Figure 6 - available via license: CC BY
Content may be subject to copyright.
Hypsometric map for horizontal displacements of control grid points (period February 2017 to May 2017), the map uses flat coordinate system PL-2000/7.
Source publication
The paper presents the procedure and results of monitoring conducted by using a 3D measurement model, taking advantage of integrated surveying technologies developed for a building located within an activated landslide area. Geodynamic interactions within the building have resulted in a spatial deformation condition, leading to significant cracks o...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... image of movements comprised the measurements of vertical and horizontal displacements. Figure 6 shows the horizontal displacement vectors for control grid points observed from 14−15 February 2017 to 15−16 May 2017. The control point displacement values ranged from 7.6 mm to approximately 16.0 mm for points inside the structure and from 6.0 mm to approximately 13.7 mm for points around the building. ...
Context 2
... this period, it was possible to notice a clear trend to the translation of all the measurement points, along with a trend of the building complex to rotate in the direction of the slope inclination resultant. The map of horizontal displacements of controlled grid points showed a high variability in terms of the value and sense of vectors in individual building segments and in its closest vicinity, which is shown in the form of a hypsometric map in Figure 6. The image of movements comprised the measurements of vertical and horizontal displacements. ...
Context 3
... image of movements comprised the measurements of vertical and horizontal displacements. Figure 6 shows the horizontal displacement vectors for control grid points observed from 14-15 February 2017 to 15-16 May 2017. The control point displacement values ranged from 7.6 mm to approximately 16.0 mm for points inside the structure and from 6.0 mm to approximately 13.7 mm for points around the building. ...
Context 4
... this period, it was possible to notice a clear trend to the translation of all the measurement points, along with a trend of the building complex to rotate in the direction of the slope inclination resultant. The map of horizontal displacements of controlled grid points showed a high variability in terms of the value and sense of vectors in individual building segments and in its closest vicinity, which is shown in the form of a hypsometric map in Figure 6. By analyzing the monitoring results, it was found that the nature of ground displacement processes within the landslide under normal weather conditions is slow. ...
Citations
... This equipment and techniques have high accuracy (up to submillimeters), yet the expected changes are only relative and at a specific location [18]. Geodetic and photogrammetric techniques for measurement are often utilized, allowing for the interpretation of the displacements and deformations of the area of interest over time [19]. ...
Rockslides are one of the most dangerous hazards in mountainous and hilly areas. In this study, a rockslide that occurred on 30 November 2022 in Castrocucco, a district located in the Italian municipality of Maratea (Potenza province) in the Basilicata region, was investigated by using pre- and post-event high-resolution 3D models. The event caused a great social alarm as some infrastructures were affected. The main road to the tourist hub of Maratea was, in fact, destroyed and made inaccessible. Rock debris also affected a beach club and important boat storage for sea excursions to Maratea. This event was investigated by using multiscale and multisensor close-range remote sensing (LiDAR and SfM) to determine rockslide characteristics. The novelty of this work lies in how these data, although not originally acquired for rockslide analysis, have been integrated and utilized in an emergency at an almost inaccessible site. The event was analyzed both through classical geomorphological analysis and through a quantitative comparison of multi-temporal DEMs (DoD) in order to assess (i) all the morphological features involved, (ii) detached volume (approximately 8000 m³), and (iii) the process of redistributing and reworking the landslide deposit in the depositional area.
... The aim of this paper was to discuss the possible usage of conventional devices with built-in LiDAR systems for practical applications in civil engineering in the shape of final mesh models [53][54][55]. The case study presented in this article investigated the possibilities, limitations, and accuracy of capturing an object using various 3D modeling methods. ...
The trend of using conventional devices like mobile phones, tablets, and the other devices is gaining traction in improving customer service practices. This coincides with the growing popularity of building information modeling (BIM), which has led to increased exploration of various 3D object capture methods. Additionally, the technological boom has resulted in a surge of applications working with different 3D model formats including mesh models, point cloud, and TIN models. Among these, the usage of mesh models is experiencing particularly rapid growth. The main objective advantages of mesh models are their efficiency, scalability, flexibility, sense of detail, user-friendliness, and compatibility. The idea of this paper is to use a conventional device, specifically an iPad Pro equipped with light detection and ranging (LiDAR) technology, for creating mesh models. The different data capture methods employed by various applications will be compared to evaluate the final models´ precision. The accuracy of the 3D models generated by each application will be assessed by comparing the spatial coordinates of identical points distributed irregularly across the entire surface of the chosen object. Various available currently most-used applications were utilized in the process of data collection. In general, 3D representations of the object/area, etc., may be visualized, analyzed, and further processed in more formats such as TIN models, point cloud, or mesh models. Mesh models provide a visualization of the object mirroring the solid design of the real object, thus approximating reality in the closest way. This fact, along with automatized postprocessing after data acquisition, the ability to capture and visualize both convex and concave objects, and the possibility to use this type of 3D visualization for 3D printing, contribute to the decision to test and analyze mesh models. Consequently, the mesh models were created via the automatic post-processing, i.e., without external intervention. This fact leads to the problems of random coordinate systems being automatically pre-defined by every application. This research must deal with the resulting obstacles in order to provide a valid and credible comparative analysis. Various criteria may be applied to the mesh models’ comparisons, including objective qualitative and quantitative parameters and also the subjective ones. The idea of this research is not to analyze the data acquisition process in detail, but instead to assess the possibilities of the applications for the basic users.
... As the subsoil and foundations of structures are crucial for load-bearing capacity and safely bearing all structural loads, interactions negatively affecting these key areas can be particularly dangerous. Sources of interactions causing ground deformations can be natural geological processes (e.g., landslides) [3] or man-made forces triggered by human activities. The latter include rock mass deformations caused by the underground exploitation of mineral deposits. ...
Observations of building structures in mining areas, reveal the occurrence of periodic and permanent excessive loading situations. These include ground deformations associated with the extraction of underground mineral deposits. In urban areas, these deformations significantly alter the operating conditions of building structures. For this reason, forecasts of ground transformation and analyses of possible changes in the technical condition of buildings on the ground surface are made in advance, even before mining is commenced. Taking into account previous in-house experience of the observed effects of mining impacts on building structures, an original method of monitoring changes in the condition of these structures has been developed. The aim of the monitoring is to record phenomena that change the operating conditions of the structures. In the developed method, measurements are made quasi-continuously using strain and deflection sensors mounted directly on structural elements. In the mining area affected by the mining operation being carried out in the years 2020 - 2022, and with a further one planned in the years 2023 - 2024, through the extraction of 14 coal parcels, three public utilities of special interest were monitored. The measurement results of deformation changes in the elements allow for an assessment of changes in the stress state of the structures, and the integration of sensors mounted on the structures into a wireless network fulfils the demands for maintaining public safety conditions in mining areas. It also contributes to the analysis of fatigue issues in masonry structures due to long-term multidirectional loads.
... Geodetic monitoring is realized by surveying methods from which spatial changes in the area of interest over time can be interpreted [5]. Before geodetic monitoring, it is necessary to stabilize the network of reference points in stable areas and the network of observed points that must cover the entire area of the slope or landslide [6]. ...
There are numerous talus cones that have formed by long-term geological processes and sudden hydrological events in the Small Cold Valley (High Tatras National Park in Slovakia). Frequent hiking trails lead here; therefore, their safeness needs to be monitored due to recent rock avalanches and landslides. A complex methodology for monitoring changes in talus cones was developed to determine the extent, pace, nature, and origin of the morphological changes in the land in this complex high-mountain terrain. Non-contact UAS photogrammetry with SfM-MVS processing was applied as a quick, reliable, and environment-friendly data acquisition method. For proper georeferencing, a network of GCPs and stabilized surveying points were established by terrestrial geodetic surveying. Together with an evaluation of the methodology, the results comparing the actual state of a talus cone in 2018 and 2022 (after the significant hydrological event) are presented. Comparing and analyzing spatial models represented by point clouds, with an accuracy of centimeter level, was obtained. The detected morphological changes reached values in meters. A differential model expresses the distribution of the morphological changes. In conclusion, geodetic and geological knowledge is synthesized to evaluate the phenomena occurring in this territory.
... One of the areas in which the impact of human civilisation is particularly evident are issues related to the stability of the near-surface rock mass layers underlying buildings. The negative anthropogenic impacts include both the activation of natural geodynamic processes in landslide hazard areas [2,4,6] and the induction of degradation and deformation processes in the rock mass. The cause of the most serious transformation of rock mass structures is mining activity and the mineral deposits' exploitation. ...
... Traditionally, conventional and modern surveying methods are used to measure the deformation of buildings. Precise results of surveying observations (GNSS satellite measurements Inżynieria Bezpieczeństwa Obiektów Antropogenicznych 4 (2021) 52-63 (reference points), traversing (angular-linear measurements of the grid) and precision levelling) were achieved by the authors [6] when monitoring ground movement and building structures in the area of a moving landslide. In contrast, the authors [8] found that the use of GPS positioning to measure the displacement of building structures is burdened by standard deviations of 3.1 mm in the XX axis, 6.6 mm in the YY axis and 9.1 mm in the ZZ axis. ...
Human activity causes transformations in the near-surface layers of the rock mass, which result in long-term impacts on buildings and engineering infrastructure. Mining activities are particularly disadvantageous in this context, as they trigger severe deformation processes that reach the soil surface as a result of the excavation of deposits. The prevention of accidents and disasters caused by these impacts is based on knowledge derived from observation. Therefore, the aim of this study was to acquire and update knowledge on the impact of mining-related ground deformation and tremors on buildings. The paper presents the results of measurements carried out on a group of buildings located in an underground mining area. The buildings have been affected by mining impacts since their construction in the 1980s. Despite the implementation of appropriate structural protection, the structures have been suffering deformation and damage. For the purposes of the study, two two-axis inclinometers were installed on the 15.2 m high bell tower, taking measurements at 6-hour intervals. Over a period of 10 months, changes in the leaning of the tower were measured and the condition of the other buildings observed.The study resulted in obtaining: values for the change in tilt of the two perpendicular walls of the tower (over a period of 10 months), correlation of the results with tremors measurements and periodic surveying measurements of the inclination of the vertical edge of the tower, image of damage to buildings caused by mining deformation of the ground. On the basis of an analysis of the location and timing of minefields excavation, the occurrence of real ground movement in the mining areas, continuing even after the end of mining works, was confirmed and irregular deformation of the originally perpendicular walls of the masonry tower building was demonstrated. The tower did not behave as a rigid body; its horizontal profile was deformed.
... Such a program must be properly planned at the design stage and properly implemented during construction works. Sometimes, measurements and observations during the operation stage are also provided for, as harmful influences may also occur during this period [13,14]. ...
The article presents the concept of monitoring buildings and infrastructure elements located near large construction investments (the construction of high-rise buildings of the Oak Terraces housing estate in Katowice and the construction of a tunnel under the roundabout in Katowice along the intercity express road DTŚ). The impacts include deep excavation, lowering of the groundwater level over a large area, and dynamic influences related to the use of impact methods of soil improvement. The presented monitoring includes observation of the groundwater level with the use of piezometers, geodetic measurements of settlement and inclinations, as well as the measurement of vibration amplitudes generated during the works involving shocks and vibrations. It was also important to observe the development of cracks on the basis of a previously made inventory of damage. The results of the monitoring allow corrections to be made in the technology of works (e.g., reduction of vibration amplitudes, application of additional protections at excavations, etc.) or the use additional safety measures. Currently, there are also monitoring systems used during the operation of completed facilities.
The article considers an approach to the development of a risk-based strategy model for the technical maintenance of a unique technological structure. It is proposed to use the minimum risk of the structure failure as a criterion for optimizing the technical maintenance of the structure. It is shown that this approach allows to decrease considerably and by limited means the risk of the elements failure especially those influencing the structure safety. The task of determining the strategy parameters of technical maintenance of the construction object under consideration is formulated as a Boolean mathematical programming task. The theoretical conclusions are confirmed by the calculation example. The solution showed the advantage concerning the risk of use of the proposed strategy in comparison with the current one.
