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Honey seeker depicted on 8000 year old cave painting at Arana Caves in Spain.
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Honey is produced by honey-bees as blossom honey or nectar honey by secreting nectars of flowers, and honeydew honey by secreting the exudates of plant sucking insects. The use of honey as medicine and as nutritional food by human being has been in existence from time immemorial. The benefits of honey have been praise highly since ancient times by...
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... began using honey at least 10,000 years ago as it is evident with a cave painting discovered in the early 1900's in Valencia, Spain in the Cave of the Spider (Cueve de la Arana) situated on the river Cazunta 11 . (Fig.1). In Ancient times, people of Egypt use honey to sweeten cakes and biscuits, and were used in many other dishes. ...
Citations
... [18] History and ancient medication of honey Honey had been reported as the oldest sweeteners ever exist within the world since existence of man while the genuine date of the origin stays obscure. [19] Honey use and production features a long and varied history. [19] The use of honey for healing intentions is entrenched in antiquated remedies likewise as present day wound management. ...
... [19] Honey use and production features a long and varied history. [19] The use of honey for healing intentions is entrenched in antiquated remedies likewise as present day wound management. ...
... [20] Eating honey prolongs life, according to Aristotle, while Hippocrates says that I eat honey and use it in the treatment of many diseases because honey provides good food and health. [19] Pedanius Dioscorides, an army Roman surgeon, wrote in his book that honey could be used as a treatment for stomach disease, pus wound, hemorrhoids, and cough prevention treatment, as reported by Nayik et al. [19] Religious perception of honey Haile et al. [22] recorded that several religious books contain the record of the use of honey in one way or in the order as mentioned below: the faith of Islam advocated the use of honey as food and medicine, and Surah al-Nahl, which means the Honeybee chapter, was dedicated to honey within the Holy Qur'an. The Prophet Muhammad strongly promoted the use of honey for medicinal and therapeutic purposes throughout the book of hadith. ...
... Honey bees belong to the genera Apis and stingless bees belongs to Meliponini [3] . For many centuries, honey known as Madhu in ayurvedic scriptures is one of the most important medicines used in Ayurveda and is one among the foods having religious significance [4] . Hindus consider honey as one of the 'Panchamrita' (five elixirs of immortality). ...
... Surveys of floral honey composition have recognized two main components are fructose, glucose averaging 38.0 and 32.0%, respectively. Glucose and fructose are the only monosaccharides in honey [4,31] which comprising about 95% of honey dry weight. Apart from the two monosaccharides, more than ten different oligosacharides were reported such as 1-kestose, panose, 6-kestose, palatinose [31,32] . ...
The natural honey is one of the most valued and appreciated nutraceutical known to mankind since ancient times. It is produced by bees from the nectar of flowers, which bees collect, transform and, store in the honey comb to ripen and mature. It is used for functional food, medicinal and industrial purposes and has been listed as remarkable commodity in the foreign exchange. This review spotlights the physical, biochemical and therapeutic properties of honey, which were discovered by various researchers since last forty years. The review broadly discusses composition, nutritional and therapeutic, and Yogavahi properties of honey. The relation of ophthalmology and Honey was also included along with cosmetic properties of honey. Its effectiveness on reproductive system and safety measures to be followed while using honey showed the path of future research. It is composed mainly from carbohydrates, lesser amounts of water and many minor components. It is rich in enzymes, phenolic acids, flavonoids, ascorbic acid, organic acids, amino acids, proteins and minerals. The knowledge about physicochemical parameters determines nutritional value, microbial safety, acceptability and commercial quality assessment of honey.
... Some regions which are well-known as a honey producer in Indonesia include Kalimantan, Sumatera, Sulawesi and Nusa Tenggara Islands. Natural honey gives a lot of health benefit and has been popular since Egypt civilization (Nayik, Shah, Muzaffar, Wani, Gull, Majid, & Bhat, 2014). Nowadays, people use honey for its nutrient and medication and industrial purposes (Buba, Gidado, & Shugaba, 2013). ...
... Madu merupakan pemanis alami dan makanan bergizi. 1 Madu digunakan sebagai pengobatan tradisional di masyarakat. Madu bersifat sebagai senyawa yang dapat mencegah dan mengobati beberapa penyakit yang disebabkan oleh bakteri maupun virus. 2 Madu memiliki kemampuan terapetik sebagai antiinflamasi, antimikroba, kesehatan gastro, kesehatan saraf, anti kanker, antidiabetik, dan sebagai antioksidan. ...
... Kadar antioksidan dalam madu dipengaruhi oleh sumber, asal geografis, kondisi iklim, pemrosesan, penyimpanan, dan penanganan produk madu. 1 Kandungan total flavonoid berkisar 0,02-0,07 %b/b dengan rerata 0,04 %b/b. Sampel ke 4 memiliki kandungan total flavonoid tertinggi. ...
Honey is one of the herbal supplements for increasing body health. The nutrient content in honey products can be reduced due to its processing, packing, storage, and industrial process. This study aimed to analyze the characteristic of honey and some of its nutrient contents of 5 honey samples that disperse among the society. This study was conducted from March to September 2019 in the Ministry of Industry Centre for Agro-based Industry Laboratory, Bogor, East Java. Honey samples were obtained from some wholesale supermarkets around the Jakarta area. Total carbohydrate and energy testings were using IK 5.4.5 method. Water content, diastase enzyme activity, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) content, and acidity tests were using the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) procedure 3545 2013. HPLC method was used to test sucrose, glucose, and fructose, while AOAC 999.11 (9.1.09.2005 method was used to test Cu, Zn, and Fe content. Total carotenoid and flavonoid content were determined using spectrophotometry method. The result revealed the characteristic of honey samples in this study, including the range of pH (3.56-4.16), water (17-22.9%), ashes (0,07-0,59), acidity (7.76-38.3 ml N NaOH 1/kg) and HMF (122-812 mg/kg) content as well as diastase enzyme activity (1.11-17.2 DN). Fructose, glucose, sucrose and reducing sugar content showed were, respectively, 21.5-39.3 gr/100 gr, 25.2-31.4 gr/100 gr, 0.5-1.75 gr/100 gr, and 58.4-71.2%. Honey samples contained 309-334 kal/100 gr of energy, 76.8-81.9% of carbohydrate, 0.03-0.39%, of protein and 0.10-0.65% of fat. Moreover, their mineral contents observed were 0.03-0.66 mg/kg of Cu, 0.09-3.13 mg/kg of Zn, and 1.59-20.1 mg/kg of Fe. Finally, total flavonoid and carotenoid of honey samples were, respectively, 0.02-0.07 %(b/b) and 0.05-0.64 mg/kg.
... It's transmitted to hives in the form of pollen loads and called bee pollen. This product contains many important substances such as volatile amino acids, phenolic compounds, vitamins and pigments that play a powerful role as antioxidants (Lazaridou et al., 2004 andNayik et al., 2014). ...
Pigments are anti-oxidants, which play an important role in protecting against many diseases. In this study, pigments of different bee pollen types (Sunflowers, Clover, Sesame and Maize) were determined with ethanol solvent and stored under freeze condition. Sunflower bee pollen had the highest amounts of the studied 23 pigments except three pigments. Maize bee pollens were superior to sunflower bee pollen in its content of the three exception pigments (Isozeaxanthin, Zeaxanthin and B-Zeaxanthin). In Sunflower bee pollen there were no significant differences between fresh bee pollen and those stored for 6 months in most of pigments as compared with 12 months storage. Sunflower bee pollen either fresh or stored for 6 months produced the highest values of Isozeaxanthin, Lutein, Lycopene, Violaxanthin, Zeaxanthin, 8-APO-B-Carten-8-al, α-Carotene, ß-Carotene and γ-Carotene compared to 12 months storage. However pigments of clover or sesame bee pollen were the lowest compared to sunflower and maize.
... It's transmitted to hives in the form of pollen loads and called bee pollen. This product contains many important substances such as volatile amino acids, phenolic compounds, vitamins and pigments that play a powerful role as antioxidants (Lazaridou et al., 2004 andNayik et al., 2014). ...
... Honey is believed to be the first discovered natural sweetener and has since been an important food source for Homo sapiens (Gangwar, 2016). Nayik et al. (2014), mentioned that the origin and accurate date of the existent of this old natural sweetener remains unknown since the evolution of man. In an attempt to trace the origin of honey some researchers sought to narrate human's involvement with bees, which is beekeeping. ...
Honey remains a valued natural product and has been used by humans as an important food source and for disease treatment since ancient times. Honey is often considered a healthy substitute for sugar. However, recent reports on the adulteration of honey, and honey polluted with contaminants like pesticides, antibiotics, heavy metals as well as microorganisms have gained public attention.
This news has instigated public fear of the consumption of honey since it is perceived to be sterile and of medicinal use. There have been few works in Ghana on the physicochemical properties and microbial contamination of honey. However, there are no known studies on Listeria, Campylobacter, and Clostridium contamination of honey. Neither is there any report of detection of antibiotic residues in honey. Thus, this study assessed the quality and safety of imported and locally produced honey collected from locations within the Tamale metropolis of Ghana by specifically examining the microbial quality and antibiotic residues. The procedures outlined by the Association of Official Analytical Chemist (AOAC) was employed in determining the physicochemical quality
whilst that described by the Codex Alimentarius Commission was used to determine the microbial quality of the imported (n = 7) and the locally produced (n = 23) honey samples. Whereas the presence of antibiotics residue was determined using the Premi® test kit, antibiotics sensitivity testing was done according to the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Results on the physicochemical quality analysis showed that sampled honey (both imported and locally produced) were within acceptable set standards. However, results on the physicochemical quality of the honey samples did not reflect on its microbial quality as a high incidence of bacterial contamination and resistance was recorded in the study. Furthermore, 27(90%) of the honey samples tested positive for the presence of antibiotics residue of which 6(85.7%) were sampled from imported sources whilst the remaining 21(91.3%) were locally produced honey samples. The high incidence of bacterial contamination and antibiotic resistance recorded in this study gives an indication that all is not well in the honey industry and therefore the need for serious concern to avert possible health issues associated with the consumption of honey found within the metropolis
... Apart from banana, honey is a globally documented natural food rich in nutritional value and valuable health-promoting properties. The utilisation of honey as medicines and nutritional foods since ancient times is due to the fact that it contains various functional compounds (Nayik et al., 2014). Honey is a natural supersaturated sugar solution, mainly composed of approximately 65% to 80% of glucose and fructose, which can be used as a rapid energy source upon consumption (Chua and Adnan, 2014;Nayik and Nanda, 2016b). ...
The optimum combination of Musa paradisiaca (MP) and Trigona sp. Honey (TH) in formulating
high antioxidant jelly was analysed for total carbohydrate content (CHO), antioxidant capacity
(AC), and acceptability via the Response Surface Methodology. Central composite design
was employed to optimise the combination effect of two independent variables; namely MP
(X1: 20-100%) and TH (X2: 20-100%) on the recovery of three responses; total carbohydrate
content (Y1), antioxidant capacity (Y2), and acceptability (Y3). A polynomial model generated
a satisfactory fitting of the experimental data with regards to total carbohydrate content (R2
= 0.8974, p < 0.0024), total antioxidant capacity (R2 = 0.9702, p < 0.0001), and acceptability
(R2 = 0.9136, p < 0.0001). The optimum combination for maximum recovery of CHO, AC and
acceptability were 20% of MP and 20% of TBH, with a predicted CHO of 33 Kcal/5 g, AC of
0.34 nm and acceptability score of 6.16 (< 5: not accepted; > 5: accepted
... Apart from banana, honey is a globally documented natural food rich in nutritional value and valuable health-promoting properties. The utilisation of honey as medicines and nutritional foods since ancient times is due to the fact that it contains various functional compounds (Nayik et al., 2014). Honey is a natural supersaturated sugar solution, mainly composed of approximately 65% to 80% of glucose and fructose, which can be used as a rapid energy source upon consumption (Chua and Adnan, 2014;Nayik and Nanda, 2016b). ...
Response surface optimisation of high antioxidant jelly from Musa paradisiaca and Trigona sp. honey using central composite design as a convenient functional food Abstract The optimum combination of Musa paradisiaca (MP) and Trigona sp. Honey (TH) in formulating high antioxidant jelly was analysed for total carbohydrate content (CHO), antioxidant capacity (AC), and acceptability via the Response Surface Methodology. Central composite design was employed to optimise the combination effect of two independent variables; namely MP (X1: 20-100%) and TH (X2: 20-100%) on the recovery of three responses; total carbohydrate content (Y1), antioxidant capacity (Y2), and acceptability (Y3). A polynomial model generated a satisfactory fitting of the experimental data with regards to total carbohydrate content (R2 = 0.8974, p < 0.0024), total antioxidant capacity (R2 = 0.9702, p < 0.0001), and acceptability (R2 = 0.9136, p < 0.0001). The optimum combination for maximum recovery of CHO, AC and acceptability were 20% of MP and 20% of TBH, with a predicted CHO of 33 Kcal/5 g, AC of 0.34 nm and acceptability score of 6.16 (< 5: not accepted; > 5: accepted).
... Honey is the most important product of beekeeping, both from a quantitative and an economical point of view; in addition, it was the first bee product used by humankind in ancient times (Adenekan et al. 2012;Nayik et al. 2014;Nayik and Nanda 2016a). Organoleptic characteristics and properties of honey may widely vary according to several factors, such as the species of flowers and plants, the environment where the plants grow and the insect itself (Attanzio et al. 2016); however, also the processing and storage conditions have an influence (Nayik et al. 2015;Nayik and Nanda 2015a;2015b;2016b). ...
The aim of this work was to characterise some of the most representative Sicilian honeys. Sugars, pH and minerals were determined with conventional analyses. Chestnut honeys showed the lowest sugar content, with a fructose and glucose sum of 62.31 g/100g. Citrus and Eucalyptus honeys showed the highest fructose content (38.08 and 38.04 g/100g), while Citrus and Sulla honeys had the highest sucrose content (3.16 and 3.92 g/100g). The highest fructose to glucose ratio was 1.59, found for Chestnut honeys, which had also the highest pH-value of 4.98. Potassium is the most abundant element in honey and the highest values were found for Chestnut and Eucalyptus honey (4.412 and 1.956 mg/g). Among micro-minerals, Zinc showed the highest concentration, ranging from 4.64 to 7.16 µg/g. Alongside physicochemical analyses, E-tongue and computer vision was used to estimate the organoleptic proprieties of honey. In particular, Pearson’s correlation was used to study the relationship between the electrical E-tongue’ signals, pH and sugars content, which have a major influence on the main taste attributes investigated in honey. Chestnut honeys scored the lowest values for the sweet and sour taste, being the bitterest among the samples evaluated. On the other hand, Sulla and Citrus honeys were the sweetest and the sourest. The colour of honey was examined with machine vision and the weight of the different minerals on the colour parameters was disclosed, resulting in dark colours correlated to sodium and microelements, and in a light colour that showed a negative correlation with potassium and magnesium.
• Highlights
• A novel instrumental approach was used to characterise Sicilian honey.
• Physicochemical parameters of Sicilian honeys were determined.
• Electronic senses were used to perform a human-like sensory evaluation.
• Correlation between physicochemical and organoleptic properties has been disclosed.















