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Figure 1. Hypothetical Electricity Market Dispatch Curve
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... a hypothetical electricity market's supply curve, baseload generating units, which generally operate 24 hours per day year- round, appear on the cheapest part of the supply curve ( Figure 1). The opposite or right side of the supply curve represents peaking generators that operate at hours of high demand. ...
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... The baseload is the daily or yearly minimum level of electrical power below which a power generation sector should not go. The peak load is the highest point of daily or yearly electricity demand [6,7]. Typically, nuclear and coal power plants cover the baseload for technical reasons, such as long plant start-up and shut-down times, and for economic reasons, such as high capital and low variable costs. ...
... Whereas northern African countries have average efficiency levels of up to 94%, west African countries lag behind with average levels of only 49% or less 105 . Reliable electric grids have historically needed a minimum baseload, which is usually met by power plants that operate continuously to meet a minimum level of power demand 106 . Suitable resources are fossil fuels (coal and nuclear) or renewables (hydropower, geothermal heat, biomass and biogas) 107 . ...
... In ref. [22], it is concluded that before policy makers make decisions about the nature of future electricity grids, it is necessary to re-examine the role of technologies to provide baseload capacity. It is imperative to consider a diversity of renewable supply options. ...
Photovoltaic generation is one of the key technologies in the production of electricity from renewable sources. However, the intermittent nature of solar radiation poses a challenge to effectively integrate this renewable resource into the electrical power system. The price reduction of battery storage systems in the coming years presents an opportunity for their practical combination with utility-scale photovoltaic plants. The integration of properly sized photovoltaic and battery energy storage systems (PV-BESS) for the delivery of constant power not only guarantees high energy availability, but also enables a possible increase in the number of PV installations and the PV penetration. A massive data analysis with long-term simulations is carried out and indicators of energy unavailability of the combined system are identified to assess the reliability of power production. The proposed indicators allow to determine the appropriate sizing of the battery energy storage system for a utility-scale photovoltaic plant in a planning stage, as well as suggest the recommended operating points made for each month through a set of graphs and indicators. The presence of an inflection zone has been observed, beyond which any increase in storage does not generate significant reductions in the unavailability of energy. This critical zone is considered the sweet spot for the size of the storage, beyond which it is not sensible to increase its size. Identifying the critical point is crucial to determining the optimal storage size. The system is capable of providing reliable supply of constant power in monthly periods while ensuring capacity credit levels above 95%, which increases the penetration of this renewable resource. Despite the fact that the study focuses exclusively on the analysis from an energy perspective, it is important to consider the constraints associated to real storage systems and limit their oversizing.
... However, the energy transition will not be as rapid as once expected. For example, Matek and Gawell [2] point out that most renewable energy resources are not currently capable of constituting a power baseload. This reality implies that they might not meet the energy requirements of heavy industries unless the technology for batteries used in energy storage is significantly more mature. ...
In recent years, the oil and gas sector has been moving towards green production methods to achieve net-zero emission goals. Governments and corporations have started large-scale initiatives to deploy advanced technologies to reduce carbon footprints and prevent global warming. Herein, we have explored the emerging techniques and methods used in reducing the effects of gas emissions in the oil and gas industry. The transition process from hydrocarbons to renewable energy resources, including solar thermal applications for EOR, thermal energy extraction from hydrocarbon reservoirs, hydrogen generation strategies, and CO2 EOR and storage applications, has also been discussed. Literature information and publicly available data have paved the way to provide the theoretical background, the rationale of use, screening and selection criteria, challenges, and workarounds for these novel energy sources. Systems to integrate green methods into oil and gas processes appear in detail, from screening to implementation. Then, the technical information for integrating these resources under multiple conditions that affect the system's efficiency, such as weather, seasonal temperature changes, wind, and solar exposure, have been investigated. Moreover, added benefits of such incorporation strategies, such as improved economics with minimal effects on capital intensiveness or other burdens on the overall economy, have also been addressed. The transition from fossil fuels to renewable and greener energy resources provided the underlying motivation for this study.
... These emissions may acidify soil, water, ecosystems, and organisms. This environmental impact category may be decreased if the fossil fuels are replaced by clean renewable energies [132]. ...
A new integrated methodology to estimate environmental impacts of bioethanol production from sugarcane bagasse was developed for Mexico. The methodology included five modelling phases: (i) a bibliometric analysis and systematic literature review using peer-review journals, and world citation databases; (ii) a simulation of the gasification process to produce bioethanol; (iii) a life cycle inventory gathered from simulation, literature and Ecoinvent data sources; (iv) a life cycle assessment (LCA) of the bioethanol production stages (raw material extraction, transportation, sub-product extraction, biofuel production, biofuel use in vehicles, and refinery construction and decommissioning), the cumulative energy demand, and water footprint; and (v) the analysis of the major environmental burdens.
After a comprehensive searching in Web of Science and Scopus, 55 articles dealing with the state-of-art of the main research subjects for the time period 2008 – 2021 were compiled. The bioethanol production was simulated by using the Aspen Plus v11 software, where a yield of 0.42 L bioethanol per kg of bagasse was estimated for a production of 1,000 L/h and a purity of 98.6 %. In response to the limitations observed in previous environmental evaluations conducted for the bioethanol production, the present LCA work was carried out from a robust cradle-to-grave perspective to quantify the major environmental burdens, and the cumulative energy demand and water footprints. Biofuel use in vehicles (70 %) and biofuel production (25 %) stages present the highest contributions for the GWP impact category, which was totally quantified as ∼ 26.7 kg CO2-eq/L. When a cradle-to-gate perspective was modelled, this amount was significantly reduced (∼8.4 kg CO2-eq/L). For other impact categories evaluated, the highest contributions corresponded to the biofuel production (55 % − 95 % for ADP, MAETP, EP, ODP, and POP), and raw material extraction stages (70 % − 100 %: LC, HTP, FAETP and TETP). A comparison among previous LCA studies reported for gasification was discussed. This investigation constitutes the first study applied for bioenergy in Mexico from a successful coupling of LCA with process simulation as strategic tools for the evaluation of the environmental sustainability of bioethanol production.
... The growth of industrialization has facilitated the expansion and development of electricity transmission systems in countries [1]. Energy transmission lines play a crucial role in the transmission of energy from a limited number of power plants to remote locations [2]. These systems must be efficient, economical, sustainable, and provide quality energy to justify investment in energy transmission lines [3]. ...
This study presents a comprehensive investigation of ferroresonance, a dangerous electrical phenomenon that poses significant financial risks. Using real electrical transmission line parameters, we simulated synthetic ferroresonance scenarios on a model and analyzed the resulting data using high-order spectral analysis methods, including the Wigner-Ville method, Welch method, frequency-power analysis, and spectral methods. Our analysis revealed changes in frequency and power before and after ferroresonance, with third and fourth-order cumulants being calculated. We confirmed the accuracy of the power transmission line’s base frequency and power before the ferroresonance event and determined the frequency and power values before and after ferroresonance with frequency-power analysis. Our cumulative analysis results showed symmetrical results that are consistent with the properties of ferroresonance. Additionally, we found that the Wigner Ville method’s high-resolution results were significantly more effective than conventional methods. Our study’s findings provide valuable insights into ferroresonance’s behavior and may inform the development of more effective prevention and mitigation strategies.
... In particular, the integration of tree species with annual agricultural crops has been identified as a restorative method for degraded agricultural lands while offering opportunities to produce fuelwood, pulpwood, bioenergy, and combined heat and power to generate renewable energy [1,2]. Woody biomass can supply bioenergy to supplement the increased use of renewable solar and wind energy [3] and create multiple job opportunities and energy security [4,5]. In the 2005 "Billion Ton Report", wood was identified as part of the bioenergy solution, where purpose-grown trees are expected to contribute significantly to account for 377 million dry tons of the 1.37 billion dry tons total biomass resource potential at projected yields of 17 Mg ha −1 yr −1 . ...
... Results show that Florida has the largest amount of marginal land, at ~48,474,354 hectares, while Virginia has the least at ~115,585 hectares (Figure 4a). (5)(6)(7)(8), the corn, soybean, and tobacco crop data layers, and the non-federal lands data layers were pairwise intersected and clipped to boundary layers. (c) Potential suitable sites for establishing SRWC in six southeastern United States per county in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia. ...
... (c) Potential suitable sites for establishing SRWC in six southeastern United States per county in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia. The marginal land class (5)(6)(7)(8), the corn, soybean, and tobacco crop data layers, and the non-federal lands data layers were pairwise intersected and clipped to boundary layers for result. ...
One of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal’s (SDGs) aims is to enhance access to clean energy. In addition, other SDGs are directly related to the restoration of degraded soils to improve on-farm productivity and land management. Integrating Short Rotation Woody Crops (SRWC) for bioenergy into conventional agriculture provides opportunities for sustainable domestic energy production, rural economic development/diversification, and restoration of soil health and biodiversity. Extensive research efforts have been carried out on the development of SRWC for bioenergy, biofuels, and bioproducts. Recently, broader objectives that include multiple ecosystem services, such as carbon sequestration, and land mine reclamation are being explored. Yet, limited research is available on the benefits of establishing SRWC on degraded agricultural lands in the southeastern U.S. thereby contributing to environmental goals. This paper presents a literature review to (1) synthesize the patterns and trends in SWRC bioenergy production; (2) highlight the benefits of integrating short rotation woody crops into row crop agriculture; and (3) identify emerging technologies for efficiently managing the integrated system, while identifying research gaps. Our findings show that integrating SRWC into agricultural systems can potentially improve the climate of agricultural landscapes and enhance regional and national carbon stocks in terrestrial systems.
... Another criticism of renewable energy is its variabilitythe problem when the wind is not blowing. Specifically speaking, it is about the discrepancy between electricity production and consumer energy demand, and the lack of the so-called "base load" (Matek and Gawell, 2015). In other words, how do we produce the energy we need from the solar panel if we don't have sun during the night or from the wind when we don't have wind? ...
... However, it seems that the energy transition will not be rapid as expected because of several reasons. For example, Matek and Gawell (2015) pointed out that most renewable energy resources are not the baseload. This reality implies that they might not meet the energy requirements of heavy industries unless the battery technology gets fully developed for energy storage. ...
With the ongoing paradigm shift in the Oil and Gas industry towards greener alternatives with net-zero objectives, several developing technologies have been recently deployed or proposed as promising solutions. The overall goals are to decrease carbon footprint and improve the projects’ economics and net present value (NPV). This study outlines the latest developments with underlying principles, practices, and economics. This holistic approach encompasses the overall feasibility with the challenges and the benefits.
A comprehensive literature survey has been carried out on publicly available data to provide the theoretical background, rationale of use, screening and selection criteria, difficulties, and the workarounds. Systems to integrate the green methods with the respective oil and gas processes appear in detail, from screening to implementation. We outline economics under various scenarios with CAPEX methods and OPEX-intensive approaches to maximize the NPV. The technical details of the integration under multiple conditions that affect the system's efficiency, such as weather, seasonal temperature changes, wind, and solar exposure, have been investigated.
Efficient integration of the selected green methods with the associated oil and gas process proves to be a concrete step towards a net-zero objective. Such integration brings additional benefits of improved economics with minimal effects in terms of capital intensiveness or other burdens on the overall economics. These items range from solar thermal applications in heavy oil recovery to heat recovery from the produced fluids, biomass, geothermal, wind, and wave for offshore processes. Cases with multigreen energy methods, such as solar and heat recovery, demonstrate promising outcomes.
This article examines some of the latest green methods with various aspects corresponding to the selected oil and gas processes. We specifically focus on energy generation through standalone green methods and extracting energy from oil and gas processes in a greenway. The overall objective is to close the current gap in the literature.
... A still controversial discussion is whether eliminating surplus generation inevitably leads to a preferable outcome of costeffective electric power system operation [15e18]. Some of these studies assume that excess electricity is curtailed and not assigned any economic value, as handling the excess electricity would require further technologies with additional costs (e.g., storage technologies) [15,16]. Others have recognized that the value of excess VRE can also be created by reducing the need for energy storage capacity. ...
According to the Renewable Energy 3020 Implementation Plan announced in 2017 by the South Korean government, the electricity share of renewable energy will be expanded to 20% of the total electricity generation by 2030. Given the intermittency of electricity generation from renewable energy, realization of such a plan presents challenges to managing South Korea's isolated national electric grid and implies potentially large excess electricity generation in certain situations. The purpose of this study is: 1) to develop a model to accurately simulate the effects of excess electricity generation from renewables which would arise during the transition, and 2) to propose strategies to manage excess electricity generation through effective utilization of domestic electricity generating capabilities. Our results show that in periods of greater PV and wind power, namely the spring and fall seasons, the frequency of excess electricity generation increases, while electricity demand decreases. This being the case, flexible operation of coal and nuclear power plants along with LNG and pumped-storage hydroelectricity can be used to counterbalance the excess electricity generation from renewables. In addition, nuclear energy plays an important role in reducing CO2 emissions and electricity costs unlike the fossil fuel-based generation sources outlined in the 8th Basic Plan.
