Table 3 - uploaded by Dimitris S. Kostopoulos
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Horn core measurements (in mm) at the base and at 7 cm above the base of Sporadotragus parvidens from Şerefköy-2 (Turkey). APD, anteroposterior diameter; TD, transverse diameter.
Source publication
We describe new fossil bovid craniodental remains from the Upper Miocene fossil site of Şerefköy-2, Yatağan Basin, SW Turkey. The new material belongs to six species: Gazella cf. G. capricornis, Palaeoryx pallasi, Sporadotragus parvidens, Skoufotragus cf. Sk. schlosseri, Urmiatherium rugosifrons, and ?Sinotragus sp., which together indicate a lates...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... cross section of the horn core is elliptical at the base, with its maximum transverse diameter located posteri- orly (TD × 100/APD at the base = 75.3-76.4, n = 3; Table 3). The angle between the greatest anteroposterior diameter of the horn core base and the sagittal plane ranges from 42 to 50°. ...
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Citations
... Bovids are ruminant artiodactyls that were the dominant mammalian herbivores in Old World terrestrial communities with diverse extant and extinct species in Africa, Eurasia, and North America (Simpson, 1945) Ovis †Praeovibos Rupicapra †Soergelia †Symbos †Tsaidamotherium †Urmiatherium 1994; Geraads and Spassov, 2008;Kostopoulos et al., 2023), while Mesembriacerus is only found in Greece (Bouvrain and Bonis, 1984;Spassov et al., 2018). Parurmiatherium has been discovered in Greece, Iraq, and southwestern Turkey (Sickenberg, 1932(Sickenberg, , 1933Bouvrain et al., 1995;Kostopoulos and Karakütük, 2013). Nine genera occur in northern China; five of them are endemic, including Hezhengia, Lantiantragus, Shaanxispira, Prosinotragus, and ...
... Parurmiatherium is a monotypic genus that includes only the type species P. rugosifrons. The species was discovered in the Mytilinii Formation of Samos, eastern Greece, the Bakhtiari Formation of Injana, Iraq, and the Salihpaşalar and Şerefköy-2 localities in the Yatağan Formation of southwestern Turkey (Sickenberg, 1932, 1933, Bouvrain et al., 1995, Kostopoulos and Karakütük, 2013. Plesiaddax is distributed from northern China to Turkey, with three species. ...
... Sinotragus is considered as synonymous with Prosinotragus in few studies (Chen and Zhang, 2009 kassandriensis. Urmiatherium is a Late Miocene bovid characterized by closely inserted and caudally oriented horn cores (Fig. 3A), a perpendicular cranial roof, a thickened basicranium, and hypsodont cheek teeth (Rodler, 1889;de Mecquenem, 1925;Bohlin, 1935a, Sickenberg, 1932, 1933Kostopoulos, 2009;Kostopoulos and Bernor, 2011;Jafarzadeh et al., 2012;Kaya et al., 2012;Kostopoulos and Karakütük, 2013;Shi et al., 2016;Lazaridis et al., 2017). Among the Late Miocene 'ovibovin' bovids, Urmiatherium has the highest tooth crown. ...
During the Late Miocene, numerous medium to large-sized herbivores, that resemble the living Ovibos in skeletal morphology, dispersed throughout the Holarctic realm and comprised
... In Turkey, 'ovibovin' bovids are known from several Upper Miocene sites (Fig. 1): a small Urmiatherium Rodler, 1889(= Parurmiatherium Sickenberg, 1932 but see also discussion in Shi et al., 2016) is recorded in the middle Turolian faunas of Salihpasalar and Sȩrefköy-2 (Kaya et al., 2012;Kostopoulos & Karakütük 2015); Plesiaddax Schlosser, 1903, is reported from the early Turolian faunas of Kayadibi (Plesiaddax simplex Köhler, 1987) and Garkin (Plesiaddax inundatus Bosscha Erdbrink, 1978), as well as from Mahmutgazi (Köhler, 1987); Criotherium Forsyth Major, 1891, is certainly known from the early Turolian fauna of Kemiklitepe D (Bouvrain, 1994) and possibly from some Vallesian Middle Sinap localities (Gentry, 2003). ...
Fossil ‘ovibovin’ bovids are described from the Upper Miocene of Çorakyerler (north-central Anatolia). Two taxa have been recognized: the predominant Criotherium argalioides, known by several craniodental remains, and the less common Hezhengia? cf. inundata, documented by a few dentitions. A review of C. argalioides records from Samos and Kemiklitepe D and a thorough comparison with the Çorakyerler sample provides new data on the morphological and metric variability of this taxon, as well as its chronological and geographic range. Hezhengia? cf. inundata from Çorakyerler reveals important similarities with the Garkin (Turkey) taxon, which, in contrast to previous studies, we find more similar to the Chinese Hezhengia than to the Chinese Plesiaddax as originally suggested. The same is true for “Plesiaddax” simplex from Kayadibi (Turkey), which is referred to as Hezhengia? simplex. The co-occurrence of two ‘ovibovin’ bovids of similar size in the same assemblage was previously suspected but never before documented.
... However, all those from Oregon are curved posteriorly and most are curved medially unlike the condition of N. improvisus. All but one exhibits a subdued anterior keel-like ridge that appears more similar to the subdued keels of Sporadotragus, Miotragocerus valenciennesi, or Palaeoryx majori (e.g., Kostopoulos and Karakütük, 2015;Kostopoulos (2005:figs. 12-14, 23) and unlike the distinct, sharp keels of taxa such as Strepsiportax or Tragoportax (e.g., Pilgrim, 1937;Khan et al., 2011;Kostopoulos and Karakütük, 2015). ...
... All but one exhibits a subdued anterior keel-like ridge that appears more similar to the subdued keels of Sporadotragus, Miotragocerus valenciennesi, or Palaeoryx majori (e.g., Kostopoulos and Karakütük, 2015;Kostopoulos (2005:figs. 12-14, 23) and unlike the distinct, sharp keels of taxa such as Strepsiportax or Tragoportax (e.g., Pilgrim, 1937;Khan et al., 2011;Kostopoulos and Karakütük, 2015). Many Oregon specimens also display posterior ridges and possibly even lateral ridges. ...
... Khan et al. (2011) noted that early "boselaphins" were characterized by horn cores inserted above the orbits. Additional "boselaphin" characters include horn cores relatively far apart somewhat similar to those of Miotragocerus gaudryi (Spassov and Geraads, 2004), M. monacensis (Fuss et al., 2015), or Sporadotragus parvidens (Kostopoulos and Karakütük, 2015), skull relatively broad across the orbits, large frontals with internal sinuses, horn cores inserted immediately above the posterior portion of the orbit, projecting rims above orbits, face only little angled downward against the cranium, supraorbital pits relatively simple and widely separated above and anterior to the orbits, supraorbital foramina rounded, not slit-like as in later bovids, some backward shift of cores over time, core divergence and backward tilt variable, cores straight with slight lateral compression, curved medially or with slight torsion, cross section primitively circular or ovoid, progressively assuming a triangular shape with two strong primary keel-like ridges, the third angle rounded or sharp, no transverse ridges, brachydont or incipiently hypsodont dentition, premolar series relatively unreduced, upper molars quadrate with external styles and ribs, molars with basal pillars, lower molars generally without anterior transverse folds (goat folds), and teeth with rugose enamel (Pilgrim, 1939;Gentry, 1990). Based on these characters, the Oregon Neotragocerus appears closely aligned with the "Boselaphini" in possessing cores with slight posterior and medial curvature, slight lateral compression, no torsion or demarcations (steps), horn cores normally with anterior keel-like ridges, cores inserted above the posterior portion of the orbits, and significantly, the lack of a typical pedicle or its rudimentary formation. ...
Neotragocerus represents the earliest recognized occurrence of the Bovidae in North America but is rare and poorly understood, known principally by scattered horn cores assigned to two species. Recently, the largest sample of Neotragocerus was discovered in the Fort Rock Formation of south-central Oregon where Eurasian immigrants co-occur. Horn cores, cranial fragments, dental material, and postcranial elements were found at five closely related sites and provide significant morphological data of this enigmatic ungulate. The specimens occurred in a ferruginous-stained basalt gravel that represents a paleochannel. Associated faunal elements indicate deposition during the Hemphillian NALMA, and ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar dates from interbedded tephras, ranging from 6.11 + 0.08 to 5.74 + 0.01 Ma correspond with the Hemphillian assignment. Neotragocerus was a medium-sized bovid with relatively short horn cores, normally with dorsoventral ridges, ovate cross-section at the base, very short pedicles and a brachyselenodont dentition. Morphologies suggest assignment of Neotragocerus to the “Boselaphini,” the least derived tribe of living bovids or at least derivation from a “boselaphine” synapomorphic complex. The Hemphillian genus does not appear to be closely related to later occurring North American bovids, and a close Eurasian relative is not obvious. Based on the range of variation displayed by the Oregon specimens, Neotragocerus improvisus is retained, and Neotragocerus lindgreni is considered a nomen dubium.
... Correlation/Comparison: 'Protoryxoid' bovids have been recorded in the SE Mediterranean region from the late-middle Miocene onwards (Gentry, 2000;Kostopoulos and Karakütük, 2015). During the late Miocene, especially in Anatolia, Greece and its environs, the group was widespread and many taxa co-exist in the same age. ...
... involved was revised by Kostopoulos (2009) (Köhler, 1987), Kemiklitepe-A (S. laticeps, late Miocene, MN11) (Bouvrain, 1994), Akkaşdağı (S. schlosseri, late Miocene) MN12) (Kostopoulos, 2009) and Şerefköy-2 (S. cf. schlosseri, late Miocene, MN12) (Kostopoulos and Karakütük, 2015). In addition, this genus has been recorded in Greek (Samos, Kryopigi) (Kostopoulos, 2009;Lazaridis et al., 2018) and Iranian (Maragheh) localities (Kostopoulos and Bernor, 2011). ...
The large fossil vertebrates obtained from the alluvial flood-plain deposits of the Kolankaya Formation are determined as Skoufotragus laticeps (Andree, 1926) and Hipparion brachypus (Hensel, 1862), as representative elements of palaeomammal faunas spanning from the eastern Mediterranean to Iranian domains during the late Miocene (early-middle Turolian, MN11-12). These first Turolian records from the basin fill succession bear importance on reconstruction for the palaeobiogeographic diversity of relevant taxons as well as admit of interbasinal stratigraphic correlation for the western Anatolian terrestrial Neogene basins.
... Urmiatherium is currently known from three species: the type species U. polaki Rodler, 1889, from the Turolian faunal assemblage of Maragheh (de Mecquenem 1925;Jafarzadeh et al. 2012;Kostopoulos and Bernor 2011), the small Eastern Mediterranean U. rugosifrons (Sickenberg, 1932) from the Turolian of Samos in Greece (Kostopoulos 2009) and Ş erefköy-2 in Turkey (Kaya et al. 2012;Kostopoulos and Karakütük 2015), and U. intermedium Bohlin, 1935, from Baode, Qingyang andLinxia Basin, China (Shi et al. 2016). On the other hand, Plesiaddax is definitely known only by its type species P. depereti Schlosser, 1903, from locality 114 of China (see Bohlin 1935a). ...
A new Late Miocene bovid, Urmiatherium kassandriensis sp. nov., from Northern Greece is described. The material comes from the Fourka locality in the Kassandra Peninsula (Chalkidiki), and the included fauna is estimated to be of Vallesian age. The two preserved crania represent a medium-sized taxon with short, conical horn cores, a flat cranial roof (consisting of the posterior part of the frontals, parietal and occipital), thick and porous frontals and pneumatized short parietals, an extremely thick basioccipital with voluminous posterior tuberosities and accessory articular facets for the atlas. The specialized atlanto-occipital joint recalls Pleistocene and extant ovibovines, but the braincase structure as a whole and the horn core features closely match Late Miocene ovibovine-like taxa, especially Plesiaddax and even more Urmiatherium. Nevertheless, the Kassandra bovid differs from representatives of both genera in the simpler horn core morphology and external brain anatomy. Urmiatherium is known to appear first in China and Iran at about 7.8 Ma, whereas its westernmost appearance on Samos Island (Greece) is dated much later. The presence of Urmiatherium kassandriensis sp. nov. in N. Greece suggests a farther west and earlier (Vallesian at least) first appearance of the genus. This would justify a basic geographic and phylogenetic split of Urmiatherium into two main Turolian lineages: a central-eastern Asian one leading to the sister species U. polaki and U. intermedium and a western one leading to U. rugosifrons.
... The fauna from Şerefköy-2 has only been partly studied, but the Machairodus was listed as M. giganteus (KAYA et al. 2011), and some taxa also perhaps indicate a younger age (Parataxidea, Pliohyrax graecus, Urmiatherium rugosifrons); the only possible significant resemblance with Mahmutgazi is a very large bovid, assigned to Palaeoryx pallasi by KOSTOPOULOS & KARAKÜTÜK (2015, fig. 4A-B), but reminiscent of the Mahmutgazi 'Plesiaddax', although its premolars are longer. ...
... 4A-B), but reminiscent of the Mahmutgazi 'Plesiaddax', although its premolars are longer. I regard Mahmutgazi as older than Şerefköy-2, whose age was estimated at c. 6.8−7 Ma by KOSTOPOULOS & KARAKÜTÜK (2015). ...
... Akkaşdağı is a rich and fully studied locality in central Turkey (SEN 2005). Some of its taxa are unknown in Western Turkey, although paradoxically present in continental Europe (Tetralophodon, Chalicotheriinae, Thalassictis spelaea), but few are biochronologically significant; KOSTOPOULOS & KARAKÜTÜK (2015) identified Skoufotragus schlosseri, a similarity with Şerefköy-2, and an age of c. 7.1 Ma has been proposed on the basis of radiometric dating (KARADENIZLI et al. 2005). The hyenid assemblage and the presence of Chilotherium suggest that Akkaşdağı is younger than Mahmutgazi but evidence is weak. ...
The upper Miocene locality of Mahmutgazi in Western Turkey was excavated in the 70s by a German team, but most of its large mammals had never been studied. The collection housed in the Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde, Karlsruhe, contains, besides previously published groups, large samples of Giraffidae (Samotherium), Rhinocerotidae (including a nice complete skull of Ceratoth-erium neumayri), and Equidae, as well as some Chalicotheriidae (Ancylotherium) and Bovidae (Bose-laphini), which are studied here. Three fossiliferous spots, Ma1, Ma2, and Ma3 have been recognized but I regard the first two, and probably also the third one, as contemporaneous. Although the fossil assemblage certainly does not reflect the full original taxonomic diversity, tentative biochronological conclusions can be proposed: the site is probably older than şerefköy, Akkaşdagi, and the 'Dominant Fossil Assemblage' of Samos, but definitely younger than the early part of the Samos sequence. © 2017 E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart, Germany.
... Bu kapsamda ilk olarak Yatağan İlçesi Şerefköy mevkiindeki yol kesitleri ve civarındaki tarlalarda Şerefköy 1, 2 ve 3 olarak isimlendirilen üç ayrı lokalitede yapılan araştırmalarda Üst Miyosen döneme tarihlendirilen bovidae, equidae ve carnivora gibi çeşitli omurgalı karasal hayvanlara ait fosil bulgular tespit edilmiştir (Resim 1) (Özer vd., 2014, Özer vd., 2015). Şerefköy civarında yapılan önceki araştırmalarda 26 memeli türüne ait 1200 tanımlanabilir fosil tespit edildiği ve Anadolu'da bugüne kadar bilinen en zengin Turoliyen faunalarından birinin tanımlandığı rapor edilmiştir (Kostopoulos ve Karakütük, 2015). Bu fauna içerisinde Felidae (kedigiller), Hyaenidae (sırtlangiller), Ursidae (ayıgiller), Mustelidae (sansargiller), Pliohyracoidae, Rhinocerotidae (gergedangiller), Equidae (atgiller), Suidae (domuzgiller), Bovidae (boynuzlugiller), Giraffidae (zürafagiller), Orycteropodidae (yerdomuzugiller), Proboscidea (hortumlugiller-Gomphotheriidae, Deinotheriidae)'ler yer almaktadır (Kaya vd., 2012). ...
... Bu kapsamda ilk olarak Yatağan İlçesi Şerefköy mevkiindeki yol kesitleri ve civarındaki tarlalarda Şerefköy 1, 2 ve 3 olarak isimlendirilen üç ayrı lokalitede yapılan araştırmalarda Üst Miyosen döneme tarihlendirilen bovidae, equidae ve carnivora gibi çeşitli omurgalı karasal hayvanlara ait fosil bulgular tespit edilmiştir (Resim 1) (Özer vd., 2014, Özer vd., 2015). Şerefköy civarında yapılan önceki araştırmalarda 26 memeli türüne ait 1200 tanımlanabilir fosil tespit edildiği ve Anadolu'da bugüne kadar bilinen en zengin Turoliyen faunalarından birinin tanımlandığı rapor edilmiştir (Kostopoulos ve Karakütük, 2015). Bu fauna içerisinde Felidae (kedigiller), Hyaenidae (sırtlangiller), Ursidae (ayıgiller), Mustelidae (sansargiller), Pliohyracoidae, Rhinocerotidae (gergedangiller), Equidae (atgiller), Suidae (domuzgiller), Bovidae (boynuzlugiller), Giraffidae (zürafagiller), Orycteropodidae (yerdomuzugiller), Proboscidea (hortumlugiller-Gomphotheriidae, Deinotheriidae)'ler yer almaktadır (Kaya vd., 2012). ...
The bovid material from Xishuigou, Tabenbuluk area, Gansu Province, China, is described here. The type material of “Eotragus” halamagaiensis from the Halamagai Formation, Junggar Basin, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China is reviewed as well. Both should be attributed to Turcocerus halamagaiensis comb. nov. The short and almost straight horn cores with concave anterior margins and convex posterior margins are similar to the morphology of the genus Eotragus. However, the slight homonymous torsion (visible along the course of the anterior rib) and well‐developed posterior and posterolateral grooves on the horn cores, as well as a weaker inclination than in Eotragus, indicate a closer affiliation to the genus Turcocerus. The short lower cheek teeth with a considerably shortened premolar row further suggest the assignment of the material from Xishuigou to Turcocerus. Thus, there is no reliable representative of Eotragus in China. The record of Turcocerus from Xishuigou, dated to the late Early Miocene, might be the oldest known and indicates that the genus Turcocerus could originate from China. The biostratigraphic position of Turcocerus also demonstrates that the dispersal events from China to Turkey and from China to Mongolia may have taken place in the late Shanwangian and the late Tunggurian, respectively.
