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Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Structure of HIV 

Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Structure of HIV 

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DNA microarray data provide a high-throughput technique for the genome-wide profiling of genes at the transcript level. With large amounts of microarray data deposited on various types and aspects of malignancies, microarray technology has revolutionized the study of cancer. Such experiments aid in the discovery of novel biomarkers and provide insi...

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... The next sections will be dedicated to the comprehension of the role and the effectiveness of nanomaterials when coupled to SPEs. [38], Hepatitis C virus [39], Dengue virus [40], Zika Virus [41], Hepatitis B virus [42] and Sars-CoV-2 [43]. ...
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There is a growing interest in the development of portable, cost-effective, and easy-to-use biosensors for the rapid detection of diseases caused by infectious viruses: COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the central role of diagnostics in response to global outbreaks. Among all the existing technologies, screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) represent a valuable technology for the detection of various viral pathogens. During the last five years, various nanomaterials have been utilized to modify SPEs to achieve convincing effects on the analytical performances of portable SPE-based diagnostics. Herein we would like to provide the readers a comprehensive investigation about the recent combination between SPEs and various nanomaterials for detecting viral pathogens. Manufacturing methods and features advances are critically discussed in the context of early-stage detection of diseases caused by HIV-1, HBV, HCV, Zika, Dengue, and Sars-CoV-2. A detailed table is reported to easily guide readers toward the “right” choice depending on the virus of interest.