Figure 8 - available via license: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
Content may be subject to copyright.
Hourly average (a) indoor temperatures and (b) equivalent SOC, which is inversely related to indoor temperature, of all buildings for the baseline and P6 cases. Blue dots represent outliers in the box plot distributions.
Source publication
Smart homes and virtual power plant (VPP) controls are growing fields of research with potential for improved electric power grid operation. A novel testbed for the co-simulation of electric power distribution systems and distributed energy resources (DERs) is employed to evaluate VPP scenarios and propose an optimization procedure. DERs of specifi...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... such a case, all of the HVAC systems engaged and disengaged simultaneously as soon as the "load-up" and "shed" controls were issued, thereby causing a large spike and steep drop in the total distribution system power. Another power spike occurred in the evening after the "shed" control ended, as the HVAC systems resumed cooling all at once (Figure 8a). To ensure the best performance, the controls are formulated as a multi-objective optimization to minimize both the total distribution system peak power during the evening time period (p a,t=t ep ) and possible resulting increase in total system energy use (e d ) over the example day, which are formally defined as ...
Context 2
... systems will increase energy use as the "load up" event decreases the setpoint temperature. This pre-cooling creates a larger range for temperature to increase during "shed", which allows for a more sustained and significant drop in total system power during the on-peak time window (Figure 8a). ...
Context 3
... control issuance, HVAC systems respond independently to newly assigned indoor temperature setpoints that are based upon their own unique electric energy capacities and equivalent SOCs, which innately considers occupant comfort limits according to ASHRAE standards [34]. Indoor temperatures change at different rates between houses due to differing thermal properties and construction until equivalent SOC reaches a maximum bound (Figure 8a,b). Since the equivalent SOC of the individual buildings is dependent upon their estimated energy capacities, indoor temperatures may deviate from thermal comfort bounds for a short time. ...