and relative humidity, likewise with natural enemies.
... Oil palm cultivation is a vast global industry worth over USD 50 billion annually. Colombia currently has 595,722 cultivated hectares, is the fourth in world production, and is the first palm oil producer in the American continent [1,2]. ...
Durrantia arcanella is a recurring pest insect of oil palm in Colombia. Because the biology and ecology of D. arcanella are unknown, it was proposed to determine the life cycle and foliar consumption under laboratory conditions. Furthermore, through sequential sampling for two and a half years, its population fluctuation and natural enemies were determined in Agustín Codazzi and El Copey (Cesar, Colombia). Also, temperature, precipitation, and relative humidity were registered. The life cycle of D. arcanella lasted 48.0 ± 10.1 days, the egg 8.0 ± 0.7 days, larva 24.2 ± 6.2 days, pre-pupa 1.5 ± 0.5 days, pupa 7.1 ± 0.9 days, and adult 7.2 ± 2.0 days. The larvae consumed 8.2 ± 5.3 cm2 of leaflets. Correlations were found between the population fluctuation in D. arcanella and the temperature in El Copey (ρ = −0.45; p < 0.0043), relative humidity in Codazzi (ρ = 0.33; p < 0.034), and with the natural control in both locations ((ρ = 0, 61; p < 0.000044) and (ρ = 0.42; p < 0.006)). These results suggest monitoring the pest populations in the second semester of the year and show the importance of promoting native natural enemies.
... Each tree contributes between eight and twelve fruit bunches per year [6]. E. guineensis Jacq is one of the most productive and abundant tropical oil plants globally and a major tropical oil harvest [7]. ...
The various molecular markers employed in breeding programs have been identified in the last decade of the 20th century. Molecular marker development has significantly altered genetics. Molecular markers are not only utilised in connecting diagrams, but often involved during genetic differences in cultivars and germplasm evaluations in various plant breeding applications. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) and marker-assisted selection (MAS) are among the most interesting molecular markers utilisation. This review primarily aims to offer the knowledge required for the survival of plants developed via new molecular marker techniques and genetic modification implementation in oil palm breeding. Research in palm breeding is critical to gain insights into oil palm growth. This study could serve as a useful guide to understand oil palm development studies and improve existing prediction methods. Genetic markers crucial for oil palm development are also highlighted in the present study. Furthermore, a study gap was also identified.
... Oil palm is known to be the most efficient oil-producing crop globally due to its higher yield per hectare relative to other crops (Murphy, 2014). Palm oil comprises about 1/3 or more of worldwide vegetable oil production (Kirkman et al., 2022), but the extension of oil palm plantations has led to increasing deforestation especially in Southeast Asia (Austin et al., 2019;Richards and Friess, 2016), reducing forest biodiversity and carbon storage (Kirkman et al., 2022;Xu et al., 2022). ...
A R T I C L E I N F O Edited by Jing M. Chen Keywords: Oil palm height ICESat-2 Stand age Age-height model Peninsular Malaysia A B S T R A C T Oil palm is the most efficient oil-producing crop but its extension leads to increased deforestation in Southeast Asia. Oil palm height enables the quantitative estimation for carbon stock or palm oil yield. Nevertheless, there are still no accurate characterization of oil palm height providing information for the tradeoff between forest damage and carbon stock of oil palm in Southeast Asia. The new generation of spaceborne LiDAR provides large-extent canopy height samples, offering an opportunity for mapping the oil palm height at the regional scale yet with challenge to extrapolate the footprint heights to spatially coherent maps. Here, we proposed a new method by combining Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite-2 (ICESat-2) footprint data with stand age that is closely related to tree height. We first developed a semi-automatic filtering algorithm to filter the low-quality ICESat-2 data, and used a change detection algorithm to optimize the planting year map of oil palm. Then, an empirical age-height model was derived by linking ICESat-2 footprint canopy height with oil palm age that was used to estimate spatially and temporally oil palm height for the whole Peninsular Malaysia. A validation with independent ICESat-2 footprint data suggests a high agreement for the height estimates in 2020 from the age-height model (R 2 = 0.63; RMSE = 1.64 m) with a bias within ±3 m for >90% of the height estimates. Using the age-height model and planting year map of oil palm, we produced the first comprehensive wall-to-wall maps of long-term yearly oil palm height at a spatial resolution of 30 m in Peninsular Malaysia during 2001 through 2020. Our results suggest that the mean height of oil palm in all and regionally-disturbed areas have increased by 10.82 m and 9.29 m respectively during the last two decades in Peninsular Malaysia. Our results indicate that combining stand age and ICESat-2 footprint data has great potential in spatially-explicit mapping regional oil palm height that contributes to a better quantification for regional plantation carbon stock.
... Perakitan varietas tanaman kelapa sawit dapat dilakukan melalui pengembangan program pemuliaan tanaman dalam merakit varietas tanaman sawit dapat dengan memanfaatkan keragaman genetik Elaeis oleifera yang disilangkan dengan sawit komersial Elaeis guineensis (Murphy 2014). Perluasan keragaman tanaman sawit tahan cekaman genangan dapat dengan cara hibridisasi konvensional yaitu dilakukan dengan terlebih dahulu melakukan karakterisasi koleksi plasma nutfah tanaman kelapa sawit yang memiliki potensi tahan terhadap cekaman genangan. ...
Kelapa sawit saat ini menghadapi tantangan baik yang datang dari alam maupun dari manusia. Tantangan dari alam salah satunya adalah ketidakpastian cuaca akibat perubahan iklim global. Tantangan yang berasal dari manusia berupa penggunaan lahan marjinal seperti lahan gambut, pasang surut, maupun lahan berlereng dan berlembah untuk perkebunan kelapa sawit. Hal ini sering kali menempatkan kelapa sawit pada kondisi yang rawan genangan dan banjir. Genangan yang berkepanjangan dapat berpengaruh pada kualitas minyak, menurunkan produksi, dan apabila tetap berlanjut dapat menyebabkan kematian. Meskipun ancaman yang diakibatkan oleh banjir dan genangan tidak seberbahaya dampak akibat serangan penyakit, namun bahan tanaman yang toleran terhadap genangan dapat mengurangi potensi kerugian yang disebabkan oleh penurunan produksi akibat tanaman yang tergenang. Ketika tanaman kelapa sawit tergenang, tanaman akan mengembangkan mekanisme pertahanan yang melibatkan berbagai elemen seperti protein transporter, faktor transkripsi, gen-gen yang spesifik untuk kondisi genangan, serta berbagai metabolit. Jenis, tingkat ekspresi, serta konsentrasi senyawa oganik yang dihasilkan oleh tanaman yang tergenang, dapat berbeda-beda tergantung seberapa lama tanaman tergenang, dan tingkat keparahan yang dialami. Selain itu, respon tanaman terhadap genangan juga dapat dipengaruhi oleh genotipe tanaman. Review ini merangkum berbagai penelitian yang potensial dikembangkan dalam rangka perakitan varietas kelapa sawit yang toleran terhadap banjir dan genangan.
... • Results: There are 15 families of oil palm that show different patternsin free fatty acid levels. Three families of palm oil FL 1181, FL043 and FL133 have a long shelf life with free fatty acid levels tend to be low for 16 days of shelf life • Keywords: free fatty acid, low lipase, mesocarp storage, oil palm PENDAHULUAN Kelapa sawit adalah salah satu minyak sayur yang paling efisien budidayanya dibandingkan minyak sayur lainnya didunia seperti kedelai, bunga matahari dan rapeseed (Murphy, 2014). Indonesia merupakan salah satu pemasok minyak kelapa sawit terbesar di dunia dengan produksi minyak kelapa sawit 40,5 juta ton pada tahun 2018 yang sebanyak 5.5 juta ton digunakan untuk konsumsi domestik dalam industri pangan (USDA, 2018). ...
Pendahuluan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk pengaruh masa penyimpanan mesocarp terhadap kualitas asam lemak bebas pada minyak kelapa sawit hasil persilangan Metode Penelitian: Penelitian’ ini ‘dilaksanakan pada bulan Desember 2019-Februari 2020 di Kebun Aek Loba Asahan Sumatera Utara. Pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode Eksplorasi’(explorational Research Method)’dan sampel yang dipilih adalah material genetik hasil persilangan yang menghasilkan 15 famili kelapa sawit diduga mampu menghasilkan minyak kelapa sawit rendah asam lemak bebas. Hasil Penelitian: Terdapat 15 Family kelapa sawit yang menunjukkan perubahan kadar asam lemak bebas dengan pola yang berbeda. Tiga famili kelapa sawit FL 1181, FL043 dan FL133 memiliki kemampuan masa simpan yang lama dengan kadar asam lemak bebas cenderung rendah selama16 hari masa simpan setelah panen.
... Among the major oil crops of the world, oil palm occupies the least land and produces the most abundance of oil (Mayes et al., 2008;Murphy, 2014;Ritchie and Roser, 2021). Palm oil and its derivatives are international commodities used for food, household, and industrial purposes. ...
... In short, oil palm is the most efficient oil crop in the world; there is no doubt it is the most promising oil crop in the face of the global food crisis and climate change (Murphy, 2014;Mosnier, 2017;Rival, 2017Rival, , 2018. While advances in productivity and technology have contributed to improved food safety and efficiency of resource use, climate change and mounting pressures on natural resources are putting global food security in jeopardy. ...
... Oil palm is a highly efficient oil producer, and so it requires ten times less land than other oil-producing crops to produce the same amount of oil (Figure 2.1; Mayes et al., 2008;Murphy, 2014;FAO, 2021;USDA, 2021). ...
Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is the most efficient oil crop in the world; it uses substantially less land and resources and produces more oil than any other oil crop. Even so, to meet the growing palm oil demands due to the increasing global population, per capita consumption rates and biofuel demands, ground-breaking strategies for agronomic and genetic improvement of the commercial planting material are necessary. Clonal propagation through tissue culture has proven to be useful in producing uniform planting materials. However, there are incidences of the deleterious floral homeotic mutant, mantled, in oil palm ramets. In this study, standardised protocols and analytical parameters for the extraction and characterisation of oil palm inflorescences, bunches and pollen in the context of the mantled abnormality are proposed. Genotyping using twenty SSR markers showed good discriminatory powers and revealed ten ‘off types’. Methylation detection at the EgDEF1 KARMA locus using RsaI showed an 18.75% error in distinguishing mantled from normal. Thus, accurate phenotyping and appraisal of mantled phenotype were achieved through visual scoring of unripe bunches. This novel phenotyping regime allowed quantification of the severity as well as variability associated with the aberrant phenotype. For selection and extraction of comparable inflorescence samples from normal and mantled ramets, a new developmental classification was formulated, and the field sampling and histology protocols were optimised through trial. The different developmental categories were validated using ANOVA (F probability<0.001) and Fisher’s protected least significant difference test. This developmental classification supplements the previous model for developmental stage prediction and enables precise field identification of key developmental events. Subsequently, a reproductive developmental series for oil palm from early inflorescence development to floral maturity was prepared. This developmental series permitted comparisons between age categories (three-year-old young clone and ten-year-old mature clones), sexes as well as phenotypes (normal and mantled). Hence, for the first time, mantled reproductive development is compared alongside equivalent normal samples from the same clone, throughout the reproductive developmental process. The mantled phenotype was indistinguishable by histology till pseudocarpels were observable at the developmental category ‘floral triad 3 (FT3)’. Results revealed three novel features of mantled phenotype. Firstly, in the present set of samples, phenotypic expression of mantled was limited to pistillate flowers. Contrary to previous reports, even the abortive staminate flowers in mantled female inflorescences showed normal development while the pistillate flower of the same triad was mantled. Secondly, analysis of field sampling data revealed a lower incidence of male phase (p<.001) associated with the mantled phenotype. This possible effect of mantled on sex determination indicates an earlier manifestation of mantled phenotype than previously reported. Lastly, pollen samples from mantled ramets showed significantly higher pollen abortion and degeneration and lower pollen health (Chi2 probability <0.001). Functional quality assessment of oil palm pollen grains was done through histochemical approaches and germination tests and pollen from mantled sources was analysed for the first time. Healthy reproductive development and adequate pollination are vital for the optimal yield of oil palm. The systematic investigations undertaken here is a step towards a more comprehensive understanding of these events in normal and the mantled ramets. Results of previously uncharacterised effects of mantled phenotype call for further investigation into its phenotypic expression. Methodologies and parameters proposed here should be useful for a wide range of research into floral abnormalities of oil palm.
... In the last decade, concerns were raised over the stagnating oil palm yield performance in Malaysia [1, 6,[16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]. Based on the historical 45-year records of annual Fresh Fruit Bunches (FFB) yield in Malaysia (Figure 1) [7][8][9], the oil palm yield grew over time until 2008. ...
... Adverse weather conditions associated with the occurreces of El Niño resulted in the decline of oil palm yields, as El Niño causes extreme hot weather and less rainfall in Malaysia [26][27][28][29][30][31]. Other than the climatic factor, various studies have suspected ageing of oil palm crops as one of the major threats causing the sluggish yield performance in Malaysia in the last decade [1, 6,[16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]. However, previous studies lack quantification of the impact of ageing crops on the palm oil industry in Malaysia. ...
... Oil palm harvesting becomes difficult, resulting in additional labor demand, and it is also harder to assess the bunch ripeness [72]. To avoid the accumulation of lower yielding older palms in plantations, replanting needs to be carried out on a continuous basis using new high-yield seed varieties [18,23,[73][74][75][76]. The growth in palm oil production as well as yield improvement depend heavily on the acceleration of replanting activities consistently over years [55]. ...
Ageing oil palm crops show a significant correlation with the declining oil palm yield in Malaysia. Not only do aged crops result in lower production, but they are also more costly and difficult to harvest. The Malaysian oil palm yield recovered to the pre-El Niño level after the 1997/98 El Niño event. However, the oil palm yield failed to recover after the recent 2015/16 El Niño. Due to the accumulation of aged oil palm plantations in Malaysia, the financial losses from different magnitudes of El Niño events are increasing. Thirty-four years of monthly oil palm yield trends in Malaysia were compared with the El Niño–free yield dataset to show that the oil palm yield downtrend pattern is the same with or without El Niño events in Malaysia for the most recent 15 years (2005 to 2019). The performance of oil palm yield did not show any significant difference from 2000 to 2019. This study estimates that ageing oil palms would lead to a minimum opportunity loss of USD 431 million by December 2022. Without a proper replanting program, the total combined loss attributable to the ageing crops from 2009 to 2022 is estimated to be USD 3.94 billion, which is more profound than losses due to El Niño events within the same period. This study also concluded that a continuous 7-year replanting scheme of at least 115,000 hectares per year is needed to address the adverse impact of ageing crops on the Malaysian oil palm yield, which accounts for nearly 30% of the global palm oil production.
... Palm oil, on the other hand, will require only 38 million ha of farmland (d'Enghien 2016). It is ultimately the most versatile and efficient vegetable oil crop on earth, which produce more oil per hectare as compared to other plants that produce vegetable oil (Murphy 2014). When compared to many oil-bearing plants, oil palm produced 4-10 times the amount of oil per unit area (Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil 2017). ...
Oil palm production contributes tremendously to the economies of tropical countries, a location where cultivation takes place. The cultivation of oil palm is usually dominated by smallholders and produces about 40% of global palm oil demand. Therefore, in this study, we aim to investigate the role of smallholder oil palm growers in ensuring palm oil production in a changing climate. This study was based on a conventional literature review. Relevant articles were retrieved using search terms such as "climate change" or "oil palm" or "climate change and oil palm" OR "oil palm smallholders" OR "oil palm growers". The documents were selected by (i) examining the title of the document, (ii) the abstract (iii) and the content of the document sequentially. Only documents that meet the inclusion criteria were selected for the review. The results of this study demonstrated that global climatic changes have a greater negative effect on oil palm production in the tropics. Rising temperatures result in water stress to the palms, as does variability in rainfall, which reduces productivity, declining floral abortion, increase in pests and diseases infestation, and yield loss. Oil palm smallholder growers contribute immensely to global food security. Smallholders are estimated to manage approximately 40% of the global oil palm planted area, producing 40% of the global palm oil demand. In Africa, smallholders produced more than 60% of palm oil demand, 33% in Papua New Guinea, and 40% in Malaysia. In Latin America, where 87% of oil palm growers are smallholders, they produce over 60% of the demand for palm oil. Oil palm production creates jobs and poverty alleviation, provides the most efficient oil, provides vitamins for body-building, and provides nutritious and healthy food. This study recommends long-term and short-term policies on climate change and oil palm, improved regional academic leadership, with a focus on collaboration with scientists in consumer countries, improved institutional research, and collaboration in research between producer and major consumer countries.
... Maintaining CPO quality and increasing efficiency in time and labour costs need automation in some stages of the CPO processing. Labour shortage is another reason for automation in oil palm industries (Murphy, 2014). Oil palm fresh ...
Oil palm fresh fruit bunches (FFB) are the sources of crude palm oil (CPO). CPO is one of the largest
export commodities for Indonesia and Malaysia. Automation or mechanisation in CPO processes is crucial
to saving time, labour, and cost. This study used the computer vision method to count moving oil palm
FFB using video frames. It is possible to implement this counting method in the oil palm FFB sorting and
PR
grading stage to estimate the CPO mill capacity. Videos recordings used an RGB camera with a frame
rate of 20 FPS for 117 oil palm FFB of Tenera varieties. The counting program consisted of two parts, a
detector and a tracker. The detector algorithm was self-developed by adding a colour feature, converting the
RGB images of oil palm FFB to HSV colour space. The counting results were validated using the confusion
matrix method. The results showed that the counting accuracy could reach 100.00%. However, the counting
accuracy depends on the colour of the FFB and room light intensity. The confusion matrix validation resulted
in average counting accuracy of 79.35% for 10 videos. The results showed the potential use of computer
vision in counting moving oil palm FFB.
