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Background
Identification of human remains is an imperative element of any medicolegal investigation, and a challenging task for forensic experts and physical anthropologists worldwide.AimThe aim of this study was to determine sex (male/female) by hand dimensions and index and ring finger length ratio in Upper Egyptians.Materials and methodsFive hu...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... hand length was measured as straight distance between distal crease of wrist joint and the most anterior projecting point, i.e., tip of middle finger (Fig. 1). -The breadth of hand was measured as straight distance from the most laterally placed point on the head of 2nd metacarpal bone to the most medially placed point located on the head of 5th metacarpal bone, Fig. 1. -The hand index was computed by dividing the hand breadth by hand length and multiplied by 100. -The index finger length ...Context 2
... measured as straight distance between distal crease of wrist joint and the most anterior projecting point, i.e., tip of middle finger (Fig. 1). -The breadth of hand was measured as straight distance from the most laterally placed point on the head of 2nd metacarpal bone to the most medially placed point located on the head of 5th metacarpal bone, Fig. 1. -The hand index was computed by dividing the hand breadth by hand length and multiplied by 100. -The index finger length was obtained between the tip of the index finger to the Metacarpo-phalangeal crease (Fig. 2). -The ring finger length was obtained between the tip of the ring finger to the distal Metacarpo-phalangeal crease (Fig. ...Context 3
... statistics for IFL/RFL ratio of both sexes are shown in Table 5, (Figs. 7-10). In males, the index/ring ratio varied from 0.87356 to 1.02817 (mean 0.9672006 and SD 0.0.0142) for the right hand and it varied from 0.92771 cm to 1.02817 (mean 0.9680413 and SD 0.0.0116) for the left hand. In females, the index/ring ratio varied from 0.90909 to 1.076920 (mean 0.9878215 and SD 0.0140) for the right hand and it varied ...Similar publications
Video technologies are well suited for increasing flexibility of participation in education. On the other hand, use of videos limits the interactiveness of teaching. Studying with the help of videos can be made more effective and meaningful by making distance students' telepresence visible in face-to-face teaching situations and by enabling interac...
Sex determination plays an essential role in forensic anthropology in the identification of an individual from skeletal remains. The aim of the study was to determine sex of an individual using the clavicle in a KwaZulu-Natal population. Various morphometric and morphological parameters were measured using 100 clavicles of known sex (66 male and 34...
Citations
... Aboul Hagag et al. 23 among the Egyptians, he determined gender by calculating hand size, index finger and ring finger ratio. The dataset consisted of 250 men and 250 women. ...
Objective: Before dental procedures, hand-wrist radiographs are used to plan treatment time and determine skeletal maturity. This study aims to determine gender from hand-wrist radiographs using different deep-learning methods. Material and methods: The left hand-wrist radiographs of 1044 individuals (534 males and 510 females) were pre-processed to clarify the image and adjust the contrast. In the gender classification problem, AlexNet, VGG16 and VGG19 transfer learning methods were both used as separate classifiers, and the features taken from these methods were combined and given to the support vector machine (SVM) classifier. Results: The results revealed that image analysis and deep learning techniques provided 91.1% accuracy in gender determination. Conclusion: Hand-wrist radiographs exhibited sexual dimorphism and could be used in gender prediction. Keywords: deep learning, image analysis,; hand-wrist radiographs, gender determination
... Studies using hand measurements for sex determination have been performed in several races. 2,3 It is not uncommon to find the peripheral parts of the body such as hands and feet in mass disasters and in assault cases where the body is dismembered to conceal the identity of the victim. There are significant differences in body parts between males and females. ...
... In mass disasters the peripheral parts of the body such as the hand and foot can be found detached from the body and in cases of assault the body parts might be dismembered to conceal the identity of the victim. 3 Although DNA technology is the most reliable technique for sex determination, it has its own limitations such as requirement of skilled man power, time consumption and financial constraints particularly in developing countries. 10 So, in instances where DNA analysis cannot be done, anthropometry is still considered as a reliable method. ...
... In this study, the male participants had higher values of hand 3,11,12 Similarly, the righthand breadth and left hand breadth was found to be 7.96 cm and 7.97 cm respectively in males and 7.58 cm and 7.55 cm in females respectively. These findings are significant statistically and incoherence with earlier studies by Khaled et al and Dey and Kapoor 3,13 on sex estimation using hand dimensions. ...
Introduction: Identification of a dead person is important from both humanitarian and criminal investigation reasons. Identification of dead person in grossly mutilated body may pose a problem. In such instances measurement of skeletal remains can be of great help. Objective: To determine sex from hand dimension in Nepalese population. Methods: An observational cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy, Madan Bhandari Academy of Health Sciences, Hetauda, Makwanpur, during April and May 2023. Convenience sampling technique was used for sample collection. A total of 200 students (100 male and 100 female) from various colleges of Makwanpur were selected for the study. Measurements were taken separately for right and left hands using digital vernier caliper in centimeters. Only right handed person were selected to avoid the influence of handedness on data standards. The age group above 18 years and above was selected because ossification of hand bones completes by this age. Population with deformities, injuries, fractures, amputations, history of surgical interventions for the hands or fingers. Hand length, breadth was measured and hand index was estimated. The collected data were statistically analyzed by using MS Excel. The Student’s t-test was performed to compare the hand length, breadth and hand index; in the two hands and between both sexes. Results: The dimension of hand length and hand breadth was found to be greater in males as compared to females. The difference was found to be statistically significant with p value < 0.001. Conclusions: Hand dimension can be used used for determination of sex with fair accuracy in Nepalese population.
... Another study further investigated hand dimensions, comparing hand length, hand breadth, and the lengths of the index and ring fingers between males and females. The results showed that males typically have greater hand length and breadth, while females have longer index and ring fingers [17]. This indicates that while there are gender differences in specific hand dimensions, neither gender consistently has a "bigger" hand overall. ...
... After analyzing the association between the number of days of practice and the occurrence of De Quervain's tenosynovitis, our study suggests that these variables are very likely not independent of each other. Study by Kaufman-Cohen et al., [17] which reported that the longer the duration of piano practice, the higher the risk of musculoskeletal (MSK) disorders among pianists. This study also highlighted that factors such as extreme and repetitive movements during piano playing further increase the risk of MSK disorders. ...
The prevalence of De Quervain’s tenosynovitis has shown that growing trend amongthe world. There are some of the studies found out that the prevalence of DeQuervain’s tenosynovitis is higher in their country. This study aims to find out theprevalence of De Quervain’s tenosynovitis among classical piano students in tertiaryeducation, Universities Tunku Abdul Rahman. A questionnaire was distributed to thestudents around the school compound around Universities Tunku Abdul Rahman. Thequestionnaire involves 3 main sections. The first section records the first section is tofill up the demographic data, the second part is to find out the inclusion criteria for theparticipants in this study and the third part is the symptoms of De Quervain’stenosynovitis. The participants who met the inclusion criteria are required to performa test to confirm the diagnosis of De Quervain’s tenosynovitis. There is a total of 156of pianists around in Universities Tunku Abdul Rahman. Out of 156 of pianists, there is137 of the pianists are eligible for this study. Among 137 pianists, there is 80% of thepianists are positive to the WHAT test. As conclusion, the prevalence of De Quervain’stenosynovitis is higher among the pianists in Universities Tunku Abdul Rahman. Thus,intervention and preventions should be implemented to prevent the prevalence of DeQuervain’s tenosynovitis among the pianists.
... For instance, larger hands can enhance abilities in handling, passing, catching, and serving the ball, thereby greatly influencing individual skills and team strategies in sports where hand usage is key (Blackwell et al. 1999;Barut et al. 2008). In addition, analyzing hand dimensions can provide important insights into an individual's height, gender, and age (Aboul-Hagag et al. 2011). ...
Hand index, finger ratio, and grip strength are potential indicators of proficiency in court sports. The aim of this study is to explore hand dimensions, fingers length ratio, and grip strength in court sports players, a domain in which such characteristics can significantly influence performance. Measurements, such as hand length (HL), hand breadth (HB), hand index (HI), palm length (PL), hand span (HS), index finger length (2D), ring finger length (4D), 2D to 4D ratio (2D:4D), low digit ratio (LDR), and high digit ratio (HDR) were studied in the field of hand anthropometry, along with a handgrip strength (HGS) test. Data were obtained from 135 male court sports players, including basketball, handball, and volleyball, with 45 players from each discipline. Descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA, and an independent t-test were used to compare variables, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. The ANOVA results indicated that there were no significant differences in hand variables, namely HL, HB, PL, HS, 2D, 4D, 2D:4D, LDR, HDR, and HGS, except for the HI variable. Post-hoc test results showed HI differences in basketball versus handball and volleyball. Compared to standard HI, their ranges show that all-court sports often fall into the Dolichocheri type, characterized by long fingers and a narrow, small palm. A low digit ratio may have some effect on HI in basketball and volleyball. However, it does not appear to have a significant effect on HGS across the study. In summary, the results of our study show that court athletes are similar in hand characteristics, 2D:4D, and grip strength for the nature of the game.
... Typical dimensions of the human hand[30][31][32][33][34][35]. ...
A brain–computer interface could control a bionic hand by interpreting electroencephalographic (EEG) signals associated with wrist extension (WE) and wrist flexion (WF) movements. Misinterpretations of the EEG may stem from variations in the force, speed and range of these movements. To address this, we designed, constructed and tested a novel dynamometer, the IsoReg, which regulates WE and WF movements during EEG recording experiments. The IsoReg restricts hand movements to isometric WE and WF, controlling their speed and range of motion. It measures movement force using a dual-load cell system that calculates the percentage of maximum voluntary contraction and displays it to help users control movement force. Linearity and measurement accuracy were tested, and the IsoReg’s performance was evaluated under typical EEG experimental conditions with 14 participants. The IsoReg demonstrated consistent linearity between applied and measured forces across the required force range, with a mean accuracy of 97% across all participants. The visual force gauge provided normalised force measurements with a mean accuracy exceeding 98.66% across all participants. All participants successfully controlled the motor tasks at the correct relative forces (with a mean accuracy of 89.90%) using the IsoReg, eliminating the impact of inherent force differences between typical WE and WF movements on the EEG analysis. The IsoReg offers a low-cost method for measuring and regulating movements in future neuromuscular studies, potentially leading to improved neural signal interpretation.
... As reference information, we calculated the 2D:4D ratio for each hand using photographs of the palm side, as described in previous studies (57). For the right hand, the sample size was N = 81 due to missing data. ...
Introduction
Various genetic mutations have been implicated in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Some candidate genes for ASD are known to be related to signal transduction and may be involved in hand development as well as neurodevelopment. Therefore, although subtle, anatomical variations in hand configurations may be observed in individuals with ASD. However, except for research on the finger ratio, which has been suggested to be related to prenatal sex hormone exposure, only few studies have been conducted. Given the spectrum characteristics of ASD, we explored whether hand configurations are associated with ASD-related traits in the general population.
Methods
Photographs of the dorsal surface of each hand were obtained, and the distances between the metacarpophalangeal joints and finger lengths were measured. The Autism Spectrum Quotient, Empathy Quotient, and Systemizing Quotient were used to evaluate ASD-related traits.
Results
We found a significant positive correlation between the aspect ratio of the right hand and the Systemizing Quotient score: individuals with a larger width relative to the finger length showed more systemizing traits.
Discussion
These findings suggest that gene polymorphisms or prenatal sex hormone exposure may underlie the relationship between systemizing traits and hand configurations.
... The average hand marker centroid distance for each |M h | was produced by changing the location of each marker in the M h set a 1000 times per marker, hence 5000 centroids were generated. The marker placement was randomised within a diameter of 6 cm, corresponding to the average breadth of the female hand [28] minus one marker diameter (1.2 cm) while ensuring a minimal inter-marker distance of 3 cm. ...
This study addresses the critical need for diverse and comprehensive data focused on human arm joint torques while performing activities of daily living (ADL). Previous studies have often overlooked the influence of objects on joint torques during ADL, resulting in limited datasets for analysis. To address this gap, we propose an Object Augmentation Algorithm (OAA) capable of augmenting existing marker-based databases with virtual object motions and object-induced joint torque estimations. The OAA consists of five phases: (1) computing hand coordinate systems from optical markers, (2) characterising object movements with virtual markers, (3) calculating object motions through inverse kinematics (IK), (4) determining the wrench necessary for prescribed object motion using inverse dynamics (ID), and (5) computing joint torques resulting from object manipulation. The algorithm's accuracy is validated through trajectory tracking and torque analysis on a 7+4 degree of freedom (DoF) robotic hand-arm system, manipulating three unique objects. The results show that the OAA can accurately and precisely estimate 6 DoF object motion and object-induced joint torques. Correlations between computed and measured quantities were > 0.99 for object trajectories and > 0.93 for joint torques. The OAA was further shown to be robust to variations in the number and placement of input markers, which are expected between databases. Differences between repeated experiments were minor but significant (p < 0.05). The algorithm expands the scope of available data and facilitates more comprehensive analyses of human-object interaction dynamics.
... The finger length ratio method has been explored as a noninvasive alternative to estimate height, drawing on the idea that finger proportions may exhibit correlations with overall body size. Estimating the stature of human remains assists in the identification process by allowing forensic anthropologists to compare the estimated height with available missing people's records or information provided by families, thus narrowing down potential matches and aiding in the identification of the deceased [9,10]. ...
Introduction:Stature contributes as a crucial element of an individual's physical appearance and can be instrumental in establishing their identity. In cases where the body is extensively mutilated, decomposed, or reduced to skeletal remains, stature becomes an essential component in identifying the unknown by means of measuring the skeletal remains. Its estimation relies on the principle that an individual’s height has a definite and linear relationship with specific body parts and long bones. This process, together with assessing age, sex, and race constitutes the essential components of the anthropological protocol. Stature estimation can be accomplished through both anatomical and mathematical approaches. The present study clearly defines regression models for height estimation from finger lengths. The formula derived can prove particularly valuable in Medico-legal scenarios, as it can be applied effectively even when only a portion of the body is accessible.
Aim: The purpose of the present study is to estimate the stature of individuals by measuring the length of the index and ring fingers.
Materials and method: The current study acquired three measurements, such as stature, right/left index finger length (RIFL/LIFL), and ring finger length (RFL), from 220 samples, including 110 males and 110 females, respectively, between the age groups of 20 and 60 years.
Result: The application of the length of the index and ring finger in forensic investigations holds significance due to their potential as reliable predictors of an individual’s height. According to the findings of the study, males showed significantly higher stature than females. A statistically significant correlation was also observed (p-value = 0) between stature and finger lengths (IFL, RFL) in both hands. The highest correlation coefficients were found for the left RFL (r = 0.688) in females and the LIFL (r = 0.552) in males. Additionally, males showed significantly longer index and RFL than females. Linear regression models for the estimation of stature from ring and index finger length were also derived successfully.
Conclusion: The results obtained from the present study exhibit potential use to evaluate the utility of measuring index and RFLs for determining stature and predicting the precision of regression models by employing those parameters. The models derived from this study can serve as corroborative evidence for identifying mutilated body parts or unknown remains.
... The first step in identifying bodies is determining gender. For this reason, it is important for the method used in identifying gender to be practical and reliable (3). While DNA analysis and recently machine learning (ML) algorithms have been used in gender determination, new methods based on hand morphology have also become a source of interest (4). ...
Background: The present study was conducted to estimate gender from 2D:4D ratio and hand mor-phometry taken from participants by using machine learning (ML) algorithms. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted retrospectively on 88 men and 96 women between the ages of 18 and 30 who did not have any pathology, deformity or surgical interventions on their hands. Hand width (HW), hand length (HL), second digit length (2D), and fourth digit length (4D) of the individuals were measured as the right (R) and left (L) side by using digital calliper and recorded in Excel. In addition, the ratio between the second digit and fourth digit (2D:4D) of each individual was also recorded. Results: As a result of ML modelling, 0.92 accuracy was obtained with Random forest (RF) algorithm. With RF algorithm, all of the 16 women and 18 of the 21 men in the test set were estimated accurately. With SHAP analyzer of RF algorithm, HW-L parameter was found to have the highest contribution in estimating gender. The accuracy rates of the other ML models used in the study were found to vary between 0.78 and 0.89. Conclusions: It was found that 2D:4D ratio and hand morphometry measurements, which are frequently preferred in gender determination, have higher accuracy rate when examined with ML algorithms. In our study, we concluded that using 2D:4D ratio and hand morphometry in estimating gender provides accurate and reliable data.
... This approach has been employed in biological anthropology studies (Cooke, 2014;Hönekopp & Watson, 2010;Ibrahim et al., 2016) as well as in archeological sciences such as rock art hand representations (Chazine & Noury, 2006;Mackie, 2015;Rabazo-Rodríguez et al., 2017). These investigations have shown that adult biological males typically exhibit greater hand size compared with biological females, with a 5%-10% disparity in maximum hand length and a 10%-15% difference in maximum hand width (Aboul-Hagag et al., 2011;Agnihotri et al., 2005;Kanchan & Krishan, 2011;Králík et al., 2014;Mandahawi et al., 2008). ...
Objectives
This study aims to conduct a thorough characterization of hand morphology. Employing a 2D geometric morphometric approach, we scrutinize individual fingers and the palm, delineating the ontogenetic trajectories for each biological sex and investigating the alterations that take place at various stages of human development.
Materials and methods
A set of thirty‐two 2D anatomical landmarks were assessed in a sex‐balanced sample of human hands (F = 275, M = 250 males), spanning all stages of human development. Following Procrustes registration, the data on size and shape for individual fingers and the palm were examined for each biological sex and age group. Regression analysis was utilized to quantify ontogenetic trajectories for each biological sex.
Results
The findings suggest a gradual escalation in sexual dimorphism throughout human development, with statistically noteworthy distinctions becoming apparent in size starting at the age of 3, and in shape from the age of 7 onwards. Additionally, our analyses uncover a distinctive sigmoid pattern between sexes, indicating that biological male hands exhibit a sturdier build compared to biological female hands from early childhood onward.
Conclusions
In conclusion, this study enriches our insights into sexual dimorphism in human hands, stressing the importance of considering both size and shape across different ontogenetic stages. These findings not only expand our understanding of human biological variation but also lay the foundation for future interdisciplinary research in diverse scientific domains.
