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Homeostatic sleep propensity (sleep load) increases through the waking day and is dissipated by sleep. Notes: The alerting signal is generated by the circadian system and opposes the increasing sleep load peaking in the late evening in order to maintain wakefulness for approximately 16 hours. The circadian drive for alertness then decreases overnight in order that as sleep load decreases sleep can still be maintained for approximately 8 hours. Reproduced from Physiology and Behaviour; 90, Beersma DGM and Gordijn MCM, Circadian Control of the Sleep-Wake Cycle 190–195, Copyright (2007), with permission from Elsevier.221
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Sleep has been described as being of the brain, by the brain, and for the brain. This fundamental neurobiological behavior is controlled by homeostatic and circadian (24-hour) processes and is vital for normal brain function. This review will outline the normal sleep-wake cycle, the changes that occur during aging, and the specific patterns of slee...
Citations
... Sleeping disorders are a growing health problem 1 in today's fast-paced societe that not only affect an individual's mental state and quality of life but are also strongly associated with multiple chronic medical conditions, 2 mental illness, 3,4 and cancer. 5 The etiological factors of sleeping disorders are diverse. ...
Sleeping disorders negatively affect cancer patient management, quality of life, and recovery. Immunotherapy, a rising cancer treatment, shows potential to improve sleep quality by reducing inflammation. This study analyzed 255 publications (2000–2024) from the Web of Science Core Collection using bibliometric methods. The US and China dominate research output, with The Mayo Clinic as a key contributor. Core topics are “immunotherapy,” “quality of life,” and “antibodies.” Emerging keywords like “cancer,” “encephalitis,” and “depression” highlight a shift toward clinical psychology in treating tumors and rare diseases. It is noteworthy that with the rapid expansion of immunotherapy in cancer treatment, clinical trials have shown that it can improve sleep quality in cancer patients by reducing inflammation. As its application in cancer treatment expands, immunotherapy’s potential for treating sleep disorders is promising. Future development is expected to improve sleep quality and address clinical issues, offering broad prospects for patient outcomes.
... Furthermore, inadequate sleep can aggravate existing cardiometabolic disorders and may precipitate new health complications (Freeman et al., 2020). In addition to its physical impacts, poor sleep profoundly affects mental health, contributing to heightened stress and anxiety levels (Anderson & Bradley, 2013). These psychological stresses can further complicate the management of cardiometabolic health, underscoring the interconnectedness of sleep with overall physiological and psychological well-being (Alvaro et al., 2013). ...
This study examined the impact of Catch-Up Sleep Ratio (CSR) on health outcomes in Korean adults. Adjusted for age and gender, 2,484 participants were categorized into three groups: Weekday (CSR <1.0), Average (1.0 ≤ CSR < 1.5), and Weekend (1.5 ≤ CSR). Weekday participants were less likely to meet WHO's moderate physical activity guidelines (OR = 0.79, p < .05), walk 4-6 days per week (OR = 0.70, p < .05), or engage in prolonged sedentary behavior (OR = 0.60, p < .001). The Weekend group exhibited higher odds of obesity (OR = 1.96, p < .01), increased stress (OR = 1.78, p < .001), and perceived themselves as more obese (OR = 1.32, p < .01) while showing lower rates of low HDL cholesterol (OR = 0.66, p < .01). These findings suggest that CSR could significantly impact health behaviors and outcomes.
... Diseases include stroke, heart failure, obesity, high blood pressuer, kidney and liver disease demonstrate increased dramatically nowadays [1]. Modern lifestyles play majour role in people health condition which draw the baseline of diseases strength and spread . ...
... The development of chronic diseases has escalated among young people, in addition to the severity and danger of diseases among elderly due to the uncontrollable lifestyle conditions and the spread of new technologies (Almeida et al., 2011;Anderson et al., 2013;Zhou et al., 2024). Despite the great development in industries and in modern technology used in the medical field, the world suffers from high rate of mortality that appeared to be as results to the nature of modern life, which is difficult to control [3,4]. ...
Social and life habits are among the underline cause of several diseases especially cornary heart disease and stroke. Because high fat diet, sleep deficit, and anxiety are among diseases hidden elements, the present research aimed to evaluate the association between those factors and plasma Ddimer production level. Three groups in addition to control cluster of male swiss albino mice were investigated (n=56). Each cluster 16 mice and had different experimental condition for four weeks. High fat diet, electrostatic noise, and deficit of sleep were applied seperatelly for each group under investigation. Blood was collected and plasma D-dimer level was assessed at the end of each week. The student’s t-test was used for statistical analysis. Gradual substantial increase of plasma D-dimer amount were identified with all conditions under investigate. Aanxiety and lack of sleep provide signeficant plasma D-dimer amount p < 0.001and p < 0.001 respectively. Our results explicitly implicate that prolonged sleep defect and anxiety by noise may trigger a direct stress response which have a significant connection to the raise of D-dimer production level, that known as a major source of thrombosis risk. Regulating these elements in an individual’s life is essential to mitigate the proliferation of many inflammatory diseases, including atherosclerosis, stroke, and mortality.
... BPH is a progressive condition that affects a significant percentage of men, particularly those over 50 [15]. The primary symptoms of BPH include: Increased urinary frequency, Urgency, Difficulty starting or stopping urination, Weak urine stream, Incomplete bladder emptying, Nocturia (frequent need to urinate at night). ...
Chronic prostate disorders, particularly benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), are common conditions that significantly impact the physical and mental health of millions of men, especially as they age. While the physical symptoms of BPH, such as urinary frequency, urgency, and nocturia, are well-known and widely treated, the psychological toll of living with chronic prostate conditions is often overlooked. Men with BPH frequently experience anxiety, depression, sleep disturbances, and diminished self-esteem due to the ongoing discomfort and stigma associated with urinary symptoms. The fear of social embarrassment and the impact on daily activities, coupled with sleep disruptions and potential sexual dysfunction, can lead to a substantial decline in mental health and overall quality of life. This review explores the psychological challenges faced by men living with BPH and other chronic prostate disorders. It examines the emotional distress caused by the condition, the mind-body connection between chronic symptoms and mental health, and the broader quality-of-life implications. Additionally, the review emphasizes the importance of adopting a holistic approach to treatment that addresses both physical and mental health needs. Strategies such as routine mental health screening, patient education, psychotherapy, and lifestyle modifications are highlighted as crucial for improving the well-being of men with chronic prostate conditions. Addressing the psychological impact of BPH is essential for enhancing patient outcomes and ensuring a comprehensive approach to prostate health. Keywords: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), Chronic prostate disorders, Mental health, Quality of life, Anxiety and depression, Holistic treatment CITE AS: Kato Jumba K. (2024).
... There is accumulating evidence that serious mental and metabolic health issues, including neurasthenia, depression [2], diabetes [3], and cardiovascular disease [4], may result from sleep disorderrelated illnesses in certain extreme circumstances. Furthermore, depending on the severity of the disease, 30-80% of individuals with psychological disorders (PDs) suffer from sleep disturbances [5]. ...
The aim of the present study was to investigate if major dietary patterns (DPs) interact with psychological disorders (PDs) in association with sleep quality and quantity among a large sample of Iranian adults living in Yazd, Iran.
This cross-sectional investigation was conducted on the baseline data of a population-based Iranian cohort study (Yazd Health Study-Taghzieh Mardom-e-YaZd: YaHS-TAMYZ). All data regarding dietary intakes, PDs, and sleep status were collected via validated questionnaires. The interaction between major DPs and PDs in relation to sleep parameters was determined using multivariable adjusted binary logistic regression.
A total of 6048 adults participated in this study. Compared to subjects with the lowest adherence to each DP and without any severe PDs: a) individuals with the highest adherence to the “western” DP and with severe anxiety had higher risk of “short sleep duration” (P = 0.030) and “insufficient sleep” (P = 0.020); b) subjects in the “western” DP’s top tertile and with severe depression had lower chance of having “short sleep duration” (P = 0.029) and “insufficient sleep” (P = 0.029); c) those with the highest adherence to the “high animal protein” DP and with severe anxiety had significantly greater odds of “long sleep duration” (P = 0.044); d) a lower chance of “low sleep quality” was observed in participants in the “high animal protein” DP’s top tertile and with severe stress (P = 0.05).
The “western” and “high animal protein” DPs might interact with PDs in association with the quality and duration of sleep. Further investigations are needed to confirm our findings.
... Sleep architecture is affected by diseases and drugs. In particular, REM sleep is affected by cardiovascular [47,48], autoimmune [49,50], and mental health [51]. In this section, we aim to validate that the sleep metrics derived from our model can faithfully capture changes in sleep architecture between cohorts who have different health conditions. ...
The ability to assess sleep at home, capture sleep stages, and detect the occurrence of apnea (without on-body sensors) simply by analyzing the radio waves bouncing off people’s bodies while they sleep is quite powerful. Such a capability would allow for longitudinal data collection in patients’ homes, informing our understanding of sleep and its interaction with various diseases and their therapeutic responses, both in clinical trials and routine care. In this article, we develop an advanced machine learning algorithm for passively monitoring sleep and nocturnal breathing from radio waves reflected off people while asleep. Validation results in comparison with the gold standard (i.e., polysomnography) (n=880) demonstrate that the model captures the sleep hypnogram (with an accuracy of 80.5% for 30-second epochs categorized into Wake, Light Sleep, Deep Sleep, or REM), detects sleep apnea (AUROC = 0.89), and measures the patient’s Apnea-Hypopnea Index (ICC=0.90; 95% CI = [0.88, 0.91]). Notably, the model exhibits equitable performance across race, sex, and age. Moreover, the model uncovers informative interactions between sleep stages and a range of diseases including neurological, psychiatric, cardiovascular, and immunological disorders. These findings not only hold promise for clinical practice and interventional trials but also underscore the significance of sleep as a fundamental component in understanding and managing various diseases
... Sleep is a physiological process necessary for sustaining optimal brain function and overall health [1,2]. Sleep disorders, which arise owing to insufficient or excessive sleep and abnormal nocturnal movements, include insomnia, restless leg syndrome, and narcolepsy [3,4]. ...
... Sleep disorders, which arise owing to insufficient or excessive sleep and abnormal nocturnal movements, include insomnia, restless leg syndrome, and narcolepsy [3,4]. The most prevalent sleep disorder, insomnia, is defined by challenges in sleep onset or maintenance, along with recurrent awakenings coupled with the inability to return to sleep [1,4]. This condition is associated with cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, depression, and cognitive impairment [5][6][7][8][9]. ...
Insomnia is a common sleep disorder with significant societal and economic impacts. Current pharmacotherapies for insomnia are often accompanied by side effects, necessitating the development of new therapeutic drugs. In this study, the hypnotic effects and mechanisms of Sedum kamtschaticum 30% ethanol extract (ESK) and one of its active compounds, myricitrin, were investigated using pentobarbital-induced sleep experiments, immunohistochemistry (IHC), receptor binding assays, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The pentobarbital-induced sleep experiments revealed that ESK and myricitrin reduced sleep latency and prolonged total sleep time in a dose-dependent manner. Based on c-Fos immunostaining, ESK, and myricitrin enhanced the GABAergic neural activity in sleep-promoting ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO) GABAergic. By measuring the level of GABA released from VLPO GABAergic neurons, ESK and myricitrin were found to increase GABA release in the hypothalamus. These effects were significantly inhibited by SCH. Moreover, ESK exhibited a concentration-dependent binding affinity for the adenosine A2A receptors (A2AR). In conclusion, ESK and myricitrin have hypnotic effects, and their underlying mechanisms may be related to the activation of A2AR.
... [87] Moreover, sleep disturbances and sleep disorders potentially can lead to further neurodegenerative disease. [88] Insomnia Insomnia is a sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or both. As well as, being a sign of mental health conditions, it can be a predictor for depression. ...
Evidence suggests that sleep is a vital component of physical and health well-being. However, while sleep problems are present in individuals with mental health problems such as depression, it has not been clear whether these conditions are independent or whether they might be causally related. Indeed, if sleep or sleep disorders predispose or modify onset and outcomes of mental health issues, treatment of these factors could be explored as new mental health prevention or treatment options. The aim of this review was to examine in detail the bidirectional relationship between sleep, sleep disorders, and mental and physical health and well-being. It has considered the evidence that sleep architecture disruption, occurring through both quantity, quality, and timing of sleep as well as through the presence of sleep disorders may both influence mental health and well-being as well as be disrupted by both physical and mental health conditions. Also, the review has explored the effects of sleep disruption on mental health and performance through fatigue, mood, and vigilance. The review has considered the bidirectionality between sleep, sleep disorders, and mental health to examine how these may lead to or exacerbate mental health disorders such as affective, anxiety, autism, depressive and schizophrenia disorders but also considers how these conditions can affect sleep. The review highlights that poor sleep or the presence of a sleep disorder can increase the risks from mental health conditions such as suicidality. Furthermore, mental health conditions such as anxiety and worry can cause racing or repetitive thoughts that can keep an individual awake, leading to shortened sleep. It is important that sleep and sleep disorders are considered potential modifiable factors that could improve mental health outcomes. The important interconnect between both physical and mental health and sleep, in patient evaluations, also needs to be considered as these may affect treatment pathways and patient outcomes. Further, more robust and perspective research is required to establish the triad relationship of physical, mental health, and sleep.
... The conventional structure of medical education involves a preliminary two-year phase focused on fundamental scientific principles, preceding the clinical phase. Prior to starting third-year clerkships, many medical schools require students to pass the first of three medical licensing exams: the United States Medical Licensing Exam (USMLE) Step 1. Introduced in 1992, USMLE Step 1 places emphasis on applying foundational basic science knowledge to clinical practice [1][2][3]. ...
Originally designed to evaluate the application of foundational scientific knowledge in clinical contexts, the United States Medical License Exam (USMLE) Step 1 evolved into a comparative tool for assessing candidates with similar educational foundations. This transition heightened the pressure on medical students to excel in the exam. In response, collaborative efforts involving the National Board of Medical Examiners prompted a change from reporting scores to a pass/fail system. The true impact of this shift remains insufficiently explored. This study aims to assess the emotional toll — encompassing burnout, anxiety, depression, and sleep quality — experienced prior to taking the Step 1 exam. Additionally, it aims to uncover potential gender-based disparities in perceived anxiety and depression.
The study encompasses the entirety of third-year medical students at Drexel University College of Medicine, who were invited to participate in a comprehensive survey. Drawing from retrospection, the survey relies on self-reported data regarding anxiety, depression, sleep quality, and burnout. Data compilation was anonymized and executed via Qualtrics platform.
A total of 102 medical students completed the survey, with a 97% pass rate for the USMLE Step 1. Despite their excellent performance, 75% of students reported inadequate sleep quality, and 68% exhibited mild to moderate anxiety levels. Among them, a higher percentage of females (83%) experienced anxiety compared to their male counterparts (50%). Furthermore, 66% of students felt that their commitment to education exceeded what was reasonable for their well-being.
The transition from traditional scoring to a pass/fail system was ostensibly intended to enhance the mental well-being of medical students. Nevertheless, our findings underscore that students continue to endure heightened levels of stress, anxiety, and burnout during the pivotal month leading up to the Step 1 examination.
... The prevalence of sleep disorders has been estimated to be over 40% of the older population in the United States (Gordon et al., 2022) and 39% in Australia (Adams et al., 2017). Sleep disorders, which cause considerable sleep disturbance, are detrimental to quality of life, and increase the risk of developing physical and mental illnesses (Anderson & Bradley, 2013;Rod et al., 2011). There is clear evidence of a strong positive association between sleep disturbance and the development of chronic medical conditions, including type 2 diabetes, hypertension and stroke (Anothaisintawee et al., 2016;Grandner et al., 2016). ...
Aim
To identify, synthesize and evaluate primary research on registered nurses' (RN) knowledge, attitudes and beliefs about sleep health and sleep health management of older adults living in residential aged care.
Design
Integrative review.
Data Sources
Medline, Embase and CINAHL databases from inception to September 2023.
Review Methods
Databases were searched using a combination of key words, subject heading terms. All abstracts and full‐text articles were screened by two researchers. Qualitative synthesis of the included articles was conducted. Inductive content analysis was used to identify themes and analyse data.
Results
A total of 923 abstracts were screened resulting in a final yield of 13 articles. Three themes were identified: (i) RN experience with sleep‐disturbed residents, (ii) the emotional burden of sleep disturbances on RN and, (iii) organizational barriers to promoting resident's healthy sleep. Inappropriate administration of benzodiazepines and psychotropic drugs to manage residents' sleep disturbances was a major issue and lack of resources in residential aged care to facilitate sleep. There were concerns on nursing activity that disturbed residents' sleep and striking a balance between facilitating sleep and meeting managerial expectations was challenging.
Conclusion
This review identified that nurses' decision‐making has an integral role in the management of sleep health in residents in aged care. Whilst evidence‐based guidelines for managing sleep in residential aged care are available, there is a lack of translation to practice. Understanding RN perspectives is critical to improving sleep health models of care in residential aged care.
Impact
This review found that RN are attuned to the implications of sleep disturbance in residential aged care but are constrained by current sleep health models of care.
Patient or Public Contribution
Not applicable.
