Table 4 - uploaded by Akintayo L Ogundajo
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Background
Ehretia cymosa Thonn. is a popular medicinal plant used in different parts of West Africa for the treatment of various ailments including diabetes mellitus.
Objective
The current study investigates bioactive constituents and in vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic potentials of fractions from extract of E. cymosa.
Materials and Methods
P...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... fraction was also significantly higher (P < 0.05) than ethyl acetate fraction for α-glucosidase inhibition at all concentrations, except at 0. 13 mg/mL. The IC 50 of α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition by ethyl acetate and methanol fractions from E. cymosa is shown in Table 4. Methanol (0.60 mg/mL) fraction displayed significantly lower (P < 0.05) IC 50 for α-glucosidase inhibition compared to ethyl acetate and acarbose. ...
Citations
... Heliotropium verdcourtii is a deciduous shrub or small tree commonly found in the Savannah and secondary jungle of West Africa which includes Cameroon, Ghana, Gabon, Congo, and Nigeria (Ogundajo & Ashafa, 2017). The whole plant parts of H. verdcourtii are mainly used as aphrodisiac, laxative and ethnomedicines for gastro-intestinal problems, wounds, malaria, fever, typhoid, convulsions, epilepsy, toothache and respiratory infections (Li et al., 2008;Jeruto et al., 2011;Oladunmoye & Kehinde, 2011;Jeruto et al., 2015;Maroyi, 2021). ...
... Phytochemistry of H. verdcourtii is characterized by anthraquinones, alkaloids, essential oils, flavonoids, fatty acids, glycosides, proanthocyanidins, phenols, pseudotannins, saponins, reducing sugars, tannins, steroids and terpenes (Ogundajo & Ashafa, 2017;Maroyi, 2021). Four triterpenoids namely, α-amyrin, β-amyrin, bauerenol, and a 12-13 epoxy ursane type pentacyclic triterpene were isolated from the leaves of the hexane extract (Chaluma et al., 2018). ...
... Plants of the genus Heliotropium are rich in bioactive constituents such as phenolic acids, lignans, flavonoids, nitrile glycosides, quinonoids, steroids, triterpenoids, and pyrrolizidine alkaloid (Li et al., 2008;Jeruto et al., 2011). The previous report on phytochemical screening of the leaf extracts of H. verdcourtii shows the presence of alkaloids, saponins, glycosides, terpenoids, anthraquinones, phenolics, and flavonoids (Ogundajo & Ashafa, 2017). In this study, the result of the qualitative phytochemical test of the extracts revealed the presence of flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolics, saponins, glycosides and alkaloids which is in agreement with previous works. ...
The medicinal value of medicinal plants lies in some bioactive constituents that produce a definite physiological action on the human body. Heliotropium verdcourtii is a deciduous shrub or small tree traditionally used in the treatment of various diseases including fever, dry cough, measles, convulsions, epilepsy, diarrhea, and other ailments. The chemical constituents of the roots of the plant were not investigated to date. The aim of the study was to investigate the phytochemicals present in the roots of Heliotropium verdcourtii. The freshly collected root of the plant was chopped and air dried under shade. The dried and finely grounded plant root was extracted through maceration with n-hexane, chloroform/methanol (v/v 1:1), and methanol successively. The extracts were subjected to qualitative phytochemical tests for screening the classes of secondary metabolites present in the plant. Compound isolation of the chloroform/methanol (v/v 1:1) extract was performed through silica gel chromatographic separation. The structures of all isolated compounds were determined by spectroscopic methods as well as comparison with previous reports in the literature. The yields of n-hexane, chloroform/methanol (v/v 1:1), and methanol extracts were 2.2 g (0.4%), 25 g (5.0%), and 19.8 g (4.0%), respectively. The qualitative phytochemical test of the extracts revealed the presence of flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolics, saponins, glycosides and alkaloids. Silica gel chromatographic separation afforded a mixture of three isomeric triterpenoids identified as α-amyrin, β-amyrin, and bauerenol. To the best of our knowledge these bioactive compounds were isolated from the root of this plant, for the first time.
... In previous study conducted elsewhere, the total phenolic content of ethyl acetate and methanol fractions of E. cymosa was 25.27 and 27.44 mg GAE/g, respectively, which is significantly lower than the present study. 54 This difference might be due to the fact that phenolic content of plants depends on a number of intrinsic (genetic) and extrinsic factors (maturity at harvest and storage condition). The higher analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of ethyl acetate fraction corresponded to its highest phenolic contents. ...
... The finding of this study is corroborated with other study in which the total flavonoid content of ethyl acetate and methanol fractions of E. cymosa was 221.44 and 235.31 mg QE/g, respectively. 54 The high concentration of flavonoids in plant extract correlated with its analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. ...
Background
Ethnobotanical studies in various districts of Ethiopia reported that Ehretia cymosa (E. cymosa) is used for the management of headache, abdominal pain, arthritis and rheumatism. However, there is no scientific investigation done so far to confirm these traditional claims. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of the 80% methanol extract and fractions of E. cymosa leaves.
Methods
The dried and pulverized leaves of E. cymosa were soaked with 80% methanol to obtain a crude extract. Fractionation was done using chloroform, ethyl acetate and water by a soxhlet apparatus. The analgesic effects of the crude extract and solvent fractions were assessed using acetic acid-induced writhing and hot plate tests whereas anti-inflammatory activities were investigated using carrageenan-induced paw edema and cotton-pellet-induced granuloma models.
Results
In all the tested doses, the 80% methanol extract and solvent fractions revealed substantial (p < 0.001) analgesic activities in acetic acid induced writhing test. In the hot plate method, all the tested doses of E. cymosa crude extract and the solvent fractions produced significant analgesic activities (p < 0.05). In the carrageenan-induced acute inflammation model, all tested doses of the crude extract and solvent fractions resulted in a significant decline in paw edema. The 80% methanol extract and solvent fractions of E. cymosa at all the tested doses significantly reduced inflammatory exudates and granuloma mass formations (p < 0.001).
Conclusion
From the results of this investigation, it can be stated that 80% methanol extract, aqueous, ethyl acetate and chloroform fractions of E. cymosa exhibited considerable analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities, supporting the plant’s traditional use as a remedy for a variety of painful and inflammatory conditions.
... Total phenolic content was attributed to the occurrence of phenoxyl radicals with resonance stabilisation in the majority of extracts and antioxidant activity [193][194][195]. The BGP extracts possess antioxidant capability due to the presence of the metabolites like tetratetracontane [196,197] and methyl linolelaidate [198]. ...
The risk faced by the drug-resistant pathogens, research, and development for viable alternative medicine is gaining traction. This study aims to utilize agricultural waste beneficially, by investigating the methanol, ethanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, petroleum ether, and hexane extracts of black gram pods by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis to identify metabolites and functional groups and to evaluate its antibacterial and anti-biofilm potential on various fish disease-causing drug resistant pathogens like Aeromonas hydrophila, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. Numerous compounds were identified as major peak area percentage by GC–MS analysis based on the polarity. Methanolic and ethanolic extracts of black gram pods showed higher phenolic and tannin content compared to other solvents, these results correlate with antioxidant potential. IC50 values of both 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) by the methanolic extracts possessed 933.807 and 976.285 µg/mL respectively. All the extracts possessed potential antibiofilm activity against A. hydrophila, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus in a dose-dependent manner. This study clearly shows that phenolic content is the major source for the inhibition of bacterial cell adherence (biofilm) against pathogens. Extraction in highly polar solvents exhibited higher content of phenols and tannins as compared to non-polar solvents. Findings of the current study support black gram pods as an excellent alternative medicine against fish disease-causing pathogens. It is proved in this study that the biowaste black gram pods could be recycled for the welfare of humans as well as for the growth of the country’s economy.
Graphical abstract
... The population of adults living with diabetes mellitus globally has been predicted to increase to about 69% by the year 2030 ( Dennedy et al., 2015 ;Shaw et al., 2010 ). Hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus usually leads to the generation of reactive oxygen (ROS) that can cause lipid peroxidation and destruction of the cell membrane, which may eventually lead to diabetic complications such as retinopathy, neuropathy, and cardiovascular disease ( Aruna Sindhe et al., 2013 ;Rajaram, 2013 ) Research has shown that plants containing natural antioxidants like polyphenols, terpenes, and phenolic acids, possess the ability to scavenge free radicals and inhibit the formation of lipid peroxidation, hence preventing -cell destruction and preventing diabetesinduced ROS formation ( Ogundajo and Ashafa, 2017 ;Kutan Fenercioglu et al., 2010 ;Aslan et al., 2010 ). Reduction of hyperglycemia has been regarded as a major strategy in diabetic therapy and can be achieved by inhibiting the two key enzymes ( -amylase and -glucosidase) involved in carbohydrate metabolism ( Bello et al., 2017 ;Kutan Fenercioglu et al., 2010 ;Aslan et al., 2010 ). ...
Background: As an antioxidant-rich plant foods, cereals can impede lipid and starch breakdown in the human body, are germane to diabetes management. Objective: We aim to identify newer sources of phytochemicals and health-promoting constituents with desirable antidiabetics and antioxidant functional properties. Methods: Three millet types i.e. fonio (Digitaria exilis), finger millet (Eleusine coracana), and pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) available locally were investigated for antioxidant ability employing these assays i.e. DPPH, ABTS, H2O2, antidiabetic ability employing these assays i.e. α-amylase, α-glucosidase and inhibitory property on glycosylation formation. Preliminary characterization tools were employed i.e. UV-Visible spectroscopy (UV-visible) and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) for the polyphenolic confirmation. The absorbance intensity range 325–425 nm confirmed that polyphenolics are present in the three millet types; most of the biological results showed the activities are dose-dependent. Results: Fonio millet extract revealed the highest activity against haemoglobin glycosylation (29.469 ± 0.399 %) which compared favorably with the standard (acarbose) (29.354 ± 1.607 %). Fonio millet extract also showed the best antioxidant activity (significantly higher % inhibition value = 47.909 ± 3.472) and the pearl millet revealed the least antioxidant activity (significantly lower % inhibition value = 44.910 ± 3.597) both at a concentration of 500 mg/ml, though all the millet extracts showed activity towards this assay better than the standard (19.883 ± 2.485 %). Fonio millet extract displayed a significantly higher percentage inhibition of α-amylase and glucosidase (43.729 ± 0.410 % and 55.835 ± 2.198 %) than finger millet (39.002 ± 1.604 %; 43.971 ± 5.849 %) and pearl millet (33.223 ± 2.708 %; 30.845 ± 2.841 %), respectively. Conclusion: The polyphenolic extracts from these millet types have therapeutic potentials, which may play significant roles in type 2 diabetes prevention and management, and hence these millets, especially fonio and finger millet, have the potential to be utilized as functional foods.
... seed storage behavior. This species of the family Boraginaceae is distributed in parts of West Africa, Eastern Africa, and Northern Madagascar [12][13][14][15]. Past studies have focused on the medicinal values and distribution of E. cymosa, thereby highlighting a gap in seed collection and handling. ...
... Ehretia cymosa has a crucial space in Kenyan communities for medicinal, conservation, and a species useful for rehabilitation of degraded areas [13,17,18]. For the species to be utilized, there is an expectation for the availability of seed, but this has been a challenge exacerbating the demand [17,19]. ...
... There is scanty information focusing on desiccation tolerance and germination responses of E. cymosa (Ellis et al., 1990;. Ehretia cymosa has a crucial space in Kenyan communities for medicinal, conservation, and a species useful for rehabilitation of degraded areas (Bussmann & Lange, 2000;Ogundajo & Ashafa, 2017;Reshad et al., 2020). In order for the species to be utilized, there is an expectation for the availability of seed, but this has been a challenge exacerbating the demand (Albrecht, 1993;Bussmann & Lange, 2000). ...
Background: Globally, forestry faces challenges in the availability of seeds due to limited knowledge on seed handling of various species. Forestry seeds are constantly being reviewed and classified as either recalcitrant, intermediate, or orthodox based on their storage behavior. It is essential to understand the tree seed storage behavior to maintain seed viability and thus minimize seed losses. There is scanty literature combining factors of seed moisture content (6%, 9%, 12%, 15%, and 20%), seed storage temperature (20oC, 5oC and -20oC), seed storage duration (1, 4, 9 and 12 months), and germination in different sites with varying environmental variables. Ehretia cymosa is important in the Afromontane forestry landscape as a medicinal, rehabilitation, and conservation species. This study conducted desiccation and storage studies and their influence on the viability of E. cymosa seeds. The study sought to determine the optimum conditions for the storage of Ehretia cymosa that maintains viability.
Results: This study observed that E. cymosa dried to seed moisture content of 6%, stored for 12 months at 20oC and sown in the laboratory had the highest germination performance (27.6 ± 3.18%) (p<0.05).
Conclusion: This confirms that E.cymosa seeds exhibit orthodox storage behavior. The authors recommend longer storage studies (>12months) to determine the actual longevity of the seeds of this species. The significance of these results would be useful for foresters and farmers that would need to use this species for various purposes.
... According to the role of oxidative stress in diabetic complications (Alzoubi, Khabour, Alhaidar, Aleisa, & Alkadhi, 2013), the antioxidant capacity of this medical plant may justify the anti-diabetic effect of that (Neri et al., 2010). An in vitro assessment showed that N-ethyl acetate, butanol, benzene of fennel had inhibitory effect on alpha-amylase and alpha-glycosidase which reduced the glucose absorption through inhibition of carbohydrate digestion (Ogundajo & Ashafa, 2017). In other hand, the presence of tannins, phenolic compounds, terpenoids, saponins and flavonoids compounds in fennel help to maintenance blood glucose levels (Godavari, Amutha, & Moorthi, 2018). ...
The aim of this study was investigated the effects of fennel supplementation with energy-restricted diets on body fat and muscle percentage and insulin resistance in women with PCOS. Sixty-four overweight/obese women with PCOS were randomly allocated to 4 groups for 12 weeks as follows: (1) standard diet + fennel (SDF), (2) high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet supplemented with fennel (HPF), (3) standard diet + placebo (SDP), and (4) high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet + placebo (HPP). After 12 weeks of intervention, there were significant changes in the percentage of body fat and muscle in all groups. Decreasing in fasting insulin was −4.12 micIU/ml (P = 0.01) for HPF and −4.5 micIU/ml (P = 0.03) for SDP groups. In addition, HOMA-IR significantly decreased in HPF (P = 0.02) and SDP (P = 0.02) groups. Energy-restricted diets independent of dietary composition improved the body fat and muscle percentage and insulin resistance indices in women with PCOS. High-protein diet and fennel compared with standard diet and placebo had no significant effect on insulin resistance, body fat and muscle.
... The evaluation of E. cymosa leaf extracts on ethyl acetate (IC 50 0.56 mgmL −1 ) and methanol (IC 50 0.60 mgmL −1 ) extracts justifies effective activity compared to gallic acid (IC 50 0.47 mgmL −1 ). The 2-hexadecycloxirane (34.2%) and methyl linoleate (28.9%) were detected as major components of methanol extract [53]. Lastly, the GC-MS analyses of various plant extracts and antioxidant evaluation have revealed similar pattern of contents and composition in addition to contrasting influences of solvent polarity to radical inhibition efficacies. ...
... Increase in the levels of oxygen and nitrogen free radicals (ROS/RNS) has been linked with lipid peroxidation, non-enzymatic glycation of proteins and oxidation of glucose which contributes toward diabetes mellitus and its complications (Pradhan et al., 2013) [16] . Plants often contain substantial amounts of antioxidants, which implies that antioxidant action may be an important property of plant medicines associated with diabetes (Akintayo et al., 2017) [2] . ...
... Increase in the levels of oxygen and nitrogen free radicals (ROS/RNS) has been linked with lipid peroxidation, non-enzymatic glycation of proteins and oxidation of glucose which contributes toward diabetes mellitus and its complications (Pradhan et al., 2013) [16] . Plants often contain substantial amounts of antioxidants, which implies that antioxidant action may be an important property of plant medicines associated with diabetes (Akintayo et al., 2017) [2] . ...
Background: Oxidative stress has been demonstrated to participate in the progression of diabetes including impairment of insulin action and elevation of the complication incidences. Antioxidants have already shown to be prospective in the treatment of diabetes both type I and type II diabetes. Methods: The study was conducted to determine the total phenolic and flavonoid content of the ethanolic extracts of four Nepalese medicinal plants by the Folin Ciocalteu reagent and Aluminium chloride colorimetric method respectively. The antioxidant activity of the ethanolic extract was determined by the DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl) radical scavenging method using ascorbic acid as the positive control was measured at different concentration (1, 10, 100 µg/mL). Results: The phytochemical analysis revealed presence of phenols and flavonoids in Magnolia grandiflora and Mangifera indica. The total phenolic content and flavonoid content were 353.81± 0.84 mgGAE/g and 310.54±0. 0 mgQE/g dry extract weight for unripe Mangifera indica respectively. The extracts of unripe Mangifera indica showed antioxidant activity with the IC 50 values of 3.87 μg/mL compared with the standard ascorbic acid IC 50 value of 4.22 μg/mL. Conclusion: In this study showed potential antioxidant, with present of Flavonoids and Phenols. These data are important because they contribute to the recording of traditional knowledge used for the antioxidant activities.
... The ethyl acetateextract of Clinopodium taxifolium (Kunth) Govaerts (Lamiaceae) showed stronger inhibitory activity against á-glucosidase than the methanolic and the hexanic extracts where ursolic acid contained in the three extracts was the individual phenolic compound that showed a strong inhibitory activity 32 . However, similar inhibition of 2 different fractions (P< 0.05) against á-glucosidase also has been observed for fraction of methanol (rich in phenolic and flavonoid compounds) and ethyl acetate (rich in proanthocyanidins) from Ehretia cymosa Thonn 30 . Therefore , it is suggested that phenolic compounds contained by B extract are less effective in inhibiting of á-glucosidase than the phenolic compounds in P or C extract, but their total phenolic concentration have no correlation with anti-á glucosidase activity (p = 0.654) ( Table 2). ...
The study aimed to evaluate the effects of bay (B), pandan (P), citrus leaves (C) and their combinations against starch hydrolysis enzymes (α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzymes) and antioxidant activity and to examine the role of polyphenol compounds in enzyme inhibition and antioxidant activity. Three single leaves extracts and five of their combinations were applied to inhibit α-glucosidase hydrolyzing p-nitrophenyl-α-D-glucopyranosyde or α-amylase hydrolyzing starch solution as well as to scavenge free radicals. The leaf extracts and their combination showed inhibition activities against α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzymes with range of inhibition activities were between 17.63% to 26.04% and 20.14% to 35.30% respectively. There is no significantly differ among the extracts in modulation of α-glucosidase activity, but each extract exhibited different effect on α-amylase or antioxidant activities. Mixing P with B and C increases the inhibitory activity of the extract against α-amylase as seen that percent of inhibition of BPC is significantly higher than P, eventhough their total phenolic content was not different. The synergism or antagonism effect was not observed when the extracts were combined as the enzyme inhibition or antioxidant activities are not depend on the proportion of the extract in the mixtures. The role of polyphenol compounds on inhibition of the starch digestion enzymes and on antioxidant activity was not observed. Further study is required to fully elucidate the effect of the leaf or their combinations on diabetic animal models or diabetic patients.
